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March 27, 1964 Regional Effects The Alaska Earthquake March 27, 1964 Regional Effects Shore Processes and Beach Morphology GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 543-J ~~~m~~~~~~ll'ilir- DENVER 3 1819 00086468 2 THE ALASKA EARTHQUAKE, MARCH 27, 1964: REGIONAL EFFECTS Effects of the Alaska Earthquake of March 27, 1964 On Shore Processes and Beach Morphology By KIRK W. STANLEY The effects of tectonic uplift and subsidence along 10,000 miles of shoreline, and the practical meaning of those effects GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 543-J APR 7 1969 APR 11 1991 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY William T. Pecora, Director UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON 1968 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402- Price 45 cents (paper cover) THE ALASKA EARTHQUAKE SERIES The U.S. Geological Survey is publishing the re­ sults of its investigations of the Alaska earthquake of March 27, 1964, in a series of six Professional Papers. Professional Paper 543 describes the re­ gional effects of the earthquake. Other Professional Papers in the series describe field investigations and reconstruction and the effects of the earthquake on communities, on the hydrologic regimen, and on transportation, utilities, and communications. CONTENTS Page Page Abstract_______________________ J1 Coastal features and earthquake Introduction____________________ 1 effects -Continued Shorelines of the earthquake-af- Coastal erosion and movement fected region_________________ 2 of material-Continued Coastal features and earthquake Longshore material move- effects_______________________ 3 ment ________________ J15 Beaches____________________ 3 Upslope material move­ Changes in profile and ment________________ 17 gradient______________ 3 Biologic effects of shoreline changes ______________________ 17 Minor beach features_____ 5 Low-water features______ 6 Fish___ ___________________ 17 Shellfish __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 18 Modern beach ridges_____ 7 WildfowL__________________ 18 Ancient beach ridges_____ 10 Effects on property and manmade Stream-mouth changes_______ 10 structures_____________________ 19 Submergent areas_______ 10 Submergent areas___________ 19 Uplifted areas___________ 11 Emergent areas_____________ 19 Coastal erosion and movement Legal problems______________ 19 of materiaL _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 12 Need for further studies__________ 20 Erosion________________ 12 References cited_________________ 20 ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURES Page Page 1. Index map of south-central Alaska showing coast- 9. Photograph of gullying and sloughing caused by lines affected by the earthquake _____________ _ vr headward stream erosion, Copper River Delta_ .J12 2. Diagram illustrating beach feature ____________ _ J3 10. Photograph of eastern shore of Cook Inlet showing 3. Photograph of sharp break-in-slope on shingle undercutting and sloughing of bluffs caused by beach ____________________________________ _ 4 subsidence_________________________________ 13 4. Sketch of changes of beach configuration in sub- 11. Photograph of bluff erosion at Kenai____________ 13 mergent areas _____________________________ _ 5 12-14. Photographs of timber seawall on Homer Spit: 5. Photograph of deposition of material on backslope 12. As constructed_________________________ 14 of frontal ridge ___________________________ _ 8 13. Damaged, 6 months after construction____ 14 6. Aerial photograph of barrier beach at Breving 14. Almost completely destroyed by waves, 16 Lagoon, Seward Peninsula __________________ _ 9 months after construction_____________ 15 7. Photograph showing undercutting and sloughing 15. Photograph of cobble-filled wire-mesh fence, of bluffs, Cook Inlet _______________________ _ 9 Larsen Bay, Kodiak Island__________________ 15 8. Oblique photograph of new land created by tec- 16. Profiles of updrift and downdrift fill of grain at tonic uplift, Copper River Delta ____________ _ 11 Homer Spit________________________________ 16 v 144' 156• 64' .., 64° .";;f s EXPLANATION Approximate line of zero land level change (after Plafker, 1965) 0 50 0 50 100 150 MILES 56'15' 56'15' 156• 144' 1.-·South-central Alaska showing coastlines affected by the earthquake. Land to left of zero land-level change was generally lowered; land to right was raised. VI THE ALASKA EARTHQUAKE, MARCH 27, 1964: REGIONAL EFFECTS EFFECTS OF THE ALASKA EARTHQUAKE OF MARCH 27, 1964, ON SHORE PROCESSES AND BEACH MORPHOLOGY By Kirk W. Stanley 1 ABSTRACT Some 10,000 miles of shoreline in were altered or destroyed on submerg­ Streams were lengthened in the emer­ south-central Alaska was affected by the ence but began to reappear and to gent areas, and down cutting and bank subsidence or uplift associated with the stabilize in their normal shapes within erosion have increased. great Alaska earthquake of March 27, a few monthH after the earthquake. Except at Homer and a few small vil­ 1964. The changes in shoreline processes Frontal beach ridges migrated shore­ lages, where groins, bul,kh€1llds, and and beach morphology that were sud­ ward and grew higher and wider than ,cobble-filled baskets were installed, denly initiated by the earthquake were they were before. Along narrow beaehes there has been little attempt to protect similar to those ordinarily caused by backed by bluffs, the relatively higher tihe postearthquake shorelines. The few gradual changes in sea level operating sea level led to vigorous erosion of the structures that were built have been over hundreds of years, while other bluff toes. Stream mouths were drowned only partially successful because there more readily visible changes were sim­ and some were altered by seismic sea was too little time to study the habits iLar to some of the effects of great but waves, but they adjusted within a few of the new shore features and to design short-lived storms. Phenomena became months to the new c-onditions. appropriate protection measure~. Emer­ In the uplifted areas, generally around available for observation within a few gence of large areas that were once hours which would otherwise not have Prince William Sound, virtually all below water and permanent submer­ been available for many years. beaches were stranded out of reach of gence of once-useful land areas have led In the subsided areas-including the the sea. New beaches are gradually de­ shorelines of the Kenai Peninsula, veloping to fit new sea levels, but the to many problems of land use and Kodiak Island, and Cook Inlet-beaches processes are slow, in part because the ownership in addition to the destruction tended to flatten in gradient and to re­ material on the lower parts of the old or relocation of wildfowl, shellfish, and cede shoreward. Minor beach features beaches is predominantly fine grained. salmon habitats. INTRODUCTION One of the strongest earthquakes lowered as much as 71;2 feet and by the earthquake are included, ever reported occurred in Alaska 25,000 square miles was raised as the shoreline within the area ex­ on March 27, 1964, at 5:36 p.m. much as 33 feet (Plafker, 1965, ceeds 10,000 nautical miles. Alaska standard time. The epi­ 1967). The coastlines affected by Certain changes in beach forms center was at Unakwik Inlet in the earthquake are shown by occurred as a result of relative Prince William Sound (fig. 1). figure 1. changes in sea level caused by up­ The magnitude of the main shock Definite limits of the coastal area lift or subsidence of the land dur­ was 8.4-8.6 on the Richter scale of Alaska affected by the earth­ ing the earthquake. These changes (Wood, 1966). The area of land quake have not been determined. were abrupt and thus cannot be and sea bottom affected by the Most authorities, however, agree unconditionally compared to a gradual change in sea level, but earthquake is at least 70,000 square that it is bounded by Yakataga they did provide much informa­ miles and may exceed 110,000. (just southeast of the area shown tion regarding normal shore proc­ Forty thousand squa.re miles wa8 in figure 1) on the east and the Kodiak group of islands on the esses. Because sea-level changes southwest (Plafker, 1965). I£ all were not only abrupt but also 1 Geologist, Anchorage, Alaska : formerly Tidelands Supervisor, Alaska Department of the shoreline irregularities of the permanent, months were afforded Xaturnl Resources, Division of Lands. mainland and the islands affected for observations, which other- J1 J2 ALASKA EARTHQUAKE, MARCH 27, 1964 wise-as during storms-would problems. These limited observa­ available. Descriptions of coastal have been limited to hours or at tions do not reflect all conditions erosion primarily involve exam­ the most several days. and processes that occurred within ples along Cook Inlet because (1) No attempt is made in this paper the area affected by the earth­ much of the shoreline there is erod­ to present a detailed description quake, but they do provide a basis ing and ( 2) the area is more of changes in beaches throughout for understanding the general densely populated than elsewhere. either the submergent or emergent processes that occurred. The earthquake not only caused areas. A study of this type might The chief objective of this report physical changes which have left have provided some interesting and descriptive material, but, con­ is to compare pre- and post-earth­ their marks upon the beach; it also sidering the great distances and quake processes. For this reason, had certain significant economic the general remoteness of much of Homer Spit is used as an example and legal consequences. These so­ the shoreline involved, such a for much of the descriptive mat­ ciological effects have an intercon­ study would have been impractical. ter; it happens to be one of the nection with the physical effects This paper is therefore restricted few places :for which consider­ and are considered worthy of to descriptions of specific areas and able preearthquake information is mention. SHORELINES OF THE EARTHQUAKE-AFFECTED REGION The line of zero land movement, formed in part of outwash de­ posed of medium to coarse shingle.
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