A Case Study in a Canadian Amerindian Rural Reserve

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

A Case Study in a Canadian Amerindian Rural Reserve 1 SCHOOLING AND RESISTANCE TO SCHOOLING IN BETSIAMITES: A CASE STUDY IN A CANADIAN AMERINDIAN RURAL RESERVE BY CHARLES VIEN THESIS SUBMITTED IN PART FULFILLMENT OF PhD DEGREE DEPARTMENT OF CULTURE, COMMUNICATION AND SOCIETIES INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF LONDON FEBRUARY 1998 2 ABSTRACT Traditionally, the vast majority of Canadian Amerindians have largely remained undereducated and such is the case in Betsiamites. This 2,500 people community is the largest of the nine Montagnais reserves which are located in Eastern Québec. There has been an improvement in the overall completion rates at the elementary and secondary levels between 1970 and 1985, following the transfer of all the responsibilities for reserve schools from the federal Government to the Amerindian communities. But progress had come to a halt by the end of the 1980s and most secondary school or university Amerindian students still drop out today. By focusing on the reserve of Betsiamites, this thesis attempts to provide explanations for this situation and to suggest ways to improve the effectiveness of Amerindian education. The thesis is divided into seven chapters, including the introduction and the conclusion. In the second chapter, the assumptions underlying this thesis, the data-gathering and analysis methods and the ethical problems linked to the situation of the current researcher as former teacher and current principal of the secondary school under investigation are discussed. In the third chapter, it is argued that the 1969-1972 political battle which allowed the Amerindians to govern their education systems has overshadowed some basic and essential issues regarding quality education and is partly responsible for the lack of improvement since the mid 1980s. In the fourth chapter, the historical process which led to the creation of the reserve of Betiamites and to the generalized dependency on welfare is presented. The fifth chapter analyses the daily life of the local secondary school, from its management to the motivation of students. The sixth chapter discusses the links between the local political, economic and social life and local schooling and suggests ways of alleviating widespread educational underachievement in rural reserves. This thesis argues that despite an adverse socio-economic environment, Canadian Amerindian schools could have become much more effective if it had not been for the excessive politicization of the issue of reserve schooling and for the unwillingness of Amerindian leaders and the federal Government to question the adoption, in 1972, of affirmative action as the ideological pillar of Amerindian teacher-training programmes. 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my gratitude to my supervisors, Dr. Jagdish S. Gundara, Head of the International Centre for Intercultural Studies and Mr. Crispin Jones, Senior lecturer at the Department of Culture, Communication and Societies at the University of London Institute of Education, for their continuing support and counsel over the past five years. Their constant questioning permitted me to explore in a new light the subject of this thesis. Their task was rendered all the more difficult by the fact that a great deal of my work was carried out in Canada and given that my mother tongue is French. It is always difficult to express one's thoughts in another language and their guidance in this matter was crucial. Of course, any remaining errors are mine, not theirs! I would also like to thank the Commonwealth Relations Trust (London, U.K.), the Johann Jacobs Foundation (Zurich, Switz.), the Institut Culture! et Educatif Montagnais (Sept- Iles, Que.) and the London Goodenough Association of Canada (Toronto, Ont.) for their financial support, which made possible the realization of this work; for this I am most grateful. My employer, the Betsiamites Band Council, significantly contributed to my studies by permitting me to take two extended leaves of absence without which I could not have completed my studies. In particular, the late Mr Leonard Paul, former principal of the elementary school in Betsiamites, inspired and encouraged my interest in reserve schooling; without him many doors would have remained closed. Thanks also to Dr Dennis McInerney, from the University of Western Sydney (Macarthur, Austr.) who conducted the computed analyses for the ISM questionnaire and to Mrs Ann Weber, Secretary of the CRT, who amiably printed and reprinted many parts of this thesis. Finally, my wife Monique deserves a special thank you for showing such great understanding and patience throughout these many years of research and writing. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract 2 Acknowledgements 3 Chapter One: INTRODUCTION 7 Notes and references 25 Chapter Two: "INDIAN CONTROL OF INDIAN EDUCATION" REVISITED: REMOVING BARRIERS OR LOWERING STANDARDS ? 29 Removing barriers or lowering standards ? 35 Notes and references 62 Chapter Three: METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES 70 Formulation of the research problem 70 Intellectual approach 73 The role of the researcher/The data collection methods/ The issue of ethics and the issue of validity and rel- iability 80 Notes and references 101 Chapter Four: THE CONTEXT OF THE STUDY; BETSIAMITES: FROM THE RESERVE AS A NEW PLACE TO LIVE TO THE RESERVE AS A NEW WAY OF LIFE 106 Prehistory of the Betsiamites Montagnais 108 The European contact 111 The impact of trapping as a new way of life 112 The creation of the Betsiamites reserve 123 The "intensive care" years (1850-1945) 126 The integration years (1945-1969) 137 The introduction of compulsory schooling 143 The local control phase (1969- ) 148 Notes and references 167 Chapter Five: THE DIMENSIONS OF SCHOOLING IN BETSIAMITES 175 Mainstream education vs band-controlled schools in Québec 179 5 Management of the school 185 Financing 189 Teacher training 193 Pedagogy and student culture 203 Aims and objectives of schooling in Betsiamites 214 Relations between school and parents 220 Curriculum 236 Achievement and underachievement 243 Assessment methods 247 Motivation of students 254 Truancy and absenteeism 269 Rewards and punishments 281 Language issues 289 Conclusion 305 Notes and references 308 Chapter Six: THE DIMENSIONS OF RESISTANCE TO SCHOOLING IN BETSIAMITES 320 Part 1- Resistance to schooling: Definition and conflictual viewpoints 322 Part 2- The cumulative effect of poverty and its impact on reserve life (the dictatorship of the workless majority and time as an enemy) 330 Poverty in Betsiamites, an enduring phenomenon 333 A- Political obstacles to school improvement in Betsiamites 336 B- Economic obstacles to school improvement in Betsiamites 347 C- Social conditions 367 Poverty and lifestyles in Western countries 368 D- The legal obstacles to school improvement in Betsiamites 381 Part 3- The future of schooling in Betsiamites 383 The 1992 and 1996 Band-commissioned studies of the education system 386 School improvement in Betsiamites, from now onwards 388 Ways of improving schooling in Betsiamites 391 Conclusion 397 Notes and references 404 Chapter Seven: CONCLUSION 420 Affirmative action 421 Local control 424 6 The welfare trap 429 The treasure within 433 Notes and references 437 REFERENCES 442 APPENDIX ONE: Terminology 464 APPENDIX TWO: Letter from a parent 465 APPENDIX THREE: Map (Subarctic Indian bands) 466 APPENDIX FOUR: Map (Ice age routes) 467 APPENDIX FIVE: Maps (ancient maps) 468 APPENDIX SIX: French tourists in Wendake 470 APPENDIX SEVEN: Map (Québec North Shore) 471 APPENDIX EIGHT: Tourists at Tadoussac, Qc 472 APPENDIX NINE: Enrolment trends 473 APPENDIX TEN: House building in Betsiamites 474 APPENDIX ELEVEN: Caricatures (A & B) 475 APPENDIX TWELVE: Student retention in Québec 477 APPENDIX THIRTEEN: Organization chart 478 APPENDIX FOURTEEN: Teaching licence 479 APPENDIX FIFTEEN: Support centre for Amerindian students 480 APPENDIX SIXTEEN: Note written by a teacher 481 APPENDIX SEVENTEEN: Drawing made by teacher 482 APPENDIX EIGHTEEN: Questionnaire on school/parents relations 483 APPENDIX NINETEEN: Examination schedule (MEQ) 488 APPENDIX TWENTY: Inventory of school motivation (ISM) 489 APPENDIX TWENTY-ONE: Graph on absenteeism 495 APPENDIX TWENTY-TWO: Graph on absenteeism and tardiness 496 APPENDIX TWENTY-THREE: Drawing by Misirili 497 APPENDIX TWENTY-FOUR: Statistics on local economy 498 APPENDIX TWENTY-FIVE: Welfare recipients 499 APPENDIX TWENTY-SIX: Drawings by students (A,B,C) 500 APPENDIX TWENTY-SEVEN: Survey on at-risk factors 503 APPENDIX TWENTY-EIGHT: Taxonomy of social problems 505 APPENDIX TWENTY-NINE: Prevention programmes (A,B,C) 506 7 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION The purpose of this research is to analyse, using the case-study approach, the historical and political processes which have allowed certain Canadian Amerindians to progressively gain control over the education of their children at the local level during the last thirty years, and to appraise the "Amerindianization" as well as the school- improvement efforts which have been undertaken since then. Along with the results these efforts have yielded, the conclusion is drawn that some major mistakes, which could have been avoided, were made both by Amerindian 2 leaders and by the federal Government. Traditionally, the vast majority of Canadian Amerindians have largely remained formally undereducated. In the 1960s, between 94% and 96% of all Amerindian students were leaving school without a high school diploma 3, as compared with 12% in the mainstream Canadian population. In the 1980s, 80% of Amerindian students were dropping out of high school while 25% were
Recommended publications
  • North American Megadam Resistance Alliance
    North American Megadam Resistance Alliance May 18, 2020 Christopher Lawrence U.S. Department of Energy Management and Program Analyst Transmission Permitting and Technical Assistance Office of Electricity Christopher.Lawrence.hq.doe.gov Re: Comments on DOE Docket No. PP-362-1: Champlain Hudson Power Express, Inc. and CHPE, LLC: Application to Rescind Presidential Permit and Application for Presidential Permit Dear Mr. Lawrence, The Sierra Club Atlantic Chapter and North American Megadam Resistance Alliance submit these comments on the above-referenced application of Champlain Hudson Power Express, Inc. (CHPEI) and CHPE, LLC (together, the Applicants) to transfer to CHPE, LLC ownership of the facilities owned by CHPEI and authorized for cross-border electric power transmission via a high voltage direct current line (the Project) by Presidential Permit No. PP- 362, dated October 6, 2014 (PP-362 or the Permit) .1 The Project is being developed by TDI, a Blackstone portfolio company. www.transmissiondevelopers.com Blackstone is a private investment firm with about $500 billion under management. www.blackstone.com The Sierra Club Atlantic Chapter, headquartered Albany New York, is responsible for the Sierra Club’s membership and activities in New York State and works on a variety of environmental issues. The Sierra Club is a national environmental organization founded in 1892. 1 On April 6, 2020, the Applicants requested that the Department of Energy (DOE) amend, or in the alternative, rescind and reissue PP-362 to enable the transfer of the Permit from CHPEI to its affiliate CHPE, LLC (the Application). On April 16, 2020, the Department of Energy (DOE) issued a Notice of “Application to Rescind Presidential Permit; Application for Presidential Permit; Champlain Hudson Power Express, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Constantly Battling Whiteness
    CONSTANTLY BATTLING WHITENESS: A CRITICAL CASE STUDY OF BLACK STUDENTS’ EXPERIENCES AT A PREDOMINATELY WHITE INSTITUTION Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Lane R. Washington, M.S. Graduate Program in Educational Studies The Ohio State University 2020 Dissertation Committee Dr. Marc P. Johnston-Guerrero, Chair Dr. Noelle W. Arnold Dr. Susan R. Jones Copyrighted by Lane R. Washington 2020 Abstract The purpose of this study was to describe the campus racial climate and the experiences of Black students at a Predominately White Institution (PWI). Using the Multi-Contextual Model for Diverse Learning Environments (MMDLE) as a theoretical framework and Critical Race Theory as an analytical tool, this research interrogated the ways in which race and racism shape the experiences of Black students at a uniquely structured PWI focused on social justice. Guided by a critical epistemological foundation, this critical case study addressed the following question: What is the campus racial climate for Black students at a social justice striving PWI? Additionally, several sub-questions, influenced by the five dimensions of the MMDLE, guiding the study were: (a) What historical aspects of the institution informed contemporary climate for Black students?; (b) How did the institutions' policies and practices influence Black students’ experiences with the racial climate?; (c) How did the racial composition of the university inform the campus racial climate?; (d) What did the cross-racial interactions look like for Black students and their peers?; and (e) How did Black students perceive the institution in terms of race? In the study, 24 students, 6 faculty, and 17 administrators with different races, ethnicities, ages, and experiences provided insights into the racial climate for Black students.
    [Show full text]
  • Duplessis Manicouagan
    renseignements utiles SYMBOLES ET PICTOGRAMMES CARTE DE LA RÉGION TOURISTIQUE CÔTE-NORD Légende Matimekosh – Schefferville Kawawachikamach Lac-John (accessible par train à partir de Sept-Îles) Municipalité SYMBOLES Réserve autochtone Happy Valley- Route Goose Bay ET PICTOGRAMMES Chemin de fer Churchill Falls Route des Baleines Æ Abri pour Circuit gourmand ? Lieux d’accueil ¶ Restauration Village-relais pique-nique à Chasse saisonnier Route verte Traversier h Aire de ö Location U Chute ¶! Petit-déjeuner Trajet du N/M Bella-Desgagnés Labrador City Km 362 pique-nique d’équipement Emeril Junction LABRADOR ¢ Cuisinette ¶@ Dîner Aéroport Wabush Accès Internet w Location de chalet c Cuisine commune ¶# Souper Lieu d’accueil saisonnier sans fil gratuit L Location de vélo Fermont s Électricité , Salle de bains Lieu d’accueil permanent < Aéroport - Hôpital t Ornithologie privée M Agréé Bienvenue 30 ampères F Minifrigo b Parc et réserve naturelle Km 473 Procurez-vous la Carte touristique cyclistes u 50 ampères Salle de bains Fire Lake Blanc-Sablon p.82 n Motoneige partagée Parc marin du Saguenay – de la Côte-Nord dans nos bureaux R i v Bonne-Espérance v Saint-Laurent Fermont et i D Air climatisé Entrée directe d’information touristique (p. 218 à 220). è p.50 r e Blanc- la Route 389 S Brador @ Pêche º Salle de gym a i n Middle Bay Sablon t -  A Animaux admis Entrée gratuite u Rivière-Saint-Paul g u C s t Î a h Pêche blanche Ski alpin i n e m Lourdes-de- i Apportez votre vin $ Entrée payante n Vieux-Fort Blanc-Sablon d St.
    [Show full text]
  • Testimony of Chief Rene Simon Pessamit Lnnu First Nation Pessamit, Canada July 20, 2017 Ladies and Gentlemen of the State Of
    Testimony of Chief Rene Simon Pessamit lnnu First Nation Pessamit, Canada July 20, 2017 Ladies and gentlemen of the State of New Hampshire Site Evaluation Committee, my name is Paul Pouliot. I am the Sag8mo of the Cowasuck Band of the Pennacook Abenaki People, based in Alton, NH. Chief Rene Simon and the elected officials of Pessamit have asked me to deliver this message and thank you for the opportunity to speak at the Northern Pass public hearings. It is with confidence in a better future that the "Pessamit lnnu First Nation" is addressing you today. It is not Pessamit's intention to take a position on the impacts of the Northern Pass Project in New Hampshire. However, we want to share our experience with regard to the source of electricity and its environmental and social legitimacy. In 1973, the Supreme Court of Canada confirmed our Ancestral Rights, territories and the value of the Indigenous treaties with France and England . However, the Quebec Government challenged the Supreme Court's decision until1996 when the Supreme Court ruled against Quebec's position. ,.. ,~. 1 N~'TP(;5E. rvniV The Government of Quebec strategically allowed enough time fo completion of Hydro-Quebec, a government owned entity, to invade our Nitassina our homelands. As such, thirteen hydroelectric plants and eleven re~ were implanted on our homelands without impact studies, without our consent and without compensation. This state-run fraud now makes 29% of Hydro-Quebec's installed capacity which is illegally acquired at the expense of Pessamit. The Government of Quebec, which is Hydro-Quebec's sole shareholder, has become one of the largest and most profitable energy companies in the West.
    [Show full text]
  • Revue De Recherche En Civilisation Américaine, 3
    Revue de recherche en civilisation américaine 3 | 2012 L’Amérique post-raciale ? / Post-racial America? Post-racial America? David Diallo (dir.) Édition électronique URL : http://journals.openedition.org/rrca/337 ISSN : 2101-048X Éditeur David Diallo Référence électronique David Diallo (dir.), Revue de recherche en civilisation américaine, 3 | 2012, « L’Amérique post-raciale ? / Post-racial America? » [En ligne], mis en ligne le 30 janvier 2012, consulté le 21 février 2020. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/rrca/337 Ce document a été généré automatiquement le 21 février 2020. © Tous droits réservés 1 Politics, Opinion and Reality in Black and White: Conceptualizing Postracialism at the Beginning of the 21st Century Lisa Veroni-Paccher 1 Have Americans disentangled themselves from the web of prejudice? It seemed that race and racism disintegrated on November 4, 2008. Race no longer mattered and the election of America’s first black president proved it. On election night, Americans and people all around the world rejoiced in the streets. Early on, at least since Obama’s victory in the Iowa primary, commentators and pundits were quick to announce that the country had entered an era that opened a realm of possibilities exempt from racial boundaries: a postracial era. African American children could now overtly claim: “When I grow up, I want to be President of the United States” and believe it could happen. It was the realization of Martin Luther King’s dream that people would be judged not by the color of their skin but by the content of their character; it was the American Dream come true.
    [Show full text]
  • The Jewish Law Firm: Past and Present
    University of Denver Digital Commons @ DU Sturm College of Law: Faculty Scholarship University of Denver Sturm College of Law 2014 The Jewish Law Firm: Past and Present Eli Wald Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.du.edu/law_facpub Part of the Organizations Law Commons Recommended Citation HLS Center on the Legal Profession Research Paper No. 2015-9 This Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the University of Denver Sturm College of Law at Digital Commons @ DU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Sturm College of Law: Faculty Scholarship by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ DU. For more information, please contact [email protected],dig- [email protected]. The Jewish Law Firm: Past and Present Publication Statement Copyright held by the author. User is responsible for all copyright compliance. This paper is available at Digital Commons @ DU: https://digitalcommons.du.edu/law_facpub/28 THE JEWISH LAW FIRM: PAST AND PRESENT Eli Wald1 I. Introduction The rise and growth of large Jewish law firms in New York City during the second half of the twentieth century is nothing short of an astounding success story. 2 As late as 1950, there was not a single large Jewish law firm in town. By the mid-1960s, six of the largest twenty law firms were Jewish, and by 1980, four of the largest ten law firms were Jewish firms.3 Moreover, the accomplishment of these Jewish firms is especially striking because, while the traditional large White Anglo-Saxon Protestant (“WASP”) law firms also grew at a fast rate during this period, the Jewish firms grew twice as fast, and they did so in spite of explicit discrimination.
    [Show full text]
  • The Negative Impact of the Diversity Rationale on White Identity Formation, 89 N.Y.U
    University of Miami Law School University of Miami School of Law Institutional Repository Articles Faculty and Deans 2014 White Like Me: The egN ative Impact of the Diversity Rationale on White Identity Formation Osamudia R. James University of Miami, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.law.miami.edu/fac_articles Part of the Education Law Commons, Law and Race Commons, and the Law and Society Commons Recommended Citation Osamudia R. James, White Like Me: The Negative Impact of the Diversity Rationale on White Identity Formation, 89 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 425 (2014). This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty and Deans at University of Miami School of Law Institutional Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Articles by an authorized administrator of University of Miami School of Law Institutional Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NEW YORK UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW VOLUME 89 MAY 2014 NUMBER 2 ARTICLES WHITE LIKE ME: THE NEGATIVE IMPACT OF THE DIVERSITY RATIONALE ON WHITE IDENTITY FORMATION OSAMUDIA R. JAMES* In several cases addressing the constitutionality of affirmative action admissions policies, the Supreme Court has recognized a compelling state interest in schools with diverse student populations. According to the Court and affirmative action proponents, the pursuit of diversity does not only benefit minority students who gain expanded access to elite institutions through affirmative action. Rather, diver- sity also benefits white students who grow through encounters with minority stu- dents, it contributes to social and intellectual life on campus, and it serves society at large by aiding the development of citizens equipped for employment and citizen- ship in an increasingly diverse country.
    [Show full text]
  • Latin@ Identity Politics in Higher Education: Unveiling Representations of Whiteness in Latin@ Culture Michael Benitez Jr
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2015 Latin@ identity politics in higher education: unveiling representations of whiteness in Latin@ culture Michael Benitez Jr. Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Chicana/o Studies Commons, Higher Education Administration Commons, Higher Education and Teaching Commons, and the Latina/o Studies Commons Recommended Citation Benitez, Michael Jr., "Latin@ identity politics in higher education: unveiling representations of whiteness in Latin@ culture" (2015). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 14775. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/14775 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Latin@ identity politics in higher education: Unveiling representations of whiteness in Latin@ culture by Michael Benitez Jr. A dissertation submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major: Education (Educational Leadership) Program of Study Committee: Natasha Croom, Chair Brian D. Behnken Connie P. Hargrave Laura I. Rendón Manali J. Sheth Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2015 Copyright © Michael Benitez Jr., 2015. All rights reserved. ii DEDICATION I dedicate this dissertation to my family for their ongoing support and love throughout the seven years it has taken me to complete this project. They have truly been there for me every step of the way.
    [Show full text]
  • Acting White?
    (Draft: Do not Cite or Circulate without the Express Permission of Authors) ACTING WHITE? by Devon W. Carbado Professor of Law, UCLA School of Law & Mitu Gulati Professor of Law, Duke University School of Law 1 Introduction [T]he mountain standing in the way of any true Negro art in America [is] this urge within the race toward whiteness, the desire to pour racial individuality into the mold of American standardization, and to be as little Negro and as much American as possible. [For example, the Negro clubwoman] doesn’t care for the Winold Reiss portraits because they are ‘too Negro.” ------ Langston Hughes For generations, blacks have attempted to straighten their hair, lighten their skin, and pass for white. But what blacks need to do is "act white." ------ Dinesh D'Souza Go into any inner city neighborhood, and folks will tell you that government alone can't teach kids to learn. They know that parents have to parent, that children can't achieve unless we raise their expectations and turn off the television sets and eradicate the slander that says a black youth with a book is acting white. ------ Barack Obama1 What does it mean to be “too Negro”? What does it mean to “act white”? Though, generally, these questions are rarely openly discussed, Senator Barack Obama’s ascendance to the forefront of American politics—and especially his run for the 2008 Democratic presidential nomination—has inserted them into the public domain. Questions have been asked by the civil rights lobby about his “authenticity as a black man.”2 Comments have been made—more recently by rival presidential hopeful Senator Joseph Biden, calling Senator Obama “articulate and bright and clean”—about his palatability to white voters.
    [Show full text]
  • Projet D'emploi
    Année 14, numéro 2 MUNICIPALITÉ DU VILL AGE DE TADOUSSAC Février 2021 Le Miroir Municipalité du village de Tadoussac PROJET D’EMPLOI - MAMU ATUSSETAU!**, PAR ANDRÉANNE JEAN Kuei ! C’est avec beaucoup de fierté et d’enthousiasme que nous vous informons que plusieurs entreprises de Tadoussac accueilleront dès la saison touristique 2021 des employés de la communauté innue de Pessamit. Le bureau de Services Québec des Escoumins, le Centre Emploi et Formation de Pessamit, la municipalité du village de Tadoussac et plusieurs entreprises locales collaborent depuis 2019 pour concrétiser ce projet de partenariat. Concrètement, c’est une vingtaine de nouveaux employés (es) de Pessamit qui s’ajouteront aux équipes de neuf entreprises de Tadoussac. La bonne intégration des membres de la communauté de Pessamit dans les entreprises et dans notre communauté est une priorité pour toutes les parties prenantes de ce projet. Ainsi, des formations portant sur la culture innue seront données aux employeurs et aux collègues de travail de ces nouveaux employés (es). Nous sommes heureux de pouvoir accueillir chaleureusement tous les nouveaux employés (es) de la communauté innue de Pessamit à Tadoussac, village ouvert sur le monde et sur la diversité. Vous avez des questions, des commentaires ou des suggestions? Contactez-nous à: [email protected] ** Traduction: Travaillons ensemble RÉUNION RÉGULIÈRE DU 8 FÉVRIER 2021 ADMINISTRATION GÉNÉRALE · Mandat portes de la cale sèche (Laboratoires · Correction de la résolution 2020‑0387 du d’Expertises du Québec ltée – Opinion technique sur procès-verbal du 14 décembre 2020 (Facture no 2020- la caractérisation et l’évaluation de la qualité du 21 - Les Consultants Filion, Hansen & Ass.
    [Show full text]
  • A Qualitative Exploratory Study of African American Men's
    California State University, San Bernardino CSUSB ScholarWorks Theses Digitization Project John M. Pfau Library 1995 A qualitative exploratory study of African American men's experiences and/or perceptions of class or racial discrimination in relation to their social and economic status, education job opportunity and employment Mellace Slaten-Thomson Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project Part of the Multicultural Psychology Commons, and the Social Work Commons Recommended Citation Slaten-Thomson, Mellace, "A qualitative exploratory study of African American men's experiences and/or perceptions of class or racial discrimination in relation to their social and economic status, education job opportunity and employment" (1995). Theses Digitization Project. 1130. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1130 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the John M. Pfau Library at CSUSB ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses Digitization Project by an authorized administrator of CSUSB ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A QUALITATIVE EXPLORATORY STUDY OP AFRICAN AMERICAN MEN'S EXPERIENCES AND/OR PERCEPTIONS OF CLASS OR RACIAL DISCRIMINATION IN RELATION TO THEIR SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC STATUS, EDUCATION JOB OPPORTUNITY AND EMPLOYMENT A Project Presented to the Faculty of California state University, San Bernardino In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Social Work by Mellace Slaten-Thomson June 1995 A QUALITATIVE EXPLORATORY STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN MEN'S EXPERIENCES AND/OR PERCEPTIONS OF CLASS OR RACIAL DISCRIMINATION IN RELATION TO THEIR SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC STATUS, EDUCATIOH, JOB OPPORTUNITY AND EMPLOYMENT A Project Presented to the Faculty of California State University, San Bernardino by Me11ace Slaten-Thomson June 1995 Approved by: I'^r.
    [Show full text]
  • Targeted Residential Fire Risk Reduction a Summary of At-Risk Aboriginal Areas in Canada
    Targeted Residential Fire Risk Reduction A Summary of At-Risk Aboriginal Areas in Canada Len Garis, Sarah Hughan, Paul Maxim, and Alex Tyakoff October 2016 Executive Summary Despite the steady reduction in rates of fire that have been witnessed in Canada in recent years, ongoing research has demonstrated that there continue to be striking inequalities in the way in which fire risk is distributed through society. It is well-established that residential dwelling fires are not distributed evenly through society, but that certain sectors in Canada experience disproportionate numbers of incidents. Oftentimes, it is the most vulnerable segments of society who face the greatest risk of fire and can least afford the personal and property damage it incurs. Fire risks are accentuated when property owners or occupiers fail to install and maintain fire and life safety devices such smoke alarms and carbon monoxide detectors in their homes. These life saving devices are proven to be highly effective, inexpensive to obtain and, in most cases, Canadian fire services will install them for free. A key component of driving down residential fire rates in Canadian cities, towns, hamlets and villages is the identification of communities where fire risk is greatest. Using the internationally recognized Home Safe methodology described in this study, the following Aboriginal and Non- Aboriginal communities in provinces and territories across Canada are determined to be at heightened risk of residential fire. These communities would benefit from a targeted smoke alarm give-away program and public education campaign to reduce the risk of residential fires and ensure the safety and well-being of all Canadian citizens.
    [Show full text]