Renewable Energy Prospects for Poland

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Renewable Energy Prospects for Poland REMAP 2030 RENEWABLE ENERGY PROSPECTS FOR POLAND OCTOBER 2015 BACKGROUND PAPER Copyright © IRENA 2015 Unless otherwise stated, this publication and material featured herein are the property of the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) and are subject to copyright by IRENA. Material in this publication may be freely used, shared, copied, reproduced, printed and/or stored, provided that all such material is clearly attributed to IRENA and bears a notation that it is subject to copyright (© IRENA), with the year of the copyright. Material contained in this publication attributed to third parties may be subject to third-party copyright and separate terms of use and restrictions, including restrictions in relation to any commercial use. About IRENA The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) is an intergovernmental organisation that supports countries in their transition to a sustainable energy future and serves as the principal platform for international cooperation, a centre of excellence and a repository of policy, technology, resource and financial knowledge on renewable energy. IRENA promotes the widespread adoption and sustainable use of all forms of renewable energy, including bioenergy, geothermal, hydropower, ocean, solar and wind energy, in the pursuit of sustainable development, energy access, energy security and low-carbon economic growth and prosperity. REmap material is available for download through www.irena.org/remap For further information or to provide feedback, please contact the REmap team at [email protected] Acknowledgements This publication has benefited from valuable comments and guidance provided by the Ministry of Economy of the Republic of Poland (Sebastian T. Stępnicki, Marcin Ścigan). It was reviewed at the Poland REmap workshop in Warsaw on 6 March 2015 and benefited from input of the expert group (Polish Economic Chamber of Renewable Energy and Distributed Energy, Polish Wind Energy Association, EC BREC Institute for Renewable Energy, Foundation for Sustainable Energy, Polish Geothermal Association, Ministry of Agriculture, Polish Power Grid Company) and presented during the Polish Wind Energy Association Conference and Exhibition in Serock on 14 April 2015. Authors: Dolf Gielen, Deger Saygin and Nicholas Wagner (IRENA). Wojciech Budzianowski (consultant). Report citation: IRENA (2015), REmap 2030 Renewable Energy Prospects for Poland. IRENA, Abu Dhabi. www.irena.org/remap Disclaimer This publication and the material featured herein are provided “as is”, for informational purposes. All reasonable precautions have been taken by IRENA to verify the reliability of the material featured in this publication. Neither IRENA nor any of its officials, agents, data or other third-party content providers or licensors provides any warranty, including as to the accuracy, completeness, or fitness for a particular purpose or use of such material, or regarding the non-infringement of third-party rights, and they accept no responsibility or liability with regard to the use of this publication and the material featured therein. The information contained herein does not necessarily represent the views of the Members of IRENA, nor is it an endorsement of any project, product or service provider. The designations employed and the presentation of material herein do not imply the expression of any opinion on the part of IRENA concerning the legal status of any region, country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of frontiers or boundaries. CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������II LIST OF TABLES������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ III LIST OF BOXES ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� III KEY FINDINGS ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������1 1 INTRODUCTION �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������3 2 GENERAL REMAP METHODOLOGY ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 4 3 ENERGY USE GROWTH IN THE REFERENCE CASE ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7 4 REMAP 2030 ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 9 4�1 Selection of REmap Options ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 9 4�2 Renewable energy use prospects to 2030 ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������15 ●●Reference Case ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������15 ●●REmap 2030 �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������15 4�3 Renewable energy cost and benefits ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������18 5 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������25 5�1 Opportunities and challenges facing renewables ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������25 5�2 Grid concerns ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������26 ●●Background...............................................................................................................................................................26 ●●Existing interconnections with neighbouring countries ������������������������������������������������������������������������� 27 ●●Barriers to grid integration in Poland ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 27 ●●Variable renewable energy shares and development needs ���������������������������������������������������������������28 ●●Baltic Ring and supergrid �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������28 5�3 Suggestions for accelerating renewable energy uptake �������������������������������������������������������������������������������29 REFERENCES ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������30 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������33 ANNEX A: Comparison of REmap estimates with NREAP �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������34 ANNEX B: Detailed results �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������35 ANNEX C: Cost and energy price assumptions ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������46 ANNEX D: Present cost of electricity generation in Poland ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������48 Background Paper i List of Figures Figure 1: Development of renewable energy use in the Reference Case, 2010-2030 �������������������������������������16 Figure 2: Renewable energy use in TFEC, 2010-2030 �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 17 Figure 3: Breakdown of primary biomass use in Poland, 2030 ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 17 Figure 4: Renewable energy cost-supply curve by renewable energy resource in 2030 from the business perspective �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������19 Figure 5: Renewable energy cost-supply curve by renewable energy resource in 2030 from the government perspective......................................................................................................................19 Figure 6: Fossil fuel savings, 2010-2030..............................................................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • Public Participation and Transparency in Power Grid Planning
    Public Participation and Transparency in Power Grid Planning Recommendations from the BESTGRID Project Handbook – Part 1 BESTGRID PARTNERS Transmission System Operator (TSO) Partners Natagora asbl www.natagora.be 50Hertz Transmission GmbH Julien Taymans (Waterloo-Braine l'Alleud project) www.50hertz.com [email protected] Dr Dirk Manthey, [email protected] Phone: +32 (0) 81 390 720 Phone: +49 (0) 30 5150 3419 98 rue Nanon, B-5000 Namur Eichenstr. 3A, D-12435 Berlin German Environment Aid (DUH) Elia System Operator NV www.duh.de www.stevin.be Liv Becker (Suedlink / Bertikow-Pasewalk) Jeroen Mentens (Stevin project) [email protected] [email protected] Phone: +49 (0) 30 2400 867 98 Phone: +32 (0) 2 546 7957 Hackescher Markt 4, D-10178 Berlin Christophe Coq (Waterloo-Braine l'Alleud project) Germanwatch e.V. [email protected] www.germanwatch.org Phone: +32 (0) 2 382 2334 Leon Monnoyerkaai 3, B-1000 Brussels Rotraud Hänlein, [email protected] Phone: +49 (0) 30 2888 356 83 National Grid Stresemannstr. 72, D-10963 Berlin www.nemo-link.com International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) Phil Pryor, [email protected] www.iiasa.ac.at Phone: +44 (0)7795 641 431 Warwick Technology Park, Gallows Hill, Warwick, Joanne Linnerooth-Bayer, [email protected] UK-CV346DA Dr Nadejda Komendantova, [email protected] Phone: +43 (0) 676 83 807 285 TenneT TSO GmbH Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg www.suedlink.tennet.eu Marius Strecker, [email protected] Naturschutzbund Deutschland (NABU) Phone: +49 (0) 921 50740 4094 www.nabu.de Bernecker Str.
    [Show full text]
  • Luxembourg 2010 Update
    LUXEMBOURG Key Figures __________________________________________________________________ 2 Overview ____________________________________________________________________ 3 1. Energy Outlook _____________________________________________________________ 4 2. Oil ________________________________________________________________________ 5 2.1 Market Features and Key Issues ____________________________________________________ 5 2.2 Oil Supply Infrastructure __________________________________________________________ 6 2.3 Decision‐making Structure for Oil Emergencies ________________________________________ 7 2.4 Stocks _________________________________________________________________________ 7 3. Other Measures ____________________________________________________________ 9 3.1 Demand Restraint _______________________________________________________________ 9 3.2 Fuel Switching _________________________________________________________________ 10 3.3 Others _______________________________________________________________________ 10 4. Natural Gas _______________________________________________________________ 11 4.1 Market Features and Key Issues ___________________________________________________ 11 4.2 Natural gas supply infrastructure __________________________________________________ 11 4.3 Emergency Policy for Natural Gas __________________________________________________ 13 List of Figures Total Primary Energy Supply _____________________________________________________________ 4 Electricity Generation, by Fuel Source _____________________________________________________
    [Show full text]
  • The Place of Photovoltaics in Poland's Energy
    energies Article The Place of Photovoltaics in Poland’s Energy Mix Renata Gnatowska * and Elzbieta˙ Mory ´n-Kucharczyk Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, Institute of Thermal Machinery, Cz˛estochowaUniversity of Technology, Armii Krajowej 21, 42-200 Cz˛estochowa,Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +48-343250534 Abstract: The energy strategy and environmental policy in the European Union are climate neutrality, low-carbon gas emissions, and an environmentally friendly economy by fighting global warming and increasing energy production from renewable sources (RES). These sources, which are characterized by high investment costs, require the use of appropriate support mechanisms introduced with suitable regulations. The article presents the current state and perspectives of using renewable energy sources in Poland, especially photovoltaic systems (PV). The specific features of Polish photovoltaics and the economic analysis of investment in a photovoltaic farm with a capacity of 1 MW are presented according to a new act on renewable energy sources. This publication shows the importance of government support that is adequate for the green energy producers. Keywords: renewable energy sources (RES); photovoltaic system (PV); energy mix; green energy 1. State of Photovoltaics Development in the World The global use of renewable energy sources (RES) is steadily increasing, which is due, among other things, to the rapid increase in demand for energy in countries that have so far been less developed [1]. Other reasons include the desire of various countries to Citation: Gnatowska, R.; become self-sufficient in energy, significant local environmental problems, as well as falling Mory´n-Kucharczyk, E.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report 2020 Encevo
    Annual Report Encevo S.A. We embrace energy transition GRI 102-16 Our vision We envision Encevo as leading and sustainable energy player in the Greater Region. In the rapidly changing energy landscape, we will ensure a secure access and competitive supply of energy, and actively shape the transition to a sustainable energy sector by embracing technology, deploying innovative solutions and partnering with local communities. Encevo people are empowered and strive for excellence. We mobilise all our forces to bring the energy of tomorrow to our customers. Encevo S.A. Registered as a société anonyme (public limited company) under Luxembourg law with a capital of EUR 90,962,900 (31.12.2020). Registered office: Esch-sur-Alzette Luxembourg Trade and Companies’ Register B11723. Annual General Meeting of 11th May 2021. Index 6 Interview: Claude Seywert & Marco Hoffmann 10 Group Structure 12 Management Reflections 20 Key Figures: Activity at a Glance 27 Encevo Sustainability Context and Management Approach 32 Stakeholder Engagement 41 Business Integrity: General Compliance 49 Indirect and Direct Economic Impacts 54 Product Impact 59 Employee Well-being 70 Resource Efficiency 74 About the Report 80 Governance Details 82 Management Report 92 Consolidated Annual Accounts 134 Extract of the Annual Accounts of Encevo S.A. Claude Seywert CEO Encevo S.A. Chairman of the Executive Committee Marco Hoffmann Chairman of the Board of Directors GRI 102-14 Staying the course towards a sustainable energy transition In a year largely marked by the crisis caused by the pandemic, Encevo Group maintained its operational excellence. The group and its entities stayed the course towards a sustainable energy transition.
    [Show full text]
  • Gen Dobry! 30 November 2000
    Gen Dobry! 30 November 2000 * * * * * * * * * * * G E N D O B R Y ! * * * * * * * * * * Volume 1, No. 5. 30 November 2000. Copyright (c) 2000, PolishRoots(tm), Inc. Editor: William F. "Fred" Hoffman, E-mail: [email protected] *************************************** CONTENTS Welcome "I Searched the Web and Found Nothing!" Feedback from Readers Genpol Lives! 1793 Land Registry of South Prussia Source for Krosno Area Research Review of Book on Polish First Names Humor More Useful Web Addresses To be added to or removed from this mailing list... *************************************** *** WELCOME! *** to the fifth issue of GEN DOBRY!, the e-zine of PolishRoots(tm). If you missed previous issues, you can read them at the PolishRoots site. Thus issue 1 is at: http://www.polishroots.org/gendobry/GenDobry_vol1_no1.htm For issues 2, 3, and 4, change the last part of the URL to "_no2.htm" or "_no3.htm" or "_no4.htm," respectively. Thanks to all who've taken the time to send me your comments, suggestions, and contributions. I was particularly pleased to receive quite a few comments on my piece in issue 4, "Sound Logic In Genealogical Research." I have reprinted excerpts from those notes under "Feedback from Readers." If you have something to contribute, or just something to say, please E-mail me at <[email protected]>. Please don't forget to visit the Website that brings you Gen Dobry!, at this address: http://PolishRoots.org Among the new additions to this site is the Lwow Cemetery database submitted by Paul S. Valasek <[email protected]>, with the names of 1,670 defenders of Lwow.
    [Show full text]
  • Electric Power Grid Modernization Trends, Challenges, and Opportunities
    Electric Power Grid Modernization Trends, Challenges, and Opportunities Michael I. Henderson, Damir Novosel, and Mariesa L. Crow November 2017. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 United States License. Background The traditional electric power grid connected large central generating stations through a high- voltage (HV) transmission system to a distribution system that directly fed customer demand. Generating stations consisted primarily of steam stations that used fossil fuels and hydro turbines that turned high inertia turbines to produce electricity. The transmission system grew from local and regional grids into a large interconnected network that was managed by coordinated operating and planning procedures. Peak demand and energy consumption grew at predictable rates, and technology evolved in a relatively well-defined operational and regulatory environment. Ove the last hundred years, there have been considerable technological advances for the bulk power grid. The power grid has been continually updated with new technologies including increased efficient and environmentally friendly generating sources higher voltage equipment power electronics in the form of HV direct current (HVdc) and flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTS) advancements in computerized monitoring, protection, control, and grid management techniques for planning, real-time operations, and maintenance methods of demand response and energy-efficient load management. The rate of change in the electric power industry continues to accelerate annually. Drivers for Change Public policies, economics, and technological innovations are driving the rapid rate of change in the electric power system. The power system advances toward the goal of supplying reliable electricity from increasingly clean and inexpensive resources. The electrical power system has transitioned to the new two-way power flow system with a fast rate and continues to move forward (Figure 1).
    [Show full text]
  • Primary Energy Consumption in Selected EU Countries Compared to Global Trends
    Open Chemistry 2021; 19: 503–510 Review Article Tadeusz Olkuski*, Wojciech Suwała, Artur Wyrwa, Janusz Zyśk, Barbara Tora Primary energy consumption in selected EU Countries compared to global trends https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2021-0046 received February 3, 2021; accepted March 15, 2021 1 Introduction Abstract: The article shows the consumption of primary Primary energy consumption was once perceived as an energy carriers in selected European Union (EU) countries, indicator of the civilization development. The economic including Poland. The trend of consumption of primary progress of individual countries was measured by the energy carriers was compared with the global trend, which consumption of both primary and secondary energy, is different from that observed in the EU. The consumption the use of coal and steel, and electricity. In later years, of primary energy sources has been increasing steadily for it was realized that such a constant drive for development many decades, due to the growth of the world population through the unlimited increase in the use of natural resources and the aspirations of developing countries to raise the is ineffective and harmful to the natural environment. standard of living of their citizens. In the EU, the opposite Therefore, measures are taken to protect the natural trend, i.e., a decrease in primary energy consumption, has resources by making efficient use of them. The consumption been observed since 2007. This article presents tables and of primary energy carriers in selected European Union graphs showing these phenomena. The authors tried to (EU) countries, including Poland, is discussed further in answer the following questions: (a) What influences the this article.
    [Show full text]
  • Varying the Energy Mix in the EU-28 and in Poland As a Step Towards Sustainable Development
    energies Article Varying the Energy Mix in the EU-28 and in Poland as a Step towards Sustainable Development Wiktoria Sobczyk 1 and Eugeniusz Jacek Sobczyk 2,* 1 Faculty of Mining and Geoengineering, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; [email protected] 2 Mineral Energy and Economy Research Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-261 Krakow, Poland * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The demand for clean energy is a key global issue requiring global ideas to be implemented through local action. This is particularly important in Poland’s energy transition, since the country produces energy mainly from conventional sources, i.e., coal, gas, and crude oil. Adverse climate change caused by high emissions of the economy based on the combustion of hydrocarbons as well as the growing public awareness have made it necessary to look for new environmentally friendly energy sources. The aim of the paper is to demonstrate that the use of alternative energy sources, biomass in particular, is compatible with sustainable development policy. Eight indicators for the EU-28 and for Poland were analysed in order to verify the progress in modifying the energy mix between 2010 and 2018 in the context of implementing Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The analysis showed that both in the EU-28 and in Poland, the aggregated indicator taking into account the positive and negative change in the values of individual indicators improved between 2010 and 2018. In the EU-28, this indicator is higher (180.1) than in Poland (152.3). The lower value for Poland is mainly due to the fact that the main source of energy in Poland remains hard coal Citation: Sobczyk, W.; Sobczyk, E.J.
    [Show full text]
  • Bulk Power Markets in the United States: Challenges and Recommendations
    Bulk Power Markets in the United States: Challenges and Recommendations Bulk Power Markets in the United States: Challenges and Recommendations Report to the Office of Energy Policy and Systems Analysis U.S. Department of Energy Washington, DC. by The Boston University Institute for Sustainable Energy Peter Fox-Penner Courtney Guard Rachel Eckles June 10, 2016 working paper 16001 This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference therein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed therein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. Bulk Power Markets in the United States: Challenges and Recommendations Report to the Office of Energy Policy and Systems Analysis U.S. Department of Energy Washington, DC. by Peter Fox-Penner Courtney Guard Rachel Eckles June 10, 2016 Acknowledgement: Thanks to Michelle Ben-Aroch and Heidi Bishop for assistance. Table of Contents I. Introduction and Summary 1 II. Brief History of the Bulk Power Marketplace 3 III. Overview of the Bulk Power Markets Today 5 IV.
    [Show full text]
  • Power Trends 2020: the Vision for a Greener Grid, the New York Independent System Operator’S (NYISO) Annual State of the Grid and Markets Report
    THE NEW YORK ISO ANNUAL GRID & MARKETS REPORT The Vision for a Greener Grid Power Trends 2020 New York ISO THE NEW YORK INDEPENDENT SYSTEM OPERATOR (NYISO) is a not-for-profit corporation responsible for operating the state’s bulk electricity grid, administering New York’s competitive wholesale electricity markets, conducting comprehensive long-term planning for the state’s electric power system, and advancing the technological infrastructure of the electric system serving the Empire State. FOR MORE INFORMATION, VISIT: www.nyiso.com/power-trends FOLLOW US: twitter.com/NewYorkISO linkedin.com/company/nyiso www.nyiso.com/podcast www.nyiso.com/blogs POWER TRENDS 2020 DATA is from the 2020 Load and Capacity Data Report (also known as the Gold Book), unless otherwise noted. Published annually by the NYISO, the Gold Book presents New York Control Area system, transmission and generation data and NYISO load forecasts of peak demand, energy requirements, energy efficiency, and emergency demand response; existing and proposed resource capability; and existing and proposed transmission facilities. The Gold Book and other NYISO publications are available on the NYISO website, visit www.nyiso.com/library © COPYRIGHT 2020 NEW YORK INDEPENDENT SYSTEM OPERATOR, INC. Permission to use for fair use purposes, such as educational, political, public policy or news coverage, is granted. Proper attribution is required: “Power Trends 2020, published by the New York Independent System Operator.” All rights expressly reserved. From the CEO Welcome to Power Trends 2020: The Vision for a Greener Grid, the New York Independent System Operator’s (NYISO) annual state of the grid and markets report.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 a Polish American's Christmas in Poland
    POLISH AMERICAN JOURNAL • DECEMBER 2013 www.polamjournal.com 1 DECEMBER 2013 • VOL. 102, NO. 12 $2.00 PERIODICAL POSTAGE PAID AT BOSTON, NEW YORK NEW BOSTON, AT PAID PERIODICAL POSTAGE POLISH AMERICAN OFFICES AND ADDITIONAL ENTRY SUPERMODEL ESTABLISHED 1911 www.polamjournal.com JOANNA KRUPA JOURNAL VISITS DAR SERCA DEDICATED TO THE PROMOTION AND CONTINUANCE OF POLISH AMERICAN CULTURE PAGE 12 RORATY — AN ANCIENT POLISH CUSTOM IN HONOR OF THE BLESSED VIRGIN • MUSHROOM PICKING, ANYONE? MEMORIES OF CHRISTMAS 1970 • A KASHUB CHRISTMAS • NPR’S “WAIT, WAIT … ” APOLOGIZES FOR POLISH JOKE CHRISTMAS CAKES AND COOKIES • BELINSKY AND FIDRYCH: GONE, BUT NOT FORGOTTEN • DNA AND YOUR GENEALOGY NEWSMARK AMERICAN SOLDIER HONORED BY POLAND. On Nov., 12, Staff Sergeant Michael H. Ollis of Staten Island, was posthumously honored with the “Afghanistan Star” awarded by the President of the Republic of Poland and Dr. Thaddeus Gromada “Army Gold Medal” awarded by Poland’s Minister of De- fense, for his heroic and selfl ess actions in the line of duty. on Christmas among The ceremony took place at the Consulate General of the Polish Highlanders the Republic of Poland in New York. Ryszard Schnepf, Ambassador of the Republic of Po- r. Thaddeus Gromada is professor land to the United States and Brigadier General Jarosław emeritus of history at New Jersey City Universi- Stróżyk, Poland’s Defense, Military, Naval and Air Atta- ty, and former executive director and president ché, presented the decorations to the family of Ollis, who of the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of DAmerica in New York. He earned his master’s and shielded Polish offi cer, Second lieutenant Karol Cierpica, from a suicide bomber in Afghanistan.
    [Show full text]
  • Energy Innovation in Poland: Frameworks, Programmes and Strategies
    Policy Paper Energy Innovation in Poland: Frameworks, Programmes and Strategies December 2017 Introduction Innovation is one of the key concepts of contemporary economies. Energy is one of the sectors where efficiency and new solutions are sought for with great interest, but at the same time, where path dependent processes and various technological lock-ins often inhibit swift change. Despite various obstacles, energy innovation is a global trend today and the European Union, as well as its particular member states, are actively shaping innovation strategies at various levels: sectorial, cross-sectorial or inside companies. Globally, the 3Ds are setting a framework for innovation in energy: decarbonisation, decentralisation and digitalisation. Certainly, an important global document guiding innovation in Energy towards decarbonisation is the Paris Agreement of 2016. At the EU level, decarbonisation, and more generally, climate change policies are also the main trends giving direction for innovation in national power sectors. The EU Climate Change and Energy Package of 2009, was the first main package of directives that gave a clear signal for renewable energy development, and at that time, also to work towards the deployment of carbon capture and storage at an industrial scale. And even though CCS is still rather an expensive option for the future than an economic option for industries, EU regulations have given many positive stimuli in the sector of energy efficiency and renewable energy (including photovoltaics). These areas may count on financial support from banks and investment funds. Also, the Europe 2020 strategy gave an impulse for various innovations in European economies, among which one can list smart grid technologies.
    [Show full text]