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Quantification of the Tidal Stream Exergy in the Ría De Vigo (NW Spain)

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Quantification of the Tidal Stream Exergy in the Ría De Vigo (NW Spain) Int. J. Exergy, Vol. x, No. x, xxxx 1 Quantification of the tidal stream exergy in the ría de Vigo (NW Spain) Marc Mestres* International Centre for Coastal Resources Research (CIIRC), c/ Jordi Girona 1-3, Mòdul D1, Barcelona, 08034, Spain and Laboratori d’Enginyeria Marítima (LIM-UPC), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, c/ Jordi Girona 1-3, Mòdul D1, Barcelona, 08034, Spain Fax: +34 934011861 Email: [email protected] *Corresponding author Maria Griñó Laboratori d’Enginyeria Marítima (LIM-UPC), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, c/ Jordi Girona 1-3, Mòdul D1, 08034 Barcelona, Spain Email: [email protected] Joan Pau Sierra and César Mösso International Centre for Coastal Resources Research (CIIRC), c/ Jordi Girona 1-3, Mòdul D1, Barcelona, 08034, Spain and Laboratori d’Enginyeria Marítima (LIM-UPC), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, c/ Jordi Girona 1-3, Mòdul D1, Barcelona, 08034, Spain Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Abstract: The exergy of the tidal currents in the ría de Vigo area (NW Spain) is quantified using the results of a 28-day long simulation of the tidal flows. The results show that the northernmost strait connecting the ría with the Atlantic Ocean is a promising site for tidal energy tapping, in contrast with the energetically weaker estuary. On the basis of the average power density (APD), a 7.5 km2 region is identified in this strait as the most advantageous area to install tidal energy converters (TECs), with a total annual exergy of around Copyright © 200x Inderscience Enterprises Ltd. 2 M. Mestres et al. 3865 MWh/m2. Similar analyses using only 14-day simulations change this value in r16%, depending on whether the tidal cycle considered is apogean or perigean. The study contributes to enlarge the inventory of sites along the NW Spanish coast at which tidal stream energy can be potentially extracted. Keywords: ría de Vigo; tidal current exergy; mesotidal estuary; numerical modelling; ROMS_AGRIF. Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Mestres, M., Griñó, M., Sierra, J.P. and Mösso, C. (xxxx) ‘Quantification of the tidal stream exergy in the ría de Vigo (NW Spain)’, Int. J. Exergy, Vol. x, No. x, pp.xxx–xxx. Biographical notes: Marc Mestres is a Researcher with over 20 years experience in the Numerical Modelling of Coastal Hydrodynamics and Dispersion. He holds a PhD in Physics (UPC, 2002), and has taken part in many publicly funded research projects. He has published over 25 papers in peer-reviewed journals, more than 40 contributions to scientific conferences and meetings and 24 technical and research reports. Maria Griñó is a Civil Engineer specialised in Water Engineering and Renewable Energies. She obtained her Master’s degree at the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya – BarcelonaTech in 2015, and is currently a Project Coordinator at OCA Chile. Joan Pau Sierra is a PhD in Civil Engineering, and Full Professor at the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC). He develops his research activity in the field of Coastal Engineering, in particular in the study of physical processes and numerical modelling of hydrodynamics in coastal areas. He has published more than 60 research papers in SCI journals, more than 170 communications in conferences and workshops and 120 technical and research reports. He has supervised 12 PhD theses, six MSc theses and 60 graduation theses. César Mösso received his PhD in Marine Sciences at Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), and is an Associate Professor in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DECA). His research is focused essentially on the field of maritime engineering, and his current activity is centred on the data analysis of coastal and harbour hydrodynamics, and issues related to climate change and the related impacts in the coastal zone. 1 Introduction Within the global context of growing energy demand, decreasing reservoirs of conventional fossil fuels and rising environmental awareness, focus has shifted towards the production of sustainable energy. Numerous studies have been devoted in the last two decades to assess the exergy of different potential sources of energy, such as solar radiation (Edalati et al., 2016; Kurtgoz and Deniz, 2016), wind (Öztürk, 2011) or the various marine options (Bryden et al., 2007; Miguel and Aydin, 2012; Liberti et al., 2013). In this sense, tidal currents appear to be one of the most promising sources for green energy (O’Rourke et al., 2010). Although the principles behind wind and tidal power extraction are essentially the same, there are some factors that favour the latter, Quantification of the tidal stream exergy in the ría de Vigo (NW Spain) 3 among them the high predictability of tidal currents as compared to atmospheric flows, or the minimum environmental impact associated to tidal energy-extracting facilities (Iglesias et al., 2012). In addition, the higher density of seawater (over 800 times that of air) guarantees that, for typical fluid speeds and under equal extracting conditions (i.e., cross-sectional area), the power generated by a tidal energy converter (TEC) will be comparable to that generated by a wind energy converter. Recently, tidal exergy has been evaluated at different coastal regions, using either extensive field campaigns or numerical modelling, as a first step towards identifying suitable locations for tidal stream exploitation and to quantify the level or energy that can be extracted. Some examples include the UK (Draper et al., 2014; Xia et al., 2010), the USA (Brooks, 2011), Canada (Karsten et al., 2008) or Norway (Grabbe et al., 2009), but also the coasts of developing countries such as Iran (Rashid, 2012) or China (Li et al., 2010). In the particular case of Spain, renewable sources provide 14.4% of the primary energy that is used (APPA, 2015), and one-third of the electricity produced (APPA, 2016). Of the latter, 90% is provided by wind, hydraulic and solar sources (MINETUR, 2014). Nevertheless, in the last few years the interest in marine sources of energy has increased considerably. Most of it has been focused on wave exergy (e.g., Iglesias and Carballo, 2005; Sierra et al., 2013), but tidal energy resources have also been evaluated at several sites along the Spanish coast (Carballo et al., 2009; Mösso et al., 2015). With the goal of contributing to the map of sites for potentially exploitable tidal current energy, in this paper we assess the exergetic potential of the tidal stream in the ría de Vigo area, in the Northwest Spanish Atlantic coast. For this, we use the results of a 28-day numerical simulation employing a previously validated 3D hydrodynamic model. The analysis allows identifying the area in which the available tidal exergy is the largest and is, thus, the most appropriate theoretical location for the development of a TEC plant. 2 Study area The ría de Vigo (Figure 1) is the southernmost of the four rías Baixas, located in the Northwestern Spanish Atlantic coast. It stretches approximately 32 km in a rough NE-SW direction, with an external width of 10 km and a depth in its central part of about 26 m, which decreases rapidly towards the banks (Martín, 2003). This ría covers an area of about 185 km2, and has a volume capacity slightly larger than 3250 Hm3, yielding a surface/volume ratio of 0.05, typical of V-shaped estuaries (Nogueira et al., 1997). The waterbody is connected to the Atlantic Ocean through three channels defined by the presence of the Cíes Islands at the estuary mouth. The northern channel is around 2.5 km wide, with a maximum depth of 23 m, while the southern mouth is wider and deeper (5 km and 52 m, respectively), and the central channel, separating both islands, is narrower and shallow (Montero, 1999). Astronomical tides constitute the principal contribution to the sea level variations in this area. The tidal wave propagation along the ría is synchronic, at least downstream from the Rande Strait, showing no significant gradients neither in amplitude nor in phase. The tidal range varies between 0.82 m and 4.21 m, with a mean value of 2.4 m. Sea level variations associated to storm surge are typically much smaller, although values of 1.08 and 0.69 m have been observed during the 1992–2009 period (Álvarez et al., 2005). 4 M. Mestres et al. Figure 1 Map of the study area, and its location in the NW Spanish coast. The dashed line shows the local computational domain used for the analyses in this study (see online version for colours) The semidiurnal mesotides also condition the circulation patterns in the estuary (Mestres and Sierra, 2011), together with the wind regimes on the continental shelf and in the ría itself, and the freshwater discharge of the Oitabén-Verdugo river system. The latter, however, is relatively low, with a mean annual discharge of 11 m3/s (Martín, 2003), and maximum monthly mean values ranging between 56 m3/s and 12.5 m3/s. The residual circulation is also affected, mainly during the summer, by frequent upwelling events (Martín, 2003). The relative combination of the various forcing mechanisms allows to define three different regions from a hydrodynamic point of view. The shallow and wide basin at the estuary head is dominated by riverine output and currents induced both by the tide and the local wind. The area closest to the mouth (between the Cíes Islands and the line joining Mar Cape and Borneira Tip) is influenced mostly by tidal currents and flows driven by the wind blowing over the continental shelf, whereas the currents in the central stretch might be driven by any or all of the aforementioned forcings. Observations in the ría show that the tide is the main driver for water currents, particularly in the deeper layers in which the influence of the wind is not so important (Martín, 2003).
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