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STUDY on the OBSTACLES to EDUCATION in MONTENEGRO Focus on Roma and Egyptian Children

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STUDY on the OBSTACLES to EDUCATION in MONTENEGRO Focus on Roma and Egyptian Children STUDY ON THE OBSTACLES TO EDUCATION IN MONTENEGRO Focus on Roma and Egyptian children Study prepared by: Ipsos Strategic Marketing, Belgrade, Serbia Report prepared by: • Ana Delić • Milica Erić • Milena Lazić • Predrag Kurčubić Expert editing: • Caroline Milena Sykora June, 2013 Study on the obstacles to education in Montenegro 1 Study prepared by: Ipsos Strategic Marketing, Belgrade, Serbia © United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) June 2013 Permission to reproduce any part of this publication is required. Please contact UNICEF Montenegro (Vladike Danila 28, 20 000 Podgorica, Montenegro, Tel: +382 20 224 277; Fax: +382 20 224 278; E-mail: [email protected]). Permissions will be freely granted to educational or non-profit organizations. The statements in this publication are the views of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the policies or the views of UNICEF. Photography: UNICEF Montenegro/Zoran Jovanović Maccak UNICEF Montenegro/Risto Božović Photography on the cover: UNICEF Montenegro/Zoran Jovanović Maccak Proofreading: Peter Stonelake Translation: Ipsos Strategic Marketing, Belgrade, Serbia Design & Prepress: Praxis Montenegro d.o.o. Print: DPC d.o.o. Circulation: 200 copies 2 CONTENT FOREWORD ....................................................................................................................................5 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ..............................................................................................7 INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................................8 METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................................10 DETERMINANT ANALYSIS FRAMEWORK ..................................................................................13 SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................................15 Enabling environment ............................................................................................................16 Supply ......................................................................................................................................19 Demand ....................................................................................................................................21 Quality ......................................................................................................................................25 DATA OVERVIEW OF PRIMARY EDUCATION COVERAGE........................................................27 Data on Education of Children in Montenegro ....................................................................28 Out-of-School Children in Montenegro ................................................................................30 1. Roma and Egyptian Children ..........................................................................................30 2. Refugees and DPs ..........................................................................................................32 3. Children with Disabilities ................................................................................................33 4. Children Affected by Poverty ..........................................................................................35 ANALYSIS OF DETERMINANTS IN EDUCATION ........................................................................37 DESK STUDY ..........................................................................................................................38 Enabling Environment ......................................................................................................38 Social Norms ................................................................................................................38 1. Stigma and Discrimination Against Children from Vulnerable Social Groups ....38 Legislation and Policy on Education ............................................................................41 1. Legal and Regulatory Framework on Inclusive Education in Montenegro..........42 2. Strategic Framework in the International Community ........................................44 3. National Strategies and Goals ............................................................................45 4. Local Strategic Plans ..........................................................................................45 Budget and Expenditures on Education in Montenegro ..............................................47 1. Investment for Improvement of the Quality of Education ....................................47 2. Expenditure on Teaching Staff and Utilities ........................................................47 3. Funding of Policies that Target Disadvantaged Children ....................................48 Management and Coordination ....................................................................................49 1. Identifying and Addressing Issues of Early Dropping Out & Enforcement ..........49 2. Identifying Children at Risk of Dropping Out and Taking Preventive Measures ..............................................................................50 Study on the obstacles to education in Montenegro 3 EMPIRICAL STUDY..................................................................................................................52 Supply ................................................................................................................................52 Availability of Essential Commodities and Inputs..........................................................52 1. Proximity of Schools to Family Homes and Transportation ................................52 Access to Adequately Staffed Services ........................................................................55 1. Insufficiently Available Preschool Education ......................................................55 2. Importance of Using Secondary Language in Schools ......................................56 3. Limited Outreach and Child-Seeking Services by Education Systems ..............58 Demand ..............................................................................................................................60 Housing and Financial Access ......................................................................................60 1. Access to Adequate Housing Conditions, Water and Heat ................................61 2. Inability to Pay School Costs ..............................................................................65 3. Contributing to Family Income ............................................................................69 4. Household Responsibilities and Care for Other Family Members ......................71 Cultural Practices and Beliefs ......................................................................................72 1. Free Time............................................................................................................72 2. Friends ................................................................................................................72 Compromised Parental Support for Continuation of Education ....................................74 1. Knowledge about the Educational System ........................................................74 2. Attitude Towards Importance of Education..........................................................74 Literacy of Parents ........................................................................................................82 Early Marriage ..............................................................................................................83 1. Characteristics of Roma and Egyptian Households............................................83 2. Attitudes towards Marriage..................................................................................84 Compromised Motivation for and Interest in Education among Young People ............87 Continuity of Use ..........................................................................................................88 1. Children Outside of the System of Education ....................................................88 Attendance at School ....................................................................................................91 Challenges with Birth Registration and Legal Identity Papers ......................................93 Child Health and Developmental Difficulties as an Obstacle to Enrolment and Attendance............................................................................................93 Quality ................................................................................................................................94 Evaluation of the Reform of the Education System in Montenegro (2010-2012), Implementation of Inclusive Education..........................................................................96 Experiences of children with disabilities........................................................................96 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ..............................................................................99 ANNEXES ....................................................................................................................................115 Annex 1: Common Basic Principles on Roma Inclusion ..................................................115 Annex 2: Examples of Good Practice..................................................................................117
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