Coal Transition in Poland. Options for a Fair and Feasible Transition for The

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Coal Transition in Poland. Options for a Fair and Feasible Transition for The Coal transition in Poland Options for a fair and feasible transition for the Polish coal sector 2018 Authors Jan Baran, Piotr Lewandowski Aleksander Szpor, Jan Witajewski-Baltvilks Coal transition in Poland Options for a fair and feasible transition for the Polish coal sector A project funded by the KR Foundation Authors Jan Baran, Aleksander Szpor, Jan Witajewski-Baltvilks Cite this report as Baran, J. et al. (2018). Coal transitions in Poland - Options for a fair and feasible transition for the Polish coal sector. IDDRI & Climate Strategies. Acknowledgments The project team is grateful to the KR Foundation for its financial support. Contact information Oliver Sartor, IDDRI, [email protected] Andrzej Błachowicz, Climate Strategies, [email protected] Aleksander Szpor, [email protected] Piotr Lewandowski, [email protected] Jan Baran, [email protected] Jan Witajewski, [email protected] Copyright © 2018 IDDRI and Climate Strategies IDDRI and Climate Strategies encourage reproduction and communication of their copyrighted materials to the public, with proper credit (bibliographical reference and/or corresponding URL), for personal, corporate or public policy research, or educational purposes. However, IDDRI and Climate Strategies copyrighted materials are not for commercial use or dissemination (print or electronic). Unless expressly stated otherwise, the findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in the materials are those of the various authors and are not necessarily those of IDDRI’s board or Climate Strategies Board/Secretariat. Publishers: IDDRI and Climate Strategies Editors: Pierre Barthélemy, Andrzej Błachowicz, Oliver Sartor Graphic design: Alain Chevallier, Ivan Pharabod Coal transition in Poland Options for a fair and feasible transition for the Polish coal sector Executive Summary 5 1. Introduction 7 2. Coal use in Poland 7 2.1. Role of coal in the energy system 7 2.2. Role of coal in the economy 9 2.3. Policy aspects of transition 12 3. Coal transition scenarios 13 3.1. Quantitative Coal Scenarios 13 3.2. Policy issues and options for implementing <2°C–compatible coal transition in Poland 22 4. Labour market aspects of coal transition 27 4.1. The deteriorating role of coal mining in Poland 27 4.2. Low educational attainment among miners 29 4.3. Wage premia and the lower retirement age in mining 29 4.4. Inactivity among leavers from the mining sector 31 4.5. Ageing of coal mining employment 31 4.6. Traditional roles in miners’ families 32 5. Conclusions and further policy implications 33 References 36 COAL TRANSITION IN POLAND 3 8Executive Summary Executive Summary 1Executive Summary If Poland is to participate in the global effort to minimize thousands to estimated 63 thousand in 2030 and 27 the risk of greenhouse effect at the level comparable thousand in 2050). to other major economies worldwide, it needs to sub- Coal-mining employs a large share of the workforce in stantially reduce its CO2 emissions. In the scenario for the Slaskie region, although it generates a small share of Poland, which we build on based on several assumptions Polish GDP and plays a minor role in total employment and using modelling tools, the CO2 emissions per capi- nationwide. The phase-down of the sector implies that ta reaches the level of 2.80tCO2/capita in 2050, which employment will need to be considerably reduced in the constitutes a 67% reduction comparing to 2010. coming decades. The reduction in employment might Achieving the target is feasible providing a radical re- happen in two ways: (i) by lay-offs in the mining sector duction of oil and gas consumption. As for the total and a shift of workers to other sectors of the economy coal consumption, it would be reduced to a lesser but or (ii) by natural attrition of workers in the mining sector also substantial extent, namely by 20% between 2015 coupled with hiring freeze and directing young genera- and 2030 and by 55% between 2015 and 2050. As the tion into other sectors of the economy. modelling exercise showed, the most cost effective way The challenges facing the Polish coal sector, while diffi- to achieve that is to completely replace coal with alter- cult to accept, also come with opportunities to achieve native energy sources in the power sector by 2050, with some important local and national policy objectives, with the possible exception of existing CHP units. Significant climate mitigation as a co-benefit. For the affected re- reduction in coal consumption can take place also in gions, the need to transition can also be an excuse to the residential sector upon adoption of energy saving more broadly diversify local industry, creating attractive technologies and measures. jobs for the next generation. It can also be an opportu- In the analysed scenario, the drop in coal consumption nity to improve environment and health in the region, to will contribute to but also follow the phase-down of invest in infrastructure and create more attractive local coal-mining sector in Poland. The reason for this is that living conditions for the local inhabitants. most of hard coal consumed in Poland is produced do- Poland has a chance to implement a just transition for mestically: in 2015 Polish mining sector produced 72.2 regions and workers if it acts now to prepare the tran- mln tonnes of hard coal while Polish economy consumed sition. A number of policy options are available. Policy 71.9 mln tonnes. This contrast with the cases of other makers can use a ‘window of opportunity’ for relatively major coal consumers in Europe which cover most of its harmless employment reduction that results from the consumption from import. natural ageing of the mining workforce. They can further At the same time, however, existing lignite mines (rough- guarantee that assistance measures encourage ex-min- ly half of Poland’s coal production) are expected to signif- ers to stay at the labour market; adjust the number of icantly decline in productivity independently of climate students in mining classes; stimulate labour demand policy by the 2030s. This provides a major challenge to in coal mining areas, especially in manufacturing and the local communities, workers and businesses currently construction; promote vocational training to ex-miners linked to lignite. Poland’s coal sector and governments ending with formal certification. However, in general, en- thus has an important window of opportunity to begin rolment into retraining and other forms of active labour preparing for this “lignite transition” that they must use market policies should be a default option to leavers relatively urgently, to prepare for this coming change. from the mining sector who fail to find a new job; engage The cut in production of both lignite and hard coal in broad and inclusive consultation to guarantee broad mining raise questions about how to manage the re- social consensus, including local public administration, duction in employment in the coal sector. We estimate NGOs and local organizations, for the reforms to prevent that employment in that sector will need to be reduced halting due to political reasons. by 47% during the period 2015-2030 and by at least For the affected regions, a key priority is ensuring suf- 77% during the period 2015-2050 (from the current 94 ficient economic activity and infrastructure and soft COAL TRANSITION IN POLAND 5 Executive Summary local attractiveness factors to support employment for However, our simulations show that the lay-offs will not the next generation of workers. Some Polish coal-min- be necessary since most of the employment reduction ing regions are already pursuing activities to diversify could be achieved through natural attrition and hiring their industrial fabric. Such activities should be further freeze. Natural attrition and the hiring freeze would supported. Poland will be looking to allocate regional generate a drop in supply of labour that is very close development funding from the European Union’s next to the drop in demand for labour in the sector under budget to support these activities. Strategic planning our ambitious emission reduction scenario. This result and the creation of a multi-level governance structure is obtained even under the assumption that productiv- to coordinate and identify opportunities at the local ity in the mining sector at fast pace. If the growth of and regional scale will however be required to ensure productivity is slower, the necessity of lay-offs will be efficient governance of this transition. even lower. 6 COAL TRANSITION IN POLAND 9Introduction Introduction 21. Introduction The issue of Polish coal transition is increasingly on the perience with cutting employment in coal mining shows political agenda. It is closely associated with the Euro- that employment reduction might lead to intensification pean debate on the future energy mix and meeting the of social problems and persistent unemployment among global GHG-reduction targets established by the Paris former miners, especially if it is not well anticipated and agreement in 2050. But in Poland there is also an in- addressed with public policies. ternal pressure to speed up coal transition triggered by In this report we discuss a role of coal in Polish econ- economic problems of the Polish coal mining, which, omy. We describe the position of coal in Poland’s en- despite different forms of public support, struggles to ergy mix and changes in coal production in recent keep its medium- and long-term profitability. Indeed, history. We also discuss the condition of the coal existing lignite mines, which currently account for just mining sector and institutional settings affecting the under half of Polish coal production, are expected to be sector. In the following part we present results of sim- largely exhausted by around 2030. A transition of one ulations projecting Poland’s future energy mix under sort or another is therefore going to happen in the Polish conditions needed to meet 2-degree climate targets.
Recommended publications
  • The Place of Photovoltaics in Poland's Energy
    energies Article The Place of Photovoltaics in Poland’s Energy Mix Renata Gnatowska * and Elzbieta˙ Mory ´n-Kucharczyk Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, Institute of Thermal Machinery, Cz˛estochowaUniversity of Technology, Armii Krajowej 21, 42-200 Cz˛estochowa,Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +48-343250534 Abstract: The energy strategy and environmental policy in the European Union are climate neutrality, low-carbon gas emissions, and an environmentally friendly economy by fighting global warming and increasing energy production from renewable sources (RES). These sources, which are characterized by high investment costs, require the use of appropriate support mechanisms introduced with suitable regulations. The article presents the current state and perspectives of using renewable energy sources in Poland, especially photovoltaic systems (PV). The specific features of Polish photovoltaics and the economic analysis of investment in a photovoltaic farm with a capacity of 1 MW are presented according to a new act on renewable energy sources. This publication shows the importance of government support that is adequate for the green energy producers. Keywords: renewable energy sources (RES); photovoltaic system (PV); energy mix; green energy 1. State of Photovoltaics Development in the World The global use of renewable energy sources (RES) is steadily increasing, which is due, among other things, to the rapid increase in demand for energy in countries that have so far been less developed [1]. Other reasons include the desire of various countries to Citation: Gnatowska, R.; become self-sufficient in energy, significant local environmental problems, as well as falling Mory´n-Kucharczyk, E.
    [Show full text]
  • Primary Energy Consumption in Selected EU Countries Compared to Global Trends
    Open Chemistry 2021; 19: 503–510 Review Article Tadeusz Olkuski*, Wojciech Suwała, Artur Wyrwa, Janusz Zyśk, Barbara Tora Primary energy consumption in selected EU Countries compared to global trends https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2021-0046 received February 3, 2021; accepted March 15, 2021 1 Introduction Abstract: The article shows the consumption of primary Primary energy consumption was once perceived as an energy carriers in selected European Union (EU) countries, indicator of the civilization development. The economic including Poland. The trend of consumption of primary progress of individual countries was measured by the energy carriers was compared with the global trend, which consumption of both primary and secondary energy, is different from that observed in the EU. The consumption the use of coal and steel, and electricity. In later years, of primary energy sources has been increasing steadily for it was realized that such a constant drive for development many decades, due to the growth of the world population through the unlimited increase in the use of natural resources and the aspirations of developing countries to raise the is ineffective and harmful to the natural environment. standard of living of their citizens. In the EU, the opposite Therefore, measures are taken to protect the natural trend, i.e., a decrease in primary energy consumption, has resources by making efficient use of them. The consumption been observed since 2007. This article presents tables and of primary energy carriers in selected European Union graphs showing these phenomena. The authors tried to (EU) countries, including Poland, is discussed further in answer the following questions: (a) What influences the this article.
    [Show full text]
  • Varying the Energy Mix in the EU-28 and in Poland As a Step Towards Sustainable Development
    energies Article Varying the Energy Mix in the EU-28 and in Poland as a Step towards Sustainable Development Wiktoria Sobczyk 1 and Eugeniusz Jacek Sobczyk 2,* 1 Faculty of Mining and Geoengineering, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; [email protected] 2 Mineral Energy and Economy Research Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-261 Krakow, Poland * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The demand for clean energy is a key global issue requiring global ideas to be implemented through local action. This is particularly important in Poland’s energy transition, since the country produces energy mainly from conventional sources, i.e., coal, gas, and crude oil. Adverse climate change caused by high emissions of the economy based on the combustion of hydrocarbons as well as the growing public awareness have made it necessary to look for new environmentally friendly energy sources. The aim of the paper is to demonstrate that the use of alternative energy sources, biomass in particular, is compatible with sustainable development policy. Eight indicators for the EU-28 and for Poland were analysed in order to verify the progress in modifying the energy mix between 2010 and 2018 in the context of implementing Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The analysis showed that both in the EU-28 and in Poland, the aggregated indicator taking into account the positive and negative change in the values of individual indicators improved between 2010 and 2018. In the EU-28, this indicator is higher (180.1) than in Poland (152.3). The lower value for Poland is mainly due to the fact that the main source of energy in Poland remains hard coal Citation: Sobczyk, W.; Sobczyk, E.J.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 a Polish American's Christmas in Poland
    POLISH AMERICAN JOURNAL • DECEMBER 2013 www.polamjournal.com 1 DECEMBER 2013 • VOL. 102, NO. 12 $2.00 PERIODICAL POSTAGE PAID AT BOSTON, NEW YORK NEW BOSTON, AT PAID PERIODICAL POSTAGE POLISH AMERICAN OFFICES AND ADDITIONAL ENTRY SUPERMODEL ESTABLISHED 1911 www.polamjournal.com JOANNA KRUPA JOURNAL VISITS DAR SERCA DEDICATED TO THE PROMOTION AND CONTINUANCE OF POLISH AMERICAN CULTURE PAGE 12 RORATY — AN ANCIENT POLISH CUSTOM IN HONOR OF THE BLESSED VIRGIN • MUSHROOM PICKING, ANYONE? MEMORIES OF CHRISTMAS 1970 • A KASHUB CHRISTMAS • NPR’S “WAIT, WAIT … ” APOLOGIZES FOR POLISH JOKE CHRISTMAS CAKES AND COOKIES • BELINSKY AND FIDRYCH: GONE, BUT NOT FORGOTTEN • DNA AND YOUR GENEALOGY NEWSMARK AMERICAN SOLDIER HONORED BY POLAND. On Nov., 12, Staff Sergeant Michael H. Ollis of Staten Island, was posthumously honored with the “Afghanistan Star” awarded by the President of the Republic of Poland and Dr. Thaddeus Gromada “Army Gold Medal” awarded by Poland’s Minister of De- fense, for his heroic and selfl ess actions in the line of duty. on Christmas among The ceremony took place at the Consulate General of the Polish Highlanders the Republic of Poland in New York. Ryszard Schnepf, Ambassador of the Republic of Po- r. Thaddeus Gromada is professor land to the United States and Brigadier General Jarosław emeritus of history at New Jersey City Universi- Stróżyk, Poland’s Defense, Military, Naval and Air Atta- ty, and former executive director and president ché, presented the decorations to the family of Ollis, who of the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of DAmerica in New York. He earned his master’s and shielded Polish offi cer, Second lieutenant Karol Cierpica, from a suicide bomber in Afghanistan.
    [Show full text]
  • Energy Innovation in Poland: Frameworks, Programmes and Strategies
    Policy Paper Energy Innovation in Poland: Frameworks, Programmes and Strategies December 2017 Introduction Innovation is one of the key concepts of contemporary economies. Energy is one of the sectors where efficiency and new solutions are sought for with great interest, but at the same time, where path dependent processes and various technological lock-ins often inhibit swift change. Despite various obstacles, energy innovation is a global trend today and the European Union, as well as its particular member states, are actively shaping innovation strategies at various levels: sectorial, cross-sectorial or inside companies. Globally, the 3Ds are setting a framework for innovation in energy: decarbonisation, decentralisation and digitalisation. Certainly, an important global document guiding innovation in Energy towards decarbonisation is the Paris Agreement of 2016. At the EU level, decarbonisation, and more generally, climate change policies are also the main trends giving direction for innovation in national power sectors. The EU Climate Change and Energy Package of 2009, was the first main package of directives that gave a clear signal for renewable energy development, and at that time, also to work towards the deployment of carbon capture and storage at an industrial scale. And even though CCS is still rather an expensive option for the future than an economic option for industries, EU regulations have given many positive stimuli in the sector of energy efficiency and renewable energy (including photovoltaics). These areas may count on financial support from banks and investment funds. Also, the Europe 2020 strategy gave an impulse for various innovations in European economies, among which one can list smart grid technologies.
    [Show full text]
  • Polish Energy Transition 2040: Energy Mix Optimization Using Grey Wolf Optimizer
    energies Article Polish Energy Transition 2040: Energy Mix Optimization Using Grey Wolf Optimizer Damian Hasterok 1 , Rui Castro 2 , Marcin Landrat 3 , Krzysztof Piko ´n 3, Markus Doepfert 1 and Hugo Morais 2,* 1 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal; [email protected] (D.H.); [email protected] (M.D.) 2 INESC-ID, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal; [email protected] 3 Department of Technologies and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; [email protected] (M.L.); [email protected] (K.P.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Poland is facing demanding challenges to achieve a sustainable energy mix in the near future. Crucial and tough decisions must be made about the direction of the national energy economy, safety, and environmental impact. Considering the electricity and heating demand forecast, this paper proposes an optimization model based on the Grey Wolf Optimizer meta-heuristic to support the definition of ideal energy mix considering the investment and operational costs. The proposed methodology uses the present energy mix in Poland (the most recent values are from 2017) to calibrate the model implemented in the EnergyPLAN tool. Afterwards, EnergyPLAN relates to an optimization process allowing the identification of the most convenient energy mix in 2040 in Poland. The values obtained are compared with those proposed by Polish public entities showing advantage regarding the global costs of the project nevertheless respecting the same levels of CO2 and the Citation: Hasterok, D.; Castro, R.; energy import and export balance.
    [Show full text]
  • Energy Security Internal Energy Market Research, Innovation and Competitiveness
    EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF POLAND’S NATIONAL ENERGY AND CLIMATE PLAN FOR THE YEARS 2021-2030 (NECP PL) 1. OVERVIEW AND THE PROCESS OF DEVELOPING THE NATIONAL ENERGY AND CLIMATE PLAN 2021-2030 Poland’s National Energy and Climate Plan for years 2021-2030 (NECP PL) along with attachments has been developed in fulfilment of the obligation set out in Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the Governance of the Energy Union and Climate Action. NECP PL was submitted to the European Commission in connection with Article 3 of the aforementioned Regulation. The final version of the National Plan was prepared taking into account the conclusions derived from inter- ministerial and public consultations, the updates of the national sector development strategies outlined in the Strategy for Responsible Development 2020 (with an outlook to 2030), as well as regional consultations and recommendations of the European Commission C(2019) 4421. The document presents an integrated approach to the implementation of the five dimensions of the Energy Union. The numbering of the chapters (in Polish version NECP) corresponds to scheme from Annex I of the Regulation (EU) 2018/1999. Decarbonisation Energy security Research, innovation and Internal competitiveness energy market 2. OVERVIEW WITH KEY OBJECTIVES, POLICIES AND MEASURES OF THE NECP PL Poland’s National Energy and Climate Plan was prepared with a view of establishing a stable framework for a sustainable, economically effective and just transformation in energy sector and the whole economy. This document is intended to enable synergies with the realization of activities in the interconnected five dimensions of the energy union, taking into account the principle of "energy efficiency first".
    [Show full text]
  • Renewable Energy in Poland
    Renewable Energy in Poland Warsaw 30th November 2009 AGENDA 1. Renewable energy market in Poland - facts and figures ................................................................. 3 2. Segments of renewable energy market ........................................................................................... 5 2.1. Biomass ................................................................................................................................... 5 2.2. Biogas ..................................................................................................................................... 5 2.3. Biofuels .................................................................................................................................... 6 2.4. Photovoltaics ........................................................................................................................... 7 2.5. Wind energy ............................................................................................................................ 8 3. Legal regulations pertaining to the renewable energy sector in Poland ......................................... 10 3.1. Certificates of origin ............................................................................................................... 10 3.2. Energy generation licensing ................................................................................................... 10 3.3. Conditions for connection of installations producing energy from RES to the grid .................. 11 3.4.
    [Show full text]
  • Europe Disclaimer
    World Small Hydropower Development Report 2019 Europe Disclaimer Copyright © 2019 by the United Nations Industrial Development Organization and the International Center on Small Hydro Power. The World Small Hydropower Development Report 2019 is jointly produced by the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) and the International Center on Small Hydro Power (ICSHP) to provide development information about small hydropower. The opinions, statistical data and estimates contained in signed articles are the responsibility of the authors and should not necessarily be considered as reflecting the views or bearing the endorsement of UNIDO or ICSHP. Although great care has been taken to maintain the accuracy of information herein, neither UNIDO, its Member States nor ICSHP assume any responsibility for consequences that may arise from the use of the material. This document has been produced without formal United Nations editing. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or its economic system or degree of development. Designations such as ‘developed’, ‘industrialized’ and ‘developing’ are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgment about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process. Mention of firm names or commercial products does not constitute an endorsement by UNIDO. This document may be freely quoted or reprinted but acknowledgement is requested.
    [Show full text]
  • The Renewable Energy in Baltic States Versus Russian Federation Political Interests Grażyna Mórawska
    The Renewable Energy in Baltic States versus Russian Federation Political Interests Grażyna Mórawska ___________________________________________________________________________ Abstract: The following article treats about the problem of renewable energy sources in Baltic states in the context of Russian Federation European interests. To be more precise, it raises the topic of energy domination policy, which is an integral part of Russian geostrategy. Author makes an attempt to take a look at the influence of renewable energy sources on the Russian-Baltic affairs, whereas Baltic states are importers of widely understood energy – electricity, natural gas, petroleum etc. This article has its theoretical basis on the complex interdependence theory by Robert Keohane and Jo- seph Nye. Main hypothesis to verify states that the intensification of renewable energy exploitation brings a posi- tive impact on the Baltic states position in negotiations with Russia. The interdependence model of those countries to Kremlin should move from “vulnerability” towards “sensitivity”, which is relative better. Main point of this article is denying the geopolitical determinism and a simplified, static view on inter- national affairs, which is actually popular in Polish public debate. Poles have great faith in the theses of classic realists, just like Hans Morgenthau or Kenneth Waltz, leading to the conclusion that the negotiating position of the state is given once for all, and is inseparably connected to geography. This point of view did not defend itself from criticism in modern times. In author’s opinion, todays geopolitical reality should be studied from many perspec- tives, never excluding economy. Polish public debate needs revision of many popular theses and myths, especially about the absolute superpower of Russian empire in every single aspect, resulting from its military power.
    [Show full text]
  • Renewable Energy in Poland
    RENEWABLE ENERGY IN POLAND FLANDERS INVESTMENT & TRADE MARKET SURVEY Market study //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// RENEWABLE ENERGY IN POLAND //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// www.flandersinvestmentandtrade.com TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 GENERAL INFORMATION ...................................................................................................................... 3 2 RENEWABLE ENERGY MARKET IN POLAND ......................................................................................... 3 3 SOURCES OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN POLAND ................................................................................ 7 3.1. SOLAR ENERGY ................................................................................................................. 8 3.2. WIND ENERGY ................................................................................................................. 9 3.3. BIOGAS ENERGY............................................................................................................. 11 3.4. BIOMASS ENERGY .......................................................................................................... 12 4 MARKET POSSIBILITIES FOR FLEMISH COMPANIES ............................................................................ 13 5 USEFL LINKS & CONTACTS .................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Studies of Energy Supply Options in Poland for 1997–2020 Iaea, Vienna, 2002 Iaea-Tecdoc-1304 Isbn 92–0–112602–6 Issn 1011–4289
    IAEA-TECDOC-1304 Comparative studies of energy supply options in Poland for 1997–2020 August 2002 The originating Section of this publication in the IAEA was: Planning and Economic Studies Section International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramer Strasse 5 P.O. Box 100 A-1400 Vienna, Austria COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF ENERGY SUPPLY OPTIONS IN POLAND FOR 1997–2020 IAEA, VIENNA, 2002 IAEA-TECDOC-1304 ISBN 92–0–112602–6 ISSN 1011–4289 © IAEA, 2002 Printed by the IAEA in Austria August 2002 FOREWORD Poland depends heavily on coal to satisfy national demands for electricity. Currently, over 90% of electricity generation is produced by coal fired power plants. Because of the large dependence on coal and environmental impacts of large-scale coal combustion the country looks for a more diversified energy mix. As ways of diversification, Poland is considering the expanded role of natural gas and, potentially, nuclear power in the future energy mix. This publication describes the analysis of several diversification options for the Polish energy sector conducted by a national team in the framework of an IAEA Technical Co- operation project implemented in 1999–2000. The project provided a set of proven IAEA methodologies and tools that was utilized for a comprehensive analysis and comparison of the options including their economic competitiveness and environmental impacts. The publication is intended primarily for senior experts and technical staff in governmental organizations, research institutes, industries and utilities, who are in charge of technical analysis or decision making related to long term energy and power supply options. The report was prepared in 2001 by the staff of the Energy Market Agency (EMA, Warsaw, Poland) that was the leading Polish organization in carrying out the study.
    [Show full text]