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Bangor University DOCTOR of PHILOSOPHY O'r Sect I'r Enwad

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Bangor University DOCTOR of PHILOSOPHY O'r Sect I'r Enwad Bangor University DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY O'r sect i'r enwad datblygiad enwadau ymneilltuol Cymru, 1840-1870. Tudur, Alan Award date: 1992 Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 08. Oct. 2021 0' R SECT I' R ENWAD: DATBLYGIAD ENWADAUYNNEILLTUOL CYMRU. 1840 - 1870. CYFROL 2. ALUN TUDUR. a J O' R SECT VR ENWAD: ADDYSG AIR WEINIDOGAETH Adran 3. Addysg a' r Weinidogaeth. Pennod 17. Hyfforddi Gweinidogion. Yr ydym eisoes wedi cael cyfle i edrych ar bregethwyr a phregethau, and nid ydym eto wedi edrych gydag unrhyw fanylrwydd ar y weinidogaeth fel galwedigaeth nac ychwaith ar y datblygiadau fu yn y weinidogaeth yn ystod ein cyfnod. Yma felly, fe ganolbwyntiwn ar ddwy wedd ar y weinidogaeth sef, hyfforddi gweinidogion a'r fugeiliaeth lawn amser. Mae sylwadau'r cymdeithasegwyr ar y weinidogaeth yn ddiddorol ac yn hynod ddefnyddiol i ni yn y fan hon. Fe ddywed I. Milton Yinger mai un o nodweddion y sect yw ei bod yn pwysleisio gweithgarwch cynulleidfaol a gweinidogaeth amhroffesiynol. I'" Ac fe ddywed B. Wilson - fel y nodwyd yn y rhagymadrodd. - fod ymddangosiad gweinidogaeth broffesiynoi yn arwydd pendant o enwadaeth. "Once the concept of special training of such leaders is admitted, then a step to denominationalism has been taken. """' Effaith gweinidogaeth broffesiynol hyfforddiedig yw creu agendor rhwng y gweinidogion a gweddill yr aelodau, gan darfu ar egwyddor offeiriadaeth yr hall saint, drwy i'r gweinidogion ffurfio'n ddosbarth elitaidd. Mynega Werner Stark yn union yr un safbwynt yn ei lyfr The Sociology of Religon. Dywed yn ei ffordd ddihafal ei hun. "A sectarian with a B. Theol. is no less of a contradiction in terms than a sectarian with a large bank account: both will regularly be denominational in out-look, or have a tendency to drift, and to drive their fellows into denominationalism. ""' 322 O' R SECT I' R ENWAD: ADDYSG A' R WEINIDOGAETH Yr anhawster gyda gosodiadau o'r fath yw gwybod beth yn union a olygir wrth "weinidogaeth broffesiynol, " gan nad yw'r cymdeithasegwyr yn diffinio eu termau'n glir. Ai cyfeirio y maent at rai a ordeiniwyd i fod yn weinidogion; unigolion a oedd A gofal cynulleidfa, ynteu gweinidogion 11awn amser? Oherwydd yn ystod y ganrif ddiwethaf fel heddiw yr oedd llawer math o weinidogion; gweinidogion rhan amser, llawn amser, cyflogedig a gwirfoddol. Yn yr un modd bath olygai Werner Stark gyda'r term B. Theol? Ai cyfeirio yr oedd at bob math o addysg, addysg elfennol, ynteu addysg prifysgol? Er hwylustod i'n dadansoddiad diffiniwn weinidog proffesiynol fel un sydd wadi ei ordeinio i'r weinidogaeth lawn amser ac yn cael ei gynnal a'i gadw gan eglwys neu egiwysi. Diffiniwn "addysg" yn y cyswllt hwn fel cwrs arbenigol i hyfforddi unigolyn sydd Ali fryd ar y weinidogaeth lawn amser. Er fod peth gwlrionedd yn y gosodiad uchod San Stark mewn rhai sefyllfaoedd arbennig, credaf ei fod yn y fan hon yn gor-gyffredinoli. Neu o leiaf nid yw hyn yn wir yn achos y Cyrff Ymneilltuol yng Nghymru. Oherwydd nid yw addysg a hyfforddiant yn gyfyngedig i Eglwysi Sefydledig ac enwadau, y mae hefyd yn rhan o fywyd rhai mathau o sectau. Mae dweud fod addysg a hyfforddiant yn anochel yn arwain sect tuag at fod yn enwad yn debyg i'r cwestiwn, a yw person dosbarth gweithiol sydd wedi cael addysg prifysgol yn perthyn wedyn i'r dosbarth canol oherwydd ei addysg? Y gwir yw y gall addysg a dysg fod yn gyfrwng i gychwyn sectau a chynnal agweddau sectyddol mewn cyrff drwy iddynt addysgu eu pobl yn eu sefydliadau a'u colegau eu hunain. Os yw hyfforddi gweinidogion yn arwydd o enwadaeth yna 'roedd yr Hen Ymneilltuaeth, cyn y Diwygiad Methodistaidd, yn enwadau oherwydd eu pwyslais ar addysgu gwainidogion. 323 O' R SECT II R ENWAD: ADDYSG AIR WEINIDOGAETH Eto, rhaid cydnabod ar y llaw arall y gall hyfforddi gweinidogion greu dosbarth o aelodau uwchradd o fewn y sect sy'n tanseilio egwyddor offeiriadaeth yr holl saint, fod pob aelod yn gyfartal ac ar yr un gwastad ä'i gilydd, and ni ellir gosod hynny fel rheol ddigyfnewid a phendant. Rhaid felly gwahaniaethu rhwng hyfforddi gweinidogion a gweinidogion fel dosbarth ar wahän i weddill yr aelodaeth. Camp Ymneilltuwyr am ran helaeth o'r bedwaredd ganrif ar bymtheg oedd eu bod wedi llwyddo i godi gweinidogion a oedd yn agos at eu pobl, yn adnabod eu pobl, ac weds bod trwy yr un profiadau al u pobl. Mewn geiriau eraill nid oedd bwlch amlwg rhwng lleygwyr a gweinidogion ordeiniedig. Dau beth yn sicr a gyfrannal at hyn oedd; yn gyntaf, y pwysigrwydd a roddwyd i swyddi blaenoriaid, diaconiaid ac, i ryw raddau, henuriaid. Lleygwyr oedd y rhain and eto yr oeddent yn gwneud y rhan fwyaf o waith trefniadol yr eglwysi; ac yn all, nad oedd gweinidogaeth lawn amser yn bath cyffredin. Hyfforddi Gweinidogion. Yr oedd Hen Ymneilltuwyr Cymru yn rhoi pwys mawr ar addysg ac ar addysgu eu gweinidogion. Profir hyn gan dwf a phoblogrwydd yr academlau fel Brynilywarch (1670? - 1699), '4' Athrofa Abergafenni (1697-1702), 0' Academi CaerfyrddinC611) (a sefydlwyd ym 1704) ac Athrofa Trosnant (1732 -1770). c" Yna'n ddiweddarach fe ddaeth Coleg yr Arglwyddes Huntingdon yn Nhrefeca (1768-1792)110' ac Athrofa'r Fenni (1807-1836), "Ol gan y Bedyddwyr. In ogystal ® hyn 'roedd nifer o ysgolion yn bodoli a oedd yn cynnig addysg i ddynion ieuanc, e. e., ysgol Evan Richardson ym Mrynengan a Chaernarfon (1781-1824), ysgol John Hughes yn Wrecsam (1819-34), ysgol D. Davis yng Nghastellhywel, a Neuadd-lwyd a gedwid gan Dr. Phillips. c" Drwy'r 324 O' R SECT II R ENWAD: ADDYSG AIR WEINIDOGAETH academiau a'r ysgolion hyn hyfforddwyd dynion yn fanwl ar gyfer au gwaith yn y weinidogaeth. Yna yn y bedwaredd ganrif ar bymtheg symudwyd i raddau mawr oddi wrth weinidogaeth hyfforddiedig, ysgolheigaidd, ac yn ei lle, o dan ddylanwad y Diwygiad Methodistaidd, daeth pwyslais ar weinidogaeth ddi- hyfforddiant werinol. 0 ganlyniad i hyn ni roddid fawn bwys ar addysg na hyfforddiant; argyhoeddiad a charisma oedd y peth pwysig. Nid cael dynion wedi eu hyfforddi'n briodol oedd y peth mawr and yn hytrach cael dynion wedi eu donio gan Dduw ar gyfer y gwaith. Oherwydd hyn daeth nifer o ddynion di-hyfforddiant i fod yn weinidogion. Nid ydym yn dweud hyn mewn unrhyw ffordd fychanus gan fod llawer ohonynt yn weinidogion a phregethwyr heb eu hail a ymdrechodd yn ddiflino i'w diwyllio eu hunain. Rhaid pwysleisio nad nodwedd y Methodistiaid Calfinaidd yn unig oedd hyn; llwyddasant hwy i lefeinio'r Cyrff eraill gyda'u hagwedd at addysgu gweinidogion fel y dengys Trebor Lloyd Evans. "Yr oeddynt yn dibrisio addysg. Pregethu dawnus, nerthol ydoedd grym y Methodistiaid yn y blynyddoedd hyn, a chymaint oedd eu dawn a'u dylanwad ar y wlad nes ennill ohonynt yr hen Ymneilltuwyr, hwythau, 1'w hefelychu. Cododd pregethwyr mawr yn eu plith hwythau, i enwi'r ddau amlycaf yn unig - Christmas Evans gyda' r Bedyddwyr, a Williams o' r Wern gyda' r Annibynwyr. Rhoesai'r hen Ymneilltuwyr gynt, yn Bresbyteriaid, Bedyddywr ac Annibynwyr, bwys ar addysg y Weinidogaeth, ac ar addysg yn gyffredinol hefyd, a ffurfia'r hen Academiau Ymneilltuol bennod bwysig yn hanes addysg yng Nghymru. Ond addysg bur debyg o ran ei diben i'r gyfundrefn addysg a fu gan Gymru yn ein hoes ni ydoedd addysg yr Academlau, - addysg 6'i hwyneb tua Lloegr...... Ac erbyn dyddiau cynnar Lewis Edwards yr oedd cred Ymneilltuaeth yng ngwerth a phwysigrwydd addysg wedi gwanhau. Yr oedd yr holl enwadau wedi eu "methodisteiddio" ar y mater hwn. Aethpwyd i ddirmygu "goleuni yn y pen" a "dawn y periwigau. " Ymunodd Bedyddywr ac Annibynwyr gyda'u brodyr y Methodistiaid i amddiffyn "yr hen athrawiaeth" a'r hyn a olygent wrth uniongrededd. " " 325 O' R SECT VR ENWAD: ADDYSG AIR WEINIDOGAETH Credal R. Thomas, Bangor, fod yr hen do o weinidogion yr Annibynwyr wedi colli cyfle i ehangu terfynau'r corff hwnnw oherwydd au harafwch, eu pc yGlais ar ddysg ac athrawiaeth a' u diffyg tan. Dywed, "Yr ydym yn barnu hefyd, er bod ein hen weinidogion yn ddarllenwyr diwyd, yn astudwyr trwyadl, ac yn rheolaidd a bcneddigaidd yn eu holl symudiadau, eu bad ar yr un pryd, yn ddiffygiol i raddau go helaeth yn y cymwysderau oedd yn angenrheidiol i wneuthur argraff ddofn a pharhaol ar feddyliau y werin. Yr oeddynt yn athrawiaethwyr manwl; profent bob peth drosodd a throsodd drachefn, a chymwysent eu hathrawiaeth at feddyliau proffeswyr a gwrandawyr, mewn ffordd dra rhesymol; and yr oeddynt yn ddiffygiol mewn tan, nerth drychfeddyliau, a hyawdledd ymadrodd. Yr oedd ambell un yn eithriad i'r rheol hefyd.... er hyny, mae yn eithaf cywir eu bod yn ddiffygiol mewn amryw o bethau pwysig a defnyddiol a berthynent i lawer o brif bregethwyr rhai o' r enwadau eraill. " '2 Ac nid yn unig hynny and erbyn dechrau'r bedwaredd ganrif ar bymtheg yr oedd dull yr Annibynwyr "o roddi addysg athrofaol i wyr ieuaingc yn wynebu ar y weinidogaeth yn cael ei warthruddo yn ddiarbed.
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