Det Sjungande Jaget

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Det Sjungande Jaget Pirjo Kukkonen ET SJUNGANDE JagET Medan Elias Lönnrots (1802–1884) Kalevala (1835, 1849) är DET det stora finska nationaleposet som gett den historiska, folkloris- tiska och mytologiska forskningen ett outsinligt omfattande mate- rial, fängslar däremot den lyriska samlingen Kanteletar (1840) med sin spontanitet och hela sin känsloskala, SJUNGANDE med sin glädje, sin lekfullhet, sin humor, sin ironi men D främst av allt med sin sorg och saknad. Medan na- ATT tionaleposet Kalevala flyter fram som en bred episk ET Pirjo Kukkonen ÖVERSÄTTA och mytologisk flod, är den lyriska samlingen Kante- JAGET letar vardags- och brukslyrik. Det sjungande jaget, det KÄNSLAN OCH jublande jaget och det sörjande jaget speglar sitt liv och SJ sin vardag i en ständig dialog mellan det inre och det SJÄLEN yttre landskapet. U Kanteletar (1840), som omfattar 652 sånger, be- N Den lyriska samlingen Kanteletar handlas här i svenska tolkningar under perioden 1830–1989. Redan på 1830-talet publicerades de för- GA i svenska tolkningar 1830–1989 sta svenska tolkningarna av Kanteletar i olika tidningar, och år 1839 gav B. O. Lille ut ”Flickors sånger” (Bok II: 1–59). Bland 1800-talsöversättarna finns Lönn- N rot själv, H. Kellgren, J.L. Runeberg, J.V. Snellman, Fr. Cygnaeus D m.fl. Joel Rundt gav ut Sjuttio sånger ur Kanteletar år 1937. Den E senast utkomna samlingen på svenska är Marita Lindquists, Ole Torvalds och Thomas Warburtons Visor och ballader ur Kanteletar J (1989) med 125 tolkade sånger av de 652 sångerna. AG Kanteletar representerar den poetiska genren folkdikten, la poësie populaire, som avspeglar den nationalromantiska tanken ET om folkdiktningen som en ”själens grammatik” så som J. G. von Herder (1744–1803) beskrivit den. I Kanteletar-sånganalyserna är det frågan om att översätta och tolka känslan och själen till svenska och lyssna på det sjungande jagets olika röster. Den semio- tiska översättningsanalysen fokuserar på översättarnas röster ge- nom att kommentera två huvudsakliga företeelser som avspeglar 8 Kalevala-språket och -metriken: allitterationerna och parallell- 3127 ismerna vilka återspeglar det som Julia Kristeva kallar chora, den 54 livgivande rytmen. 8952 ISBN 978-952-5431-27-8 ISSN Acta Semiotica Fennica XXXI HelsingforsUniversitetstryckeriet, 2009 97 Omslagsbild Pekka Halonen (1865-1933): Nainen veneessä, Kvinna i båt, 1924 XXXI ACTA SEMIOTICA FENNICA XXXI Det sjungande jaget _______________________________________________________________ ACTA SEMIOTICA FENNICA (ASF) Editor in Chief Eero Tarasti Associate Editors Paul Forsell Richard Littlefield Editorial Board Honorary Member: Thomas A. Sebeok † Pertti Ahonen Henry Broms Jacques Fontanille André Helbo Altti Kuusamo Ilkka Niiniluoto Pekka Pesonen Hannu K. Riikonen Kari Salosaari Sinikka Tuohimaa † Vilmois Voigt Pirjo Kukkonen _______________________________________________________________ DET SJUNGANDE JAGET Att översätta känslan och själen Den lyriska samlingen Kanteletar i svenska tolkningar 1830–1989 Acta Semiotica Fennica XXXI International Semiotics Institute at Imatra (ISI), Imatra Suomen Semiotiikan Seura – Semiotiska sällskapet i Finland, Helsingfors 2009 INTERNATIONAL SEMIOTICS INSTITUTE AT IMATRA (ISI), IMATRA Virastokatu 1 FI–55100 Imatra http://www.isisemiotics.fi Bokbeställningar Tfn + 358 20 617 6639 Fax + 358 20 617 6696 E-post: [email protected] ACTA SEMIOTICA FENNICA XXXI Helsingfors Kukkonen, Pirjo 2009. DET SJUNGANDE JAGET. Att översätta känslan och själen Den lyriska samlingen Kanteletar i svenska tolkningar 1830–1989 © 2009 International Semiotics Institute at Imatra (ISI), Suomen Semiotiikan Seura – Semiotiska sällskapet i Finland och författaren Pärmen: Päivi Talonpoika-Ukkonen Pekka Halonen (1865–1933), Nainen veneessä, Kvinna i båt, 1924 © Valtion taidemuseo, Statens konstmuseum, Finnish National Gallery Kuvataiteen keskusarkisto, Centralarkivet för bildkonst, Central Art Archieves Brunnsgatan 2 C FI–000100 Helsingfors Tfn + 358 9 173 361 Fax + 358 9 173 36 248 Tryckning: Universitetstryckeriet, Helsingfors 2009 ISBN 978–952–5431–27–8 ISSN ACTA SEMIOTICA FENNICA XXXI This open monograph is published by permission of International Semiotics Institute and it is identical with the original work. The author is Pirjo Kukkonen and the book's license is CC BY (4.0) (Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International). The license does not apply to translations of poems. ISBN: 978-951-51-5033-2 (pdf) DOI: 10.31885/9789515150332 Vi behöver varje dag en sång Vi behöver varje dag en sång, en melodi, än ljust sjungande, än mjukt elegisk, – också en grå, svagt kylig vårdag i april, – en solfylld julidag eller en av de mörka dagarna i oktober. Vi behöver varje dag en melodi, en sång. Joel Rundt, Bara i denna frid, 1964: 8–9 ”... Personligen har jag en föreställning om att musiken ... har vi fått som en gåva för att ge oss en föreställning om verkligheter och världar utanför den värld vi lever i.” Ingmar Bergman i Sveriges Radio P1, 18.7.2004 Tack för alla sångerna! Denna bok tillägnas det sjungande jaget och alla de röster vi hör i den lyriska samlingen Kanteletar (1840) i det förflutna, i nuet och i framtiden. Tack Elias Lönnrot (1802–1884) för Din samling av vardagslyrik och brukspoesi – Du gav det sjungandet jaget en röst. Tack alla svenska översättare av Kanteletar där översättarnas röster hörs i dialogen mellan det finska och det svenska, i det finska och det svenska litterära polysystemet. Kalevaladagen den 28 februari 2009 Pirjo Kukkonen INNEHÅLL _______________________________________________________ I PROLOG ATT ÖVERSÄTTA OCH TOLKA LA POËSIE POPULAIRE, DEN FOLKLIGA POESIN 7 1 Den lyriska samlingen Kanteletar (1840): Materialet, tematiken, teorier och metoder 38 2 ”En själens grammatik”: Att översätta känslan och själen 59 3 Poetisk översättning som genre 132 II DIALOGER DET SJUNGANDE JAGET I KANTELETAR: RÖSTER I KÄLL- OCH MÅLSPRÅKET ATT VOKALISERA OCH VERBALISERA KÄNSLAN OCH SJÄLEN 189 1 Flickan och kvinnan som det sjungande jaget 220 2 Pojken och mannen som det sjungande jaget 251 3 Barnet i fokus: Drömmen, sömnen, leken och döden 256 III EPILOG CHŌRA – DEN LIVGIVANDE RYTMEN SOM ÖVERSÄTTNINGSPROCESS 273 1 Att översätta den poetiska funktionen: Dialogen mellan form och innehåll 275 2 Att översätta tecken och teckensystem: Semiosis och semiotisering som översättning 277 3 Poetiska översättningsstrategier – modaliteter: Den poetiska översättningens kiasm 282 KÄLLFÖRTECKNING 290 SAKREGISTER 305 NAMNREGISTER 310 SÅNGREGISTER 315 –– DET SJUNGANDE JAGET Att översätta känslan och själen: Den lyriska samlingen Kanteletar ___________________________________________________________________________ I Prolog Att översätta och tolka la poësie populaire, den folkliga poesin Jakobson belongs to that powerful trend in our culture that is larger than just linguistics and literary studies, one to which the names of Baxtin and Vygotskij also belong. [– – –] Roman Jakobson ... always thought about the most general matters in concrete terms, with reference to particular examples, and always spoke about this clearly and understandably. We shall always remember Jakobson as the man who proved that one can do scientific work with joy, without pedantry or routine, that one can do it as something great and meaningful, under any circumstances, even in the face of catastrophes – and successfully. (Vjačeslav V. Ivanov, ”Roman Jakobson: The Future”, in A Tribute to Roman Jakobson, 1896–1982 1983: 56–57; Pomorska & Rudy 1987: 10, fn 12, 506.) ____________________________________________ 8 –– Pirjo Kukkonen _____________________________________________________________________________ 26. Armottoman osa. Den värnlösas lott Alahan’ on allin mieli Sorg bär alfågeln i sinne Uiessa vilua vettä, simmande i sitt isvatten, Alempana armottoman värre sorg den värnlösa Käyessä kylän katua. där hon vandrar på byvägen. Vilu on vatsa varpusella Sparven fryser väl om buken Jääoksalla istuessa, på den isbelupna kvisten, Vatsani minun vilumpi värre fryser jag i bröstet Asutessani ahoja. där jag går över brännorna. Syän kylmä kyyhkysellä Kall är skogsduvan om hjärtat Syöessä kylän kekoa, av allt allmänningskornet, Kylmempi minun sitäi ännu mycket mera kyler Jäävesiä juoessani. isdrycksilningen inom mig. Thomas Warburton Kanteletar (1840; K I: 26) (Visor och ballader ur Kanteletar 1989: 18; K I: 26) –– DET SJUNGANDE JAGET Att översätta känslan och själen: Den lyriska samlingen Kanteletar 9 ________________________________________________________________________________ Den lyriska samlingen Kanteletar (1840) som la poësie populaire Semiosis och översättning som hermeneutisk tolkning är de centrala begreppen i min bok som handlar om att förstå och tolka den finska lyriska samlingen Kanteletars (1840) folksånger i svenska tolkningar under perioden 1830–1989. Helhetssynen på folkpoesi i 1800-tales finska och svenska folkdiktning bygger på Johann Gottfried von Herders (1744–1803) banbrytande insats Stimmen der Völker in Liedern (1778–1807) om folkdiktningen (Volkslied), folkpoesin, i motsats till konstpoesin, som en ”själens grammatik”, dvs. att den lyriska diktningen är ett uttryck för ”själens grammatik” hos ett folk, ett fritt och spontant språk som uttrycker människans känslor och sinnen i olika bilder. Folkdiktningen ansågs återspegla en nations och ett folks mentalitet och identitet. I sin doktorsavhandling Folkvisans upptäckare. Receptionsstudier från Montaigne och Schefferus till Herder (1984) citerar Tore Wretö Michel de Montaignes (1533–1592) reflexion om la poësie populaire, den folkliga
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