Teaching Strategic Weapons Proliferation: Selected Readings Why Worry About Strategic Weapons Proliferation? Because the questions raised here overlap heavily with the questions raised in the syllabus’ last, “What’s Our Future?”, the readings listed in the last section should be considered in addition to the few listed here. Freeman Dyson, Weapons and Hope (New York, NY: Harper and Row, l984). Martin van Creveld, Technology and War: From 2000 BC to the Present (New York, NY: Free Press, l989). Scott Sagan, “Why Do State Build Nuclear Weapons? Three Models in Search of a Bomb,” International Security, Vo. 21, No. 3 (Winter l996/97), pp. 54-86. Scott Sagan, and Kenneth N. Waltz, The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: A Revised Debate (New York, NY: W.W. Norton and Co., 2002). Zackery S. Davis and Benjamin Frankel, eds., The Proliferation Puzzle: Why Nuclear Weapons Spread and What Results (London, UK: Franck Cass, l993). Henry Sokolski, “Fighting Proliferation With Intelligence,” in Henry Sokolski, ed., Fighting Proliferation: New Concerns for the Nineties (Maxwell Air Force Base, AL: Air University Press, l996), pp.277-98. This discussion of how to define and analyze strategic weapons proliferation prescriptively (which the Cheney Pentagon adopted in the very early l990s) can be downloaded at www.npec-web.org The Nuclear Threat Initiative has a discussion of the descriptive definition of proliferation used during the Clinton years that can be downloaded at http://www.nti.org/f_wmd411/f1a1.html James Digby, “Precision-Guided Weapons,” Adelphi Paper, No. 118 (London, UK: IISS, l975). Robert G. Spulak, Jr. Strategic Sufficiency and Long-Range Precision Weapons, “ Strategic Review, Summer l994, pp. 31-39. Fred Ikle, “The Problem of the Next Lenin,” The National Interest, Spring l997, pp. 9-19. 34 What Do We Know About Strategic Weapons and the Threats They Pose? Chemical and Biological Agents There are many excellent books and websites addressing chemical and biological weapons related issues – i.e., the basic facts regarding these weapons’ production, the effects of their use, the dual-use issues associated with them, how they have been used by nations and terrorists, how one can defend against their effects, and what new technical developments might alter the threats they currently pose. Among the most comprehensive and helpful are: Eric Croddy, Chemical and Biological Warfare: A Comprehensive Survey For the Concerned Citizen (New York, NY: Copernicus Books, 2002). Erich Croddy, Chemical and Biological Warfare: An Annotated Bibliography (Lanham, MD: The Scarecrow Press, Inc., l997). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, The Problem of Chemical and Biological Warfare, Vols. 1-6 (Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, l971-75) The Chemical and Biological Information Analysis Center (CBIAC) offers an extensive list of chemical and biological weapons related bibliographies, documents and other information services copies of which can be ordered directly from the website at http://www.battelle.org Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) website has a comprehensive listing of readings relating to chemical and biological weapons issues at http://www.sipri.se/ Other relevant publications with extensive references include: Ken Alibek, Biohazard (New York, NY: Random House, 1999). Judith Miller, Germs (New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 2001). Edward N. Spiers, Chemical Weapons: A Continuing Challenge (London: MacMillian Press, LTD, l989). 35 On the matter of use and threatened use and terrorism, the Croddy publications noted above are quite useful as are the following: Seth Carus, Bioterrorism and Biocrimes: The Elicit Use of Biological Agents in the Twentieth Century (Washington, DC: Center for Counterproliferation, July l999). The full text of this compilation can be accessed at http://www.ndu.edu/ndu/centercounter/Full_Doc.pdf. Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Chemical and Biological Weapons Nonproliferation Program, Chronology of State Use and Biological and Chemical Weapons Control, http://www.cns.miis.edu/research/cbw/pastuse.htm. Amy E. Smithson and Leslie-Anne Levy, Ataxia: The Chemical and Biological Terrorism Threat and the US Response (Washington, DC: The Henry Stimson Center, Report No. 35, October 2000). David Rapoport, “Terrorism and Weapons of the Apocalypse,” in Henry Sokolski editor, Twenty-First Century Weapons Proliferation: Are We Ready? (London, UK: Frank Cass, 2001), pp. 4-14. Long-Range Missiles Harry G. Stine, ICBM: The Making of the Weapon that Changed the World (New York, NY: Orion Books, l991). Col. Robert B. Giffen, “Space Basics,” in Space and Future Warfare (Maxwell Air Force Base, AL: US Air War College, l993). George P. Sutton, Rocket Propulsion: A Tutorial Presentation (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Mail Station L-389, Livermore, CA 94550, viewgraphs and four videocassettes, l989). Arnold Engineering Development Center, Short-Range Ballistic Missile (SRBM) Infrastructure Requirements for Third World Countries (Arnold Air Force Base, TN: Arnold Engineering Development Center, AEDC-1040S-04-91, September l991). Robert G. Brown, Inertial Guidance in the Space Age (Milwaukee, WS: General Motors Corporation, l960). Steve Berner, “Proliferation of Satellite Imaging Capabilities: Developments and Implications,” in Henry Sokolski, ed., Fighting Proliferation: New Concerns for the Nineties (MAFB, AL: Air University Press, l996), pp. 95-129. This and other essays in Fighting Proliferation can be downloaded after linking through http://www.npec-web.org/pages/papers.htm 36 Scott Pace, et al., The Global Position System: Assessing National Policies (Santa Monica, CA: The RAND Corporation, l995). Humphrey C. Ewing, Robin Ranger, David Bosdet, and David Wiencek, Cruise Missiles: Precision and Countermeasures (Lancaster, UK: Center for Defence and International Security, Lancaster University, Bailrigg Memorandum 10, l995). Denis M. Gormley and Scott McMahon, “Proliferation of Land-Attack Cruise Missiles: Prospects and Policy Implications in Fighting Proliferation, pp. 131-67. Gary Milhollin, “The Link Between Space Launch and Missile Technology,” March 16, 2000 at http://www.wisconsinproject.org/pubs/speeches/2000 and “India’s Missiles: With a Little Help form Our Friends,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, November l989. Brian G. Chow, Emerging National Space Launch Programs: Economics and Safeguards (Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, R-4179-USPD, l993). Henry Sokolski, “Space Technology Transfers and Missile Proliferation”, a presentation before the Rumsfeld Commission on the Ballistic Missile Threat. This report can be downloaded at http://www.npec-web.org/pages/papers.htm Henry Sokolski, "US Satellites to China: Unseen Proliferation Concerns," International Defense Review, April 1994, pp. 23-26. David R. Tanks, National Missile Defense: Policy Issues and Technological Capabilities (Boston, MA: Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis, July 2000). Can be downloaded from www.ifpa.org. U.S. Government Accounting Office, “Cruise Missile Defense: Progress Made but Significant Challenges Remain,” (Washington, DC: USGPO, GAO/NSIAD- 99-68, March l999). This report can be downloaded from http://www.gao.gov David R. Israel, “History Repeats?” Journal of Defense Research (Vol. 21). September l992. National Air Intelligence Center, Ballistic and Cruise Missile Threat, (Wright- Patterson Air Force Base, OH: National Air Intelligence Center, September 2000, NAIC-1031-0985-00, call (937) 257-2378). Donald H. Rumsfeld, et al. Executive Summary of the Report of the Commission to Assess the Ballistic Missile Threat to the United States (Washington, DC: July 15, l998). This report can be downloaded from http://www.fas.org/irp.threat/bm- threat.htm 37 John R. Harvey, “Regional Ballistic Missiles and Advanced Strike Aircraft: Comparing Military Effectiveness,” International Security, Fall l992, pp. 41-83. Gregory S. Jones, The Iraqi Ballistic Missile Program: The Gulf War and the Future of the Missile Threat (Marina Del Rey, CA: American Institute for Strategic Cooperation, Summer l992). The Carnegie Endowment for Peace’s Project on Nonproliferation has an extensive charting of the world’s missile arsenals that can be downloaded at http://www.ceip.org/files/projects/npp/resources/ballisticmissilechart.htm. The Nuclear Threat Initiative also has an archival search engine for a vast array of articles on nuclear and missile issues that can be accessed at http://www.nti.org/db/nuclear/index.html Nuclear Energy Some of the most useful publications and websites addressing what nuclear weapons have been deployed, the basic facts relating to the production of nuclear energy, the weapons effects of nuclear munitions, and the dual-use issues relating to nuclear power include: The Natural Resources Defense Council, “The Internet and the Bomb: A Research Guide,” http://www.nrdc.org/nuclear/nuguide/guinx.asp. This website is an excellent guide to what is available on the Internet. The Federation of American Scientists (FAS), http://www.fas.org, contains brief technical primers on nuclear energy and weapons production (http://www.fas.org/nuke/intro/nuke/index/html) as well as extensive pdf files drawn from U.S. Congressional Office of Technology Assessment publications and the Nuclear Weapons Databooks published by NRDC. The Brookings Institution has posted the findings of its nuclear weapons cost project on the web. These findings literally chart the nuclear weapons efforts of the major powers over the last