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Insects by Cindy Grigg
Insects By Cindy Grigg 1 Like you, insects are alive. Both people and insects are animals. Insects are different from most other animals. Let's read to find out how they are different. 2 Insects are invertebrate animals. That means they have no backbone. Insects are the largest group of animals on Earth. In fact, about half of all animals that scientists know are insects! 3 Insects have three main body parts. They are the head, the thorax, and the abdomen. They have six legs. Many adult insects also have wings. The wings and legs are attached to the thorax. 4 Some invertebrate animals look like insects, but they are not. Spiders and scorpions, for example, are commonly confused with insects. Spiders and scorpions are not insects because they have eight legs, not six. They also have only two body segments instead of three. 5 Most insects lay eggs. Some young insects look like their parents. Other young insects, such as caterpillars, look very different from their parents. 6 All the stages in the life of an animal make up the animal's life cycle. Butterflies have a four-stage life cycle. Butterflies often lay eggs on leaves the insects can eat after they hatch. The egg is the first stage of the butterfly's life cycle. 7 When the egg hatches, a larva comes out of the egg. We often call the larva a caterpillar. This is the second stage. The caterpillar looks very different from the adult butterfly. The larva eats the leaves and grows very quickly. 8 After the larva grows big enough, it makes a hard covering for itself. -
Onion Thrips (Thrips Tabaci)
Published by Utah State University Extension and Utah Plant Pest Diagnostic Laboratory ENT-117-08PR March 2008 Onion Thrips (Thrips tabaci) Diane G. Alston, Entomologist • Daniel Drost, Vegetable Specialist What You Should Know • Onion thrips are the most injurious insect pest to onions in Utah. • Immature and adult thrips prefer to feed on young leaves in the inner neck of plants. • Moderate to severe thrips feeding causes reduced bulb size. • Insecticides are a major tool for their control, but thrips are prone to develop resistance. • Long-term, sustainable management of thrips includes crop cultural practices, onion varietal resistance, biological control, and insecticide resistance management. nion thrips, thrips Thrips tabaci (Order Thysanoptera, Thysanoptera OFamily Thripidae), is a key insect pest in most onion production regions of the world. Immature and adult thrips feed with a punch-and-suck behavior that removes leaf chlorophyll causing white to silver patches and Fig. 2. Adult onion thrips have fringed or hairy wings 2 streaks (Fig. 1). Thrips populations increase rapidly under and 7-segmented antennae. hot, arid conditions and can lead to economic crop unsustainable management. Life history characteristics loss. The early bulb enlargement stage of onion growth of onion thrips that enhance their pest status include is the most sensitive to thrips feeding. Insecticides have a short generation time, high reproductive potential, been the primary tactic for their management; however, asexual reproduction by females (parthenogenesis), repeated applications often lead to resistance in the and occurrence of protected, non-feeding life stages. thrips population, suppression of natural enemies, and Recent research has shown that the majority of onion thrips on a plant are in the non-feeding egg stage (60- 75% of total population on an onion plant during late June to August), and thus, not exposed to insecticides and other suppressive tactics. -
Thrips Pollination of Mesozoic Gymnosperms
Thrips pollination of Mesozoic gymnosperms Enrique Peñalvera, Conrad C. Labandeirab,c,1, Eduardo Barróna, Xavier Delclòsd, Patricia Nele, André Nele, Paul Tafforeauf, and Carmen Sorianof aMuseo Geominero, Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, Madrid E-28003, Spain; bDepartment of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013; cDepartment of Entomology and Behavior, Ecology, Evolution and Systematics Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742; dDepartament d’Estratigrafia, Paleontologia i Geociències Marines, Facultat de Geologia, Universitat de Barcelona, E-08071, Spain; eCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 7205, Entomologie, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris F-75005; Département Sciences de la Vie et Santé, AgroParisTech, Paris F-75231, France; and fEuropean Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, F-38000, France Edited by David L. Dilcher, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, and approved April 10, 2012 (received for review December 13, 2011) Within modern gymnosperms, conifers and Ginkgo are exclusively several to a few hundred pollen grains to flowers (18) or cones wind pollinated whereas many gnetaleans and cycads are insect (Table S1); for example, Cycadothrips chadwicki can deliver up to pollinated. For cycads, thrips are specialized pollinators. We report 5,700 pollen grains per ovule to Macrozamia communis cycad such a specialized pollination mode from Early Cretaceous amber of cones in an afternoon (8). Several species of Cycadothrips are ef- Spain, wherein four female thrips representing a genus and two ficient pollinators of endemic Australian Macrozamia cycads (7, 8, species in the family Melanthripidae were covered by abundant 21). Besides pollination of gnetaleans and cycads, thrips species Cycadopites pollen grains. -
Colorado Potato Beetle.Pub
CORNELL COOPERATIVE EXTENSION OF ONEIDA COUNTY 121 Second Street Oriskany, NY 13424-9799 (315) 736-3394 or (315) 337-2531 FAX: (315) 736-2580 Colorado Potato Beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata Description: The Colorado potato beetle was first described in 1824 from the upper Missouri River Valley where it fed on a weed called buffalo bur or sand bur, but when early settlers first began to plant potatoes, the beetles discovered the new food plant and liked it. Adult Colorado Potato Beetle Colorado Potato Beetle larva Injury: Larvae and adults feed on the foliage of potato, eggplant, tomatoes and peppers. They may reach large numbers and eat all the foliage from the plant as well as spoil the fruit by eating into it. They are especially de- structive to small plantings. Life History: Adult beetles come out of winter hibernation in mid-May on Long Island and a week or ten days later in central New York just before the early-planted potatoes are up. Clusters of 20 or more eggs are laid on the underside of the leaves soon after the beetles emerge. The eggs hatch in seven to ten days. The larvae feed on the foliage, grow rapidly and complete their development in 18 to 21 days. The full-grown larva burrows into the ground and changes to the pupa or resting stage. After seven to ten days, the adult beetle emerges from the pupa, crawls up out of the ground, and after a short period of waiting, lays eggs for the second generation. Management: In the past several years, the Colorado potato beetle has become increasingly difficult to control because it has developed resistance to many commonly used chemical insecticides. -
Energetics of Metamorphosis in Drosophila Melanogaster ⇑ Allison B
Journal of Insect Physiology 57 (2011) 1437–1445 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Insect Physiology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jinsphys Energetics of metamorphosis in Drosophila melanogaster ⇑ Allison B. Merkey, Carrie K. Wong 1, Deborah K. Hoshizaki 2, Allen G. Gibbs School of Life Sciences, 4505 S. Maryland Pkwy., University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, USA article info abstract Article history: We measured the energetic cost of metamorphosis in the fruitfly, Drosophila melanogaster. Metabolic Received 26 May 2011 rates decreased rapidly in the first 24 h and remained low until shortly before eclosion, when the rates Received in revised form 18 July 2011 increased rapidly, thus creating a U-shaped metabolic curve. The primary fuel used during metamorpho- Accepted 19 July 2011 sis was lipid, which accounted for >80% of total metabolism. The total energy consumed during metamor- Available online 24 July 2011 phosis was lowest at 25 °C, compared to 18 and 29 °C, due to differences in metabolic rates and the length of pupal development. Temperature differentially affected metabolic rates during different stages of Keywords: metamorphosis. Prepupal and late pupal stages exhibited typical increases in metabolic rate at high tem- Drosophila peratures, whereas metabolic rates were independent of temperature during the first 2/3 of pupal devel- Energetics Lipid opment. Metabolic rate We tested two hypotheses for the underlying cause of the U-shaped metabolic curve. The first hypoth- Metamorphosis esis was that pupae become oxygen restricted as a result of remodeling of the larval tracheal system. We tested this hypothesis by exposing pupae to hypoxic and hyperoxic atmospheres, and by measuring lactic acid production during normoxic development. -
Butterfly Tip Sheet
BUTTERFLY TIP SHEET STARTING THE PROGRAM •It will take approximately 4 weeks to transform from larvae to butterfly. •Each larva is housed in its own little container. •Keep the lids on at all times (until chrysalis is formed). •Make sure that the containers are standing upright at all times. (DO NOT TURN UPSIDE DOWN) •Keep the containers out of the sunlight, and also out of the path of air vents. •The suggested room temperature is 68⁰ to 75⁰. •Each container has enough food and air for the larvae, until it forms its chrysalis. FORMING CHRYSALIDES •The larvae will grow to be about 1 inch long and look like a fuzzy black caterpillar. •In 7-10 days depending on the temperature, the larvae should form a chrysalis. (Faster in warm weather, slower in cool) •The larvae will attach itself to the lid of the container by its tail and hang upside down for about 24 hours. During this time the larvae will start to spin its chrysalis. AFTER CHRYSALIS FORMATION •Once the chrysalis has formed, it should take another 7-10 days for the Painted Lady Butterfly to emerge. (Again this depends on the weather) •After the chrysalides have been hanging in the container for 2-3 days, the teacher will GENTLY remove the lid with the chrysalis attached, and then tape it on one of the lower branches, or to the base of the branch. You can also attach the lid to the cage by using a binder clip or Velcro, attaching it on the outside of the cage. •Please do not cut the screen of the cage. -
Ants on Parade
Standards and Correlations Head Start Outcomes Ants on Parade P-ATL3, P-ATL4, P-ATL5, P-ATL6, P-ATL8, P-ATL10, P-ATL11, P-ATL13, P-SE3, P-SE4, P-LC1, P-LC2, P-LC3, P-LC4, P-LC5, P-LC6, P-LC7, P-LIT4, Children go outside to observe ant behavior and learn insect characteristics. P-LIT5, P-LIT6, P-MATH1, P-MATH2, P-MATH3, P-MATH4, P-MATH5, will happen is our hypothesis. Let’s test P-MATH6, P-SCI1, P-SCI2, P-SCI3, P-SCI4, P-SCI5, P-SCI6, P-PMP1, our hypothesis. Place students’ choices P-PMP3 Quick Facts of food items in each section of a paper There are thousands of ant species in North America. Though some species are plate or plates. considered pests, ants play an invaluable role in many ecosystems. Many are NAEYC Accreditation 2. Take the children outdoors for an “ant Criteria important predators of small invertebrates, including other insects, while others are 2.A.07, 2.A.10, 2.A.11, 2.A.12, 2.B.03, very effective dispersers of the seeds they harvest. In many ecosystems, ants turn over hunt” (see Healthy Me and Helping 2.B.04, 2.B.05, 2.B.06, 2.B.07, 2.C.03, and aerate the soil as much, or more than, earthworms. Hands for tips on making this a safe 2.C.04, 2.D.03, 2.D.04, 2.D.07, 2.E.04, experience for the children and the 2.E.06, 2.E.11, 2.F.02, 2.F.04, 2.F.11, All ants go through a four-stage life cycle—egg, larva, pupa, and adult. -
Life Cycle of a Butterfly
There are few insects as beautiful as the butterfly. They come in all shapes, sizes and colors but surprisingly they were not born with those good looks. Instead they grow into their beauty. Learn more about the four stages of transformation, also know as metamor- phosis, in the life cycle of the butterfly below. Use this new found knowledge to recreate each stage on the flip side of this sheet using color, pasta and a little imagination. Egg Stage: The life of a butterfly starts when the adult female lays her eggs on a leaf. This leaf will serve as a food source to the caterpillar when it first emerges from the egg during the caterpillar stage. To find these tiny round eggs check the un- derside of leaves and break out your magnifying glass to get a closer look at the larva that moves inside them. Caterpillar Stage: Hungry little caterpillars will emerge from the hatching eggs. At this stage they will spend most of their time eating and growing. A caterpillar can ingest a large leaf in just one day and will grow 100 times in size before its next transition. ThePupa Pupa: Stage: This is the most dramatic transition of the insect’s life cycle. Once the caterpillar is fully grown it will stop eating and form into a pupa, also called a chrysalis. From the outside it looks like the insect is resting but inside the pupa the caterpillar is rapidly trans- forming into a beautiful butterfly. Adult Stage: This is the reproductive stage for the adult but- terfly and their job is to mate and produce more eggs. -
Vegetable Insects Department of Entomology
E-99-W Vegetable Insects Department of Entomology MANAGING INSECT PESTS OF COMMERCIALLY GROWN CRUCIFERS Ricky E. Foster, Extension Entomologist The crucifers include cabbage, caulifl ower, broccoli, The following practices will reduce cabbage maggot injury. Brussels sprouts, turnips, radishes, kale, rutabaga, mustard, • Disk crop residues immediately after harvest to reduce collards, horseradish, and other crucifers. All of the crucifers overwintering populations. are subject to attack by insects. Some, such as radishes, can • Plant in well-drained soils when soil temperatures exceed usually be grown without insect damage and others, such as 50°F. cabbage, must be managed carefully to avoid serious insect • Do not plant in fi elds to which animal manure has been damage. recently applied or in which a cover crop has been plowed down within 3-4 weeks of planting. CABBAGE MAGGOTS • Use the soil insecticides diazinon, Lorsban, or Capture LFR in the seed furrow or as transplant drenches. The fi rst insect of concern on crucifers is usually the cab- bage maggot. Cabbage maggot overwinters as pupae in the FLEA BEETLES soil. The fl ies, slightly smaller than a housefl y, emerge from the soil in late April or early May and lay white eggs at the Flea beetles are almost always a pest of crucifers, es- bases of newly set plants. Emergence usually coincides with pecially early in the growing season. Flea beetles are small, the time when yellow rocket, a common weed, is in full bloom. hard-shelled insects, so named because their enlarged hind Larvae from this fi rst generation tunnel in the roots of legs allow them to jump like fl eas when disturbed. -