DOCSLIB.ORG

Taxonomy & Systema`Cs

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Taxonomy & Systema`Cs Taxonomy & Systemacs • These give us the background to understand the evoluon of: – Morphology – Physiology – Ecology – Life History – Geography – Etc. What are they? • Taxonomy? • Systemacs? The goals of systemacs… • Determining relaonships • Understanding evoluonary history • Describing biodiversity • This is an incredibly challenging enterprise! Why? • It is primarily an historical and inferenal science. • Relaonships become obscured as me passes. Ancestry • Regardless, evoluonary history makes us what we are today. – 50,000 years of Homo sapiens – 4-6 my as homonids – 12-18 my as great apes – 85 my as primates – 125 my as eutherians – 210 my as mammals – 525 my as vertebrates Arthropod Ancestry • Insects are shaped by 400 my of history (as insects) as well. • But now we have to sort out (who knows how many?) millions of species. The earliest known insect fossil, Rhyniognatha hirsti Phylogenecs • Systemasts group taxa Class Insecta based on the principle of Order 1 descent with Family A Family B Genus A modificaon. 1 Genus B1 Genus A Genus B • Sort taxa into a hierarchy 2 2 Genus A of Orders, Families, and 3 Genus B3 Genera. Order 2 Family C Family D Genus C1 Genus D1 Genus C2 Genus D2 Genus C3 Genus D3 Phylogenecs Genus A1 • Systemasts group Genus A2 taxa based on the Family A Order 1 principle of descent Genus A3 with modificaon. Genus B1 • Sort taxa into a Genus B2 hierarchy of Orders, Family B Genus B Family, and Genera. 3 Genus C • The goal is to 1 construct these so Genus C2 that this hierarchy Family C Order 2 Genus C reflects evoluonary 3 Genus D1 history. Family D Genus D2 Genus D3 Phylogenecs • Therefore, we want our groups to be monophylec. • Not paraphyle-c. • Not polyphyle-c. Phylogenecs • You will have a beer understanding of each individual group by learning about its: – Evoluonary history – Selecve pressures – Differences from close relaves • Note that Figure 7.2 in your book is the best current working hypothesis of the insect Tree of Life But it is an hypothesis 3rd Edition: 4th Edition: 5th Edition: Phylogenecs Review Change through time Change through time Relative position is the only thing that matters! Nodes, Tips, Internodes Sister groups: The two taxa on either side of a split. Polytomies: When resoluon of the branching diagram is difficult. Outgroups: Not part of the group in queson, but is closely related to the group. Outgroups Terminology. • Phylogenies are based on shared, derived (or unique) homologous features. These are known as apomorphies. • Synapomorphies are traits that are unique, derived, and indicate relaonships. They denote clades. • Autapomorphies are traits that are unique and derived, but do not indicate relaonships. They denote ps. • Plesiomorphies are traits shared by a number of groups, and are inherited from ancestors older than the last common ancestor. They do not denote clades. Synapomorphies, Autapomorphies, & Plesiomorphies • Insects are a very well-supported monophylec group. • Numerous recognized synapomorphies. • Let’s consider two traits: ectognathy and wings. How about metamorphosis? Are three pairs of legs a defining feature of Insecta? How or how not? Tree-thinking questions: Which is most closely related to a dragonfly: wasps, true bugs, or stoneflies? Tree-thinking questions: Which is most evolved: Lepidoptera, Orthoptera, or Ephemeroptera? Phylogenec Analysis • How do we reconstruct phylogenec trees? • Based on using characters to test hypotheses of phylogenec relaonships. • Remember that the branching diagram is the hypothesis. CHARACTERS • A set of alternave condions (character state) that are considered able to evolve one to another. • For phylogenies, these are consistent within taxa, but vary among taxa. • Must search for and evaluate homologous structures. – Must follow Recognion Criteria of Homology: 1. Similarity in posion 2. Detailed resemblance 3. Connuance through intermediate forms CHARACTERS • Types of Characters: • Morphological – Must be products of Characters evoluonary process • Physiological characters – Must be heritable • Molecular characters – What kinds of things fall under this? • Behavioral characters • Ecological characters • Geographic characters CHARACTERS A simple rule for hypothesis tesng • The more data, the beer! – This applies to tesng phylogenec relaonships as well: the more characters, the beer – Also, the more character systems, the beer. Phylogenec Analysis • How do we reconstruct phylogenec trees? • Based on using characters to test hypotheses of phylogenec relaonships. • Remember that the branching diagram is the hypothesis. Phylogenec Analysis 1. A set of data (character X taxon matrix) 2. A set of possible evoluonary trees 3. A means of evaluang the alternave trees given the data. Phylogenec Analysis 1. A set of data • Idenfy homologous (character X taxon characters and matrix) delineate alternave 2. A set of possible character states. evoluonary trees 3. A means of evaluang the alternave trees given the data. Phylogenec Analysis 1. A set of data • These are the alternave (character X taxon hypotheses. matrix) • There are a tremendous number of alternave 2. A set of possible hypotheses (e.g. with 10 evoluonary trees species, there are 3. A means of 34,459,425 possible trees) evaluang the alternave trees n!(n − 1)! given the data. 2n−1 Phylogenec Analysis 1. A set of data • Based on distribuon of using shared derived characters (character X taxon (apomorphies) to idenfy clades. matrix) • Evaluated based on maximum parsimony or maximum 2. A set of possible likelihood as the opmality evoluonary trees criterion. 3. A means of evaluang the alternave trees given the data. Which tree is preferred? • We should first invesgate the • Parsimony simplest explanaon for observed character state • Maximum- distribuons. likelihood • Minimizes the number of evoluonary events on a tree. • Maximizes apomorphic characters while mimizing homoplasious characters. Which tree is preferred? • Parsimony A – Data matrix & alternave hypotheses. B – Minimize character changes on the trees. C B Head Legs Dorsum Wings black blue orange red A A C C B A C B Which tree is preferred? • Parsimony A – Minimize character changes on the trees. B – Do so for every C character. B – Count the number of changes. A – Which is most parsimonious? C C A B Which tree is preferred? • Parsimony • Similar, but now • Maximum-likelihood opmality no longer based on principle of parsimony. • Opmality based on specified model of evolu.on. • Generally applied to molecular data. • Uses external informaon. The Insects • For now, don’t get bogged down in the details. • Today we’ll focus on the big picture and use this as a starng point for touring some of the major milestones in insect evolu.on. 1 2 3,4 5,6 Time 9 7 8 Evoluonary Milestones • Pre-adaptaons: life on land… • Each number corresponds 1. Six legs, three body to a new or improved regions. physical characterisc 2. Ectognathous mouthparts. (perhaps a mutaon or a 3. Wings. novel adaptaon) that 4. Metamorphosis. proved to have selecve 5. Foldable wings. value and was passed on 6. Indirect flight muscles. to succeeding 7. Concentraon of ganglia. generaons. 8. Sucking mouthparts. • These are cumulave. 9. Complete metamorphosis. Hexapoda 1 Six legs Three body regions • ‘Lumpers’ put all of these into the Insecta. • ‘Spliers’ separate into two classes: Entognatha & Insecta (a.k.a. Ectognatha). Entognatha • Mouthpart appendages recessed within pouch on head. Dipluran Proturan Collembolan Entognatha • Monophyly with Insecta under queson. • What features do they have in common with Insecta? Nardi et al Science 2003 Delsuc et al Science 2003 November 2014 2.5 gigabases of DNA Misof et al. Science Hexapoda monophyletic but Entognatha paraphyletic Insecta 2 ‘Apterygota’ Archaeognatha: Bristletails Paraphyletic grade of plesiomorphically wingless true insects Zygentoma:Silverfish ‘Apterygota’ What kind of development do they have? With whom do they share this? Is is plesiomorphic or derived? Pterygota 3,4 These milestones are intimately linked. What are they? Pterygota 3,4 These are synapomorphies for Pterygota. What is the plesiomorphic state for each character within the Pterygota? What is the derived state for each character? Paleoptera Monophyletic? Flight? Wings? Paleoptera Only two lineages currently But 6-8 lineages, numerous species from Carboniferous & Permian Neoptera 5,6 Milestones 5 & 6 are synapomorphies for the Neoptera. Both involved in flight. Likely provided significant advantages. The Neopteran radiaon 5,6 • Diversified and dominated in the Carboniferous. • With evoluon of conifers, boomed into three main clades: Polyneoptera, Paraneoptera, Endopterygota Polyneoptera • 10 insect orders that have remained largely unspecialized. • Mostly scavengers and herbivores. • Plesiomorphic mouthparts with mandibles for chewing or grinding solid food. Milestone 7 • Associated with a reducon in the number of abdominal 7 segments and the concentraon of neural ssue into a single abdominal ganglion • Both of these represent a departure from the primive body form of Polyneoptera in which each segment of the body was innervated by a separate pair of ganglia. • Synapomorphy for Paraneoptera + Endopterygota = the Phalloneoptera Milestone 8 • Paraneopteran lineage is 8 disnguished by adaptaons of the mouthparts for consuming liquid food by rasping and sucking or by piercing and sucking. • These insects are grouped into four orders: Hemiptera, Thysanoptera, ‘Psocoptera’, and Phthiraptera. Milestone 9: Endopterygota • Includes all insects that
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Mitochondrial Genomes of Palaeopteran Insects and Insights
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN The mitochondrial genomes of palaeopteran insects and insights into the early insect relationships Nan Song1*, Xinxin Li1, Xinming Yin1, Xinghao Li1, Jian Yin2 & Pengliang Pan2 Phylogenetic relationships of basal insects remain a matter of discussion. In particular, the relationships among Ephemeroptera, Odonata and Neoptera are the focus of debate. In this study, we used a next-generation sequencing approach to reconstruct new mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) from 18 species of basal insects, including six representatives of Ephemeroptera and 11 of Odonata, plus one species belonging to Zygentoma. We then compared the structures of the newly sequenced mitogenomes. A tRNA gene cluster of IMQM was found in three ephemeropteran species, which may serve as a potential synapomorphy for the family Heptageniidae. Combined with published insect mitogenome sequences, we constructed a data matrix with all 37 mitochondrial genes of 85 taxa, which had a sampling concentrating on the palaeopteran lineages. Phylogenetic analyses were performed based on various data coding schemes, using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inferences under diferent models of sequence evolution. Our results generally recovered Zygentoma as a monophyletic group, which formed a sister group to Pterygota. This confrmed the relatively primitive position of Zygentoma to Ephemeroptera, Odonata and Neoptera. Analyses using site-heterogeneous CAT-GTR model strongly supported the Palaeoptera clade, with the monophyletic Ephemeroptera being sister to the monophyletic Odonata. In addition, a sister group relationship between Palaeoptera and Neoptera was supported by the current mitogenomic data. Te acquisition of wings and of ability of fight contribute to the success of insects in the planet.
    [Show full text]
  • The 6Th International Congress on Fossil Insects, Arthropods and Amber
    The 7th International Conference on Fossil Insects, Arthropods and Amber Edinburgh, Scotland 26th April – 1st May 2016 SECOND CIRCULAR LOGO Stylised reconstruction of the palaeodictyopteran Lithomantis carbonarius Woodward, 1876, from Ayr, Scotland. Drawn by Sarah Stewart. CONFERENCE VENUE National Museum of Scotland, Chambers St., Edinburgh, EH1 1JF, UK. http://www.nms.ac.uk/national-museum-of-scotland/ ORGANISING COMMITTEE Dr Andrew Ross, Principal Curator of Palaeobiology ([email protected]) Dr Yves Candela, Curator of Invertebrate Palaeobiology ([email protected]) Vicen Carrio, Palaeobiology Conservator/Preparator ([email protected]) Rachel Russell, Natural Sciences Departmental Administrator ([email protected]) Dr Sarah Stewart, Assistant Curator of Palaeobiology ([email protected]) Dr Stig Walsh, Senior Curator of Vertebrate Palaeobiology ([email protected]) http://www.nms.ac.uk/about-us/collections-departments/natural-sciences/palaeobiology/ COLLABORATION http://fossilinsects.net/ Committee: Prof. Dany Azar, President Prof. Dong Ren, Vice-President Prof. Ed Jarzembowski, Secretary Prof. Jacek Szwedo, Treasurer Prof. Michael Engel, Editor Dr Vladimir Blagoderov, Webmaster Dr Bruce Archibald, Conservation Rep. Dr Olivier Béthoux Prof. Ewa Krzeminska Dr Xavier Martinez Delclòs Dr Julian Petrulevicius Prof. Alexandr Rasnitsyn Dr Andrew Ross The Royal Society of Edinburgh, Scotland’s National Academy, is Scottish Charity No. SC000470. http://www.royalsoced.org.uk/ http://www.siriscientificpress.co.uk/ CONVENTIONEDINBURGH A PART OF MARKETINGEDINBURGH http://conventionedinburgh.com/ GENERAL INFORMATION The International Conference/Congress on Fossil Insects, Arthropods and Amber (abbreviated to Fossils x3) is the main conference for the scientific study of non-marine arthropods and amber and is usually held every three years.
    [Show full text]
  • Fossil Record of Stem Groups Employed In
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Fossil record of stem groups employed in evaluating the chronogram of insects (Arthropoda: Received: 07 April 2016 Accepted: 16 November 2016 Hexapoda) Published: 13 December 2016 Yan-hui Wang1,2,*, Michael S. Engel3,*, José A. Rafael4,*, Hao-yang Wu2, Dávid Rédei2, Qiang Xie2, Gang Wang1, Xiao-guang Liu1 & Wen-jun Bu2 Insecta s. str. (=Ectognatha), comprise the largest and most diversified group of living organisms, accounting for roughly half of the biodiversity on Earth. Understanding insect relationships and the specific time intervals for their episodes of radiation and extinction are critical to any comprehensive perspective on evolutionary events. Although some deeper nodes have been resolved congruently, the complete evolution of insects has remained obscure due to the lack of direct fossil evidence. Besides, various evolutionary phases of insects and the corresponding driving forces of diversification remain to be recognized. In this study, a comprehensive sample of all insect orders was used to reconstruct their phylogenetic relationships and estimate deep divergences. The phylogenetic relationships of insect orders were congruently recovered by Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood analyses. A complete timescale of divergences based on an uncorrelated log-normal relaxed clock model was established among all lineages of winged insects. The inferred timescale for various nodes are congruent with major historical events including the increase of atmospheric oxygen in the Late Silurian and earliest Devonian, the radiation of vascular plants in the Devonian, and with the available fossil record of the stem groups to various insect lineages in the Devonian and Carboniferous. Over half of all described living species are insects, and they dominate all terrestrial ecosystems1.
    [Show full text]
  • African Butterfly News Can Be Downloaded Here
    LATE SUMMER EDITION: JANUARY / AFRICAN FEBRUARY 2018 - 1 BUTTERFLY THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY OF AFRICA NEWS LATEST NEWS Welcome to the first newsletter of 2018! I trust you all have returned safely from your December break (assuming you had one!) and are getting into the swing of 2018? With few exceptions, 2017 was a very poor year butterfly-wise, at least in South Africa. The drought continues to have a very negative impact on our hobby, but here’s hoping that 2018 will be better! Braving the Great Karoo and Noorsveld (Mark Williams) In the first week of November 2017 Jeremy Dobson and I headed off south from Egoli, at the crack of dawn, for the ‘Harde Karoo’. (Is there a ‘Soft Karoo’?) We had a very flexible plan for the six-day trip, not even having booked any overnight accommodation. We figured that finding a place to commune with Uncle Morpheus every night would not be a problem because all the kids were at school. As it turned out we did not have to spend a night trying to kip in the Pajero – my snoring would have driven Jeremy nuts ... Friday 3 November The main purpose of the trip was to survey two quadrants for the Karoo BioGaps Project. One of these was on the farm Lushof, 10 km west of Loxton, and the other was Taaiboschkloof, about 50 km south-east of Loxton. The 1 000 km drive, via Kimberley, to Loxton was accompanied by hot and windy weather. The temperature hit 38 degrees and was 33 when the sun hit the horizon at 6 pm.
    [Show full text]
  • Thrips Page 1
    Insect Order Identification Home Thysanoptera–Thrips Page 1 Life Cycle--Intermediate metamorphosis (between complete and simple). Winged adults mate and lay eggs. Larvae (nymphs) look similar to adults in form and shape but lack both wings and wingbuds. Larvae eat, molt, and grow larger until entering a non-feeding larval stage (pupa) in which wings form and a color change may occur but the form remains essentially the same. Some species have one or more non-feeding pre-pupal stages. The emerging winged adult looks similar to the larva. Adults--Minuscule insects (usually 1/16 inch or less). Magnification may be needed to see them. Adults are usually dark-colored, yellow to black. Shape elongated and slender. Two pairs of wings are long and narrow and held over the body. Edges of both forewings and hindwings are fringed or feathery. (Click images to enlarge.) Black dots are Feathery-edged wings Wings tube-tailed thrips long & narrow Brown dots are mixture of adults, larvae & damage One of the black dots above Feathery-edged One of the wings brown dots above Insect Order Identification Home Thysanoptera–Thrips Page 2 Eggs--Some female thrips lay their eggs in tiny slits cut into the surface of leaves, fruits, flowers, and stems. Indoors, the eggs can be laid any time of year and hatch within a few days in warm, indoor conditions. In some species the fertilized eggs are all parthenogenic females (able to reproduce without sex) and the unfertilized are males. (Click images to enlarge.) Thrips eggs Close-up of eggs Larvae (Nymphs)--Look similar to adults but entirely wingless and usually pale-colored, white to cream or pale green.
    [Show full text]
  • Onion Thrips (Thrips Tabaci)
    Published by Utah State University Extension and Utah Plant Pest Diagnostic Laboratory ENT-117-08PR March 2008 Onion Thrips (Thrips tabaci) Diane G. Alston, Entomologist • Daniel Drost, Vegetable Specialist What You Should Know • Onion thrips are the most injurious insect pest to onions in Utah. • Immature and adult thrips prefer to feed on young leaves in the inner neck of plants. • Moderate to severe thrips feeding causes reduced bulb size. • Insecticides are a major tool for their control, but thrips are prone to develop resistance. • Long-term, sustainable management of thrips includes crop cultural practices, onion varietal resistance, biological control, and insecticide resistance management. nion thrips, thrips Thrips tabaci (Order Thysanoptera, Thysanoptera OFamily Thripidae), is a key insect pest in most onion production regions of the world. Immature and adult thrips feed with a punch-and-suck behavior that removes leaf chlorophyll causing white to silver patches and Fig. 2. Adult onion thrips have fringed or hairy wings 2 streaks (Fig. 1). Thrips populations increase rapidly under and 7-segmented antennae. hot, arid conditions and can lead to economic crop unsustainable management. Life history characteristics loss. The early bulb enlargement stage of onion growth of onion thrips that enhance their pest status include is the most sensitive to thrips feeding. Insecticides have a short generation time, high reproductive potential, been the primary tactic for their management; however, asexual reproduction by females (parthenogenesis), repeated applications often lead to resistance in the and occurrence of protected, non-feeding life stages. thrips population, suppression of natural enemies, and Recent research has shown that the majority of onion thrips on a plant are in the non-feeding egg stage (60- 75% of total population on an onion plant during late June to August), and thus, not exposed to insecticides and other suppressive tactics.
    [Show full text]
  • The Female Cephalothorax of Xenos Vesparum Rossi, 1793 (Strepsiptera: Xenidae) 327-347 75 (2): 327 – 347 8.9.2017
    ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Arthropod Systematics and Phylogeny Jahr/Year: 2017 Band/Volume: 75 Autor(en)/Author(s): Richter Adrian, Wipfler Benjamin, Beutel Rolf Georg, Pohl Hans Artikel/Article: The female cephalothorax of Xenos vesparum Rossi, 1793 (Strepsiptera: Xenidae) 327-347 75 (2): 327 – 347 8.9.2017 © Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, 2017. The female cephalothorax of Xenos vesparum Rossi, 1793 (Strepsiptera: Xenidae) Adrian Richter, Benjamin Wipfler, Rolf G. Beutel & Hans Pohl* Entomology Group, Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Erbert- straße 1, 07743 Jena, Germany; Hans Pohl * [[email protected]] — * Corresponding author Accepted 16.v.2017. Published online at www.senckenberg.de/arthropod-systematics on 30.viii.2017. Editors in charge: Christian Schmidt & Klaus-Dieter Klass Abstract The female cephalothorax of Xenos vesparum (Strepsiptera, Xenidae) is described and documented in detail. The female is enclosed by exuvia of the secondary and tertiary larval stages and forms a functional unit with them. Only the cephalothorax is protruding from the host’s abdomen. The cephalothorax comprises the head and thorax, and the anterior half of the first abdominal segment. Adult females and the exuvia of the secondary larva display mandibles, vestigial antennae, a labral field, and a mouth opening. Vestiges of maxillae are also recognizable on the exuvia but almost completely reduced in the adult female. A birth opening is located between the head and prosternum of the exuvia of the secondary larva. A pair of spiracles is present in the posterolateral region of the cephalothorax.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylum Arthropoda
    Phylum Arthropoda General Characteristics of phylum shared by members of all subphyla: -chitinous, hardened exoskeleton that must be shed to grow -obvious segmentation (metamerism) -paired, jointed appendages on many segments Subphylum: Trilobita body plan: head, thorax, pygidium compound eyes antennae mandibles for feeding? branched (biramous) lappendages respiration by gills? able to roll up like pill bugs once most common arthropod, now completely extinct Subphylum: Myriopoda (centipedes, millipedes) body plan: head, long trunk lack compound eyes single pair of antennae mandibles for feeding Major Groups : unbranched legs on most segments Chilopoda (centipedes) respiration by tracheae Diplopoda (millipedes) Subphylum Chelicerata: (spiders, horshoe crab, scorpions, mites, ticks) body plan: cephalothorax, abdomen most lack compound eyes no antennae Major Classes : chelicerae for feeding (no mandibles) Merostomata (horshoe crabs) four pairs of unbranched legs Arachnida (spiders, scorpions, mites & ticks) respiration by gills, book lungs, book gills or tracheae Pycnogonida (sea spiders) Subphylum Crustacea: (crabs, shrimp, crayfish, barnacles, pill bugs, water fleas) body plan: cephalothorax, abdomen, tail compound eyes two pairs of antennae Major Classes : mandibles for feeding Malacostraca (shrimp, crab, pill bugs, amphipods) branched (biramous) appendages Branchiopoda (water fleas, brine shrimp, fairy shrimp) respiration by gills Maxillipoda (copepods, seed shrimp, barnacles) only subphylum that is mostly aquatic Subphylum: Hexapoda (beetles, flies, bugs, crickets, mayflies, dragonflies, moths, wasps, etc.) body plan: head, thorax, abdomen compound eyes single pair of antennae mandibles for feeding three pairs of unbranched legs Major Groups : two pairs of wings Apterygota (wingless insects; springtails, silverfish) respiration by tracheae Pterygota (flying insects; dragonflies, butterflies, etc) includes only invertebrates that can fly.
    [Show full text]
  • Arthropods of Elm Fork Preserve
    Arthropods of Elm Fork Preserve Arthropods are characterized by having jointed limbs and exoskeletons. They include a diverse assortment of creatures: Insects, spiders, crustaceans (crayfish, crabs, pill bugs), centipedes and millipedes among others. Column Headings Scientific Name: The phenomenal diversity of arthropods, creates numerous difficulties in the determination of species. Positive identification is often achieved only by specialists using obscure monographs to ‘key out’ a species by examining microscopic differences in anatomy. For our purposes in this survey of the fauna, classification at a lower level of resolution still yields valuable information. For instance, knowing that ant lions belong to the Family, Myrmeleontidae, allows us to quickly look them up on the Internet and be confident we are not being fooled by a common name that may also apply to some other, unrelated something. With the Family name firmly in hand, we may explore the natural history of ant lions without needing to know exactly which species we are viewing. In some instances identification is only readily available at an even higher ranking such as Class. Millipedes are in the Class Diplopoda. There are many Orders (O) of millipedes and they are not easily differentiated so this entry is best left at the rank of Class. A great deal of taxonomic reorganization has been occurring lately with advances in DNA analysis pointing out underlying connections and differences that were previously unrealized. For this reason, all other rankings aside from Family, Genus and Species have been omitted from the interior of the tables since many of these ranks are in a state of flux.
    [Show full text]
  • Estudio De Dos Nuevas Pterophylla Mexicanas (Orth., Tettig., Pseudoph.)
    ESTUDIO DE DOS NUEVAS PTEROPHYLLA MEXICANAS (ORTH., TETTIG., PSEUDOPH.) IGNACIO BOLIVAR, del Colegio de México, y C. BOLIVAR PIELTAIN, de la Escuela N. de Ciencias Biológicas. México, D. F. En la extensa familia Pseudophyllidae distinguía ya Brunner en 1895, el grupo Cyrtophylli que, por haber pasado su género típico a sinonimia de Pterophylla , ha sido más tarde conocido como Pterophyllae . Las diferencias que con los demás Pseudofílidos presenta este grupo son suficientes, a juicio de Zeuner (1936), para separarlo como subfamilia especial, Pterophyllinae , en contraposición a los restantes miembros de aquella familia, entre lo que quizás sea posible establecer más tarde otras divisiones. Muy recientemente Morgan Hebard (1941a), ha revisado, con la ayuda de abundantes ejemplares, las especies de este grupo, no habiéndose ocupado, por carecer de los materiales necesarios del Cyrtophyllus crepitans Redtenbacher, descrito de San Vicente en las Antillas, ni del Thliboscelus camellifolia Serville (haud Locusta camellifolia Fabricius 1775) descrito del Brasil en 1839, al cual dio Caudell en 1911 el nuevo nombre de Pterophylla brasiliensis . Estas especies fueron referidas por Kirby en 1906, al géne ro Thliboscelus y por Caudell al Pterophylla , y no es posible establecer de momento su posición genérica correcta, aunque es probable que ninguna de ellas pertenezca en realidad a este último género. Son los Pterophyllinae insectos llamativos y vistosos, de tamaño grande que, en un primer examen, parecen corresponder a géneros muy diversos. Pero,
    [Show full text]
  • Zborník Príspevkov Z Vedeckého Kongresu „Zoológia 2016“
    Slovenská zoologická spoločnosť pri SAV a Univerzita Konštantína Filozofa v Nitre Zborník príspevkov z vedeckého kongresu „Zoológia 2016“ Zuzana Krumpálová, Martina Zigová & Filip Tulis (eds) Nitra 2016 Editori Zuzana Krumpálová, Martina Zigová & Filip Tulis Garanti podujatia doc. Mgr. et Mgr. Josef Bryja, Ph.D. doc. PaedDr. Stanislav David, PhD. RNDr. Anton Krištín, DrSc. Vedecký výbor (recenzenti) Organizačný výbor RNDr. Michal Ambros, PhD. doc. Mgr. Ivan Baláž, PhD. (predseda) doc. Mgr. Ivan Baláž, PhD. RNDr. Michal Ambros, PhD. doc. Mgr. Peter Fenďa, PhD. RNDr. Peter Bačkor, PhD. doc. Vladimír Kubovčík, PhD. Mgr. Henrich Grežo, PhD. doc. RNDr. Zuzana Krumpálová, PhD. doc. Ing. Vladimír Kubovčík, PhD. Ing. Peter Lešo, PhD. Mgr. Peter Manko, PhD. Mgr. Peter Manko, PhD. Mgr. Ladislav Pekárik, PhD. RNDr. Roman Slobodník, PhD. RNDr. Peter Petluš, PhD. doc. RNDr. Michal Stanko, DrSc. Ing. Viera Petlušová, PhD. doc. Ing. Peter Urban, PhD. RNDr. Roman Slobodník, PhD. Mgr. Michal Ševčík Mgr. Filip Tulis, PhD. Mgr. Martina Zigová Mgr. Martin Zemko Publikované príspevky boli recenzované. Za odbornú úroveň príspevkov zodpovedajú autori a recenzenti. Rukopis neprešiel jazykovou úpravou. Vydavateľ: Univerzita Konštantína Filozofa v Nitre Edícia: Prírodovedec č. 645 Formát: B5 Rok vydania: 2016 Miesto vydania: Nitra Počet strán: 250 Tlač: Vydavateľstvo SPU v Nitre Náklad: 150 kusov © Univerzita Konštantína Filozofa v Nitre ISBN 978-80-558-1102-4 Všetky práva vyhradené. Žiadna časť textu ani ilustrácie nemôžu byť použité na ďalšie šírenie akoukoľvek formou bez predchádzajúceho súhlasu autora alebo vydavateľa. Vedecké príspevky sú zoradené podľa priezviska autora príspevku v abecednom poradí. „Zoológia 2016“ 24. – 26. november 2016, Univerzita Konštantína Filozofa v Nitre Program kongresu „Zoológia 2016“ 24.
    [Show full text]
  • About the Book the Format Acknowledgments
    About the Book For more than ten years I have been working on a book on bryophyte ecology and was joined by Heinjo During, who has been very helpful in critiquing multiple versions of the chapters. But as the book progressed, the field of bryophyte ecology progressed faster. No chapter ever seemed to stay finished, hence the decision to publish online. Furthermore, rather than being a textbook, it is evolving into an encyclopedia that would be at least three volumes. Having reached the age when I could retire whenever I wanted to, I no longer needed be so concerned with the publish or perish paradigm. In keeping with the sharing nature of bryologists, and the need to educate the non-bryologists about the nature and role of bryophytes in the ecosystem, it seemed my personal goals could best be accomplished by publishing online. This has several advantages for me. I can choose the format I want, I can include lots of color images, and I can post chapters or parts of chapters as I complete them and update later if I find it important. Throughout the book I have posed questions. I have even attempt to offer hypotheses for many of these. It is my hope that these questions and hypotheses will inspire students of all ages to attempt to answer these. Some are simple and could even be done by elementary school children. Others are suitable for undergraduate projects. And some will take lifelong work or a large team of researchers around the world. Have fun with them! The Format The decision to publish Bryophyte Ecology as an ebook occurred after I had a publisher, and I am sure I have not thought of all the complexities of publishing as I complete things, rather than in the order of the planned organization.
    [Show full text]