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The Belon Estuary JOURNAL OF MAPS https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2021.1925170 Science Morpho-sedimentological and dynamic patterns in a ria type estuary: the Belon estuary (South Brittany, France) Guillaume Michel a, Sophie Le Bot a, Sandric Lesourd b and Robert Lafite a aNormandie Univ, UNIROUEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, M2C, Rouen, France; bNormandie Univ, UNICAEN, UNIROUEN, CNRS, M2C, Caen, France ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY Ria-type estuaries correspond to complex systems at the transition between the continental Received 21 January 2021 and the marine domains, within a context of rocky coastlines. The Belon Estuary, in South Revised 20 April 2021 Brittanny (France), is described as a typical ria-type estuary characterised by complex Accepted 26 April 2021 fl ’ morpho-sedimentological facies, strongly in uenced by the South Brittany s geological KEYWORDS framework. The characterisation of the morpho-sedimentological patterns is sourced from Estuary; ria; mapping; recent multi-data acquisition with acoustic remote sensors coupled to ground truth data. sedimentation; seafloor The Main Map synthesises the main results of this study concerning the hydro- backscatter morphological and sedimentological characterisation of the Belon estuary. This study adds up to former studies over ria-type estuaries and lay out the base for future studies on the hydrodynamic of complex rias, as the Belon estuary. 1. Introduction Tankoua et al., 2012; Olivia Fossi Tankoua et al., 2011). Regarding the different definitions of ria-type estu- The Belon estuary, in South Brittany, is located in aries (Evans & Prego, 2003; Perillo, 1995b, 1995a; the Bay of Biscay, between Bay of Concarneau and Von Richthofen, 1901), the one proposed by Castaing Bay of Lorient (Main map, location map). Its history and Guilcher (1995) is the most accurate: ‘an incised is related to the geological evolution of the South valley formed by sea flooding of Pleistocene-Holocene Armorican domain during both Cadomian and Her- river valleys […] developed in medium-high relief cynian orogeneses (Gumiaux et al., 2004). The Belon coast’ with a strong control of the geological and tec- estuary is incised in a metamorphic substratum tonic frameworks. Classified as ‘sandy rias’ (Castaing (Béchennec et al., 1997), composed of three highly & Guilcher, 1995), estuaries such the Belon are charac- competent (Bucher & Grapes, 2011) orthogneiss for- terised by a low mud content, generally lower than 2% mations (Béchennec et al., 1996). The first one, the in the subtidal zone, and the predominance of sands Lanmeur-Saint-Ouraneau orthogneiss, with an age of while the coarse material is usually related to a marine 498 ± 12 Ma, is derived from a peraluminous grani- origin, with a carbonate content ranging from 10 to toid. The second one is the Moëlan orthogneiss with 80%. Rias have been described worldwide (e.g. an age of 485 ± 6 Ma also derived from peraluminous Spain, Korea, Great-Britain, China and France) (Cas- granitoid. The last orthogneiss described in the Belon taing & Guilcher, 1995). Rias along the coastline of estuary (Béchennec et al., 1996) is the Porz-Manech the Iberian Peninsula have been vastly documented orthogneiss with an age of 592 ± 10 Ma and is derived in terms of morphology (e.g. Martínez-Carreño from adamellites. Béchennec et al. (1996) also et al., 2017), sedimentology (Arnaud-Fassetta et al., described the Nerly group and Kerfany formation, 2006; Rubio et al., 2001) and hydrodynamics (Berna- both composed of micaschists and a foliated (N100– beu et al., 2012; Vilas et al., 2005). However, the rias N110) and altered, fine-grained leucocratic and rib- in South Brittany (France) have been poorly docu- boned gneiss. All geological units described are out- mented in terms of geomorphology and slightly docu- cropping (Béchennec et al., 1997), especially in the mented in terms of sedimentology (Castaing & most downstream part by constituting, on both river- Guilcher, 1995). Indeed, most detailed sedimentologi- side of the Belon, tens of metres high cliffs. These for- cal studies on the South Brittany rias are sedimentolo- mations are affected by a regional system of strike-slip gical descriptions associated with benthic ecological fault associated with a primary Hercynian event and a habitats studies (Blanchet et al., 2014; O. Fossi relay system of normal fault shaped since Eocene until CONTACT Guillaume Michel [email protected]; [email protected] UMR M2C Continental and Coastal Morphodynamics, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, M2C, 76000 Rouen, France © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group on behalf of Journal of Maps This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 2 G. MICHEL ET AL. late Oligocene (Béchennec et al., 1996, 1997). There- grab samples has been collected using Van veen and fore, the distribution of the main geological units Shipek grabs (Michel et al., 2020). A total of 31 seabed and the location of the major tectonic elements video profiles has been recorded with a weighted strongly influenced the incision of the Belon valley GoPro©. since Pliocene (Béchennec et al., 1996; Pinot, 1974). Moreover, the meanders and the connection of three 2.2. Morphological analysis main inlets to the main estuary: the Keristinec inlet (Jegou, 1974), the Pen-mor inlet and the Lanriot Bathymetric data have been: (i) processed using Globe inlet (both last within the study area, cf. Main map, software (IFREMER©) with the application of attitude bathymetric map) is always located, either within correction (pitch, roll and heave), noise reduction erodible formations (Nerly and Kerfany groups) or filter (manual and automatic filtering), sound velocity above major tectonic structures. The Gorgen Cove corrections, tide corrections, and (ii) gridded at 1 m (Main map, bathymetric and geological map) is resolution. The CMAX-CM2 side-scan sonar mosaics incised within a erodible Nerly group enclave have been processed using HYPACK® 2018 Software (Béchennec et al., 1997) and corresponds to the widest with the application of manual altitude corrections section of the estuary, with approximately 450 m and gridded at 10 cm resolution. Side-scan sonar width (Jegou, 1974). In terms of hydrodynamics, mosaics have been exploited to map anthropic features Belon river flow rate varies between 0.40 and 1.50 (ripraps, oyster farms) and (sub-)outcropping m3/s during low flow and high freshwater flow, substratum. respectively (Jegou, 1974). The Belon estuary is sub- Intertidal and subtidal domain differentiation mitted to a semi-diurnal mesotidal regime, with a (Main Map) has been carried out by classifying tide mean tide range of 5.5 m during high spring con- corrected bathymetric data (ArcMap 10.6 ©ESRI, ditions (SHOM, 2019). At the mouth of the Belon Spatial Analyst, Arctoolbox/Reclassify), based on the estuary, the maximum surface current speed French hydrographic datum (SHOM, 2019). Estuarine during mean spring tide is lower than 25 cm/s morphologies mapping is based on the interpretation (SHOM, 1994). The significative height of swell of bathymetric and derived data (slope and curvature and waves varies between 0.5 and 3 m high (Tessier, from Spatial Analyst Toolbox in ArcMap 10.6; ©ESRI) 2006). (Dolan et al., 2011). Estuarine morphologies have been In this study, new morphological and sediment manually delimited by identifying slope breaks and maps (Main Map) are compiled based on the inte- seafloor textures, from smooth to rough, within both gration of acoustic and ground truth data. The intertidal and subtidal domains. Regarding bathy- detailed description of the Belon estuary, hydro-mor- metric data resolution, only the dunes characterised phological and sedimentological characteristics with by a wavelength longer than 3 m have been studied. information on bedforms, allows to propose a seg- Dune polarity is defined by characterising the position mentation of the estuary in accordance with the ria of their long and short flanks; dune polarity is then morpho-type (Castaing & Guilcher, 1995; Evans & compared to the global orientation of the ebb and Prego, 2003) and a general flow circulation scheme. flood tidal currents in order to define the dominant An additional mapping of the anthropised features tidal current phase for sediment transport (Ferret based on a side-scan sonar mosaics highlights the et al., 2010; Le Bot & Trentesaux, 2004). The final mor- human impact onto the estuarine dynamics (Reid & phological map (Main map, Hydro-morphological Church, 2015). map) synthesises the delimitation of estuarine mor- phologies and estuarine dynamics. 2. Methods 2.3. Seafloor backscatter interpretation 2.1. Data acquisition Seafloor backscatter data have been processed using During the AUPASED-3 survey (18th to 20th March SonarScope software (IFREMER©), with the appli- 2019 (Lesourd, 2019)), acoustic and ground truth cation of attitude correction (pitch, roll and heave), data have been collected in the Belon estuary. Bathy- noise reduction filter (automatic filtering) and ampli- metric and seafloor backscatter data (Main map) tude compensation for each profile. Backscatter data have been acquired onboard the R/V ‘Haliotis’ using were gridded at 30 cm resolution with automatic a GeoSwath Plus interferometric sonar (©Kongsberg
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