Dyfodiad Y Rheilffordd a Newid Iaith Yng Ngogledd Cymru 1850–1900 Dot Jones 131 5

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Dyfodiad Y Rheilffordd a Newid Iaith Yng Ngogledd Cymru 1850–1900 Dot Jones 131 5 CYFRES HANES CYMDEITHASOL YR IAITH GYMRAEG Golygydd Cyffredinol: Geraint H. Jenkins HANES CYMDEITHASOL YR IAITH GYMRAEG Cyfrolau a gyhoeddwyd eisoes yn y gyfres: Y Gymraeg yn ei Disgleirdeb: Yr Iaith Gymraeg cyn y Chwyldro Diwydiannol, golygydd Geraint H. Jenkins (Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru, 1997) Statistical Evidence relating to the Welsh Language 1801–1911 / Tystiolaeth Ystadegol yn ymwneud â’r Iaith Gymraeg 1801–1911, gan Dot Jones (Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru, 1998) Iaith Carreg fy Aelwyd: Iaith a Chymuned yn y Bedwaredd Ganrif ar Bymtheg, golygydd Geraint H. Jenkins (Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru, 1998) Miliwn o Gymry Cymraeg! Yr Iaith Gymraeg a Chyfrifiad 1891, gan Gwenfair Parry a Mari A. Williams (Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru, 1999) ‘Gwnewch bopeth yn Gymraeg’ Yr Iaith Gymraeg a’i Pheuoedd 1801–1911 Golygydd GERAINT H. JENKINS CAERDYDD GWASG PRIFYSGOL CYMRU 1999 h Prifysgol Cymru © 1999 Cedwir pob hawl. Ni cheir atgynhyrchu unrhyw ran o’r cyhoeddiad hwn na’i gadw mewn cyfundrefn adferadwy na’i drosglwyddo mewn unrhyw ddull na thrwy unrhyw gyfrwng electronig, mecanyddol, ffoto-gopïo, recordio, nac fel arall, heb ganiatâd ymlaen llaw gan Wasg Prifysgol Cymru, 6 Stryd Gwennyth, Cathays, Caerdydd, CF2 4YD. Y mae cofnod catalogio’r gyfrol hon ar gael gan y Llyfrgell Brydeinig. ISBN 0–7083–1573–9 Diolchir i Fwrdd Gwybodau Celtaidd Prifysgol Cymru am gymorth ariannol tuag at gostau cyhoeddi’r gyfrol hon. Dyluniwyd y clawr gan Elgan Davies, Cyngor Llyfrau Cymru. Cysodwyd yng Nghaerdydd gan Wasg Prifysgol Cymru. Argraffwyd yn Lloegr gan Bookcraft, Midsomer Norton, Avon. Siaradwch yn Gymraeg A chanwch yn Gymraeg Beth bynnag fo’ch chwi’n wneuthur, Gwnewch bopeth yn Gymraeg. Richard Davies (Mynyddog) This page intentionally left blank Cynnwys Mapiau a Ffigurau ix Cyfranwyr xi Rhagair xiii Byrfoddau xv ‘Cymru, Cymry a’r Gymraeg’: Rhagymadrodd Geraint H. Jenkins 1 1. Parthau Iaith, Newidiadau Demograffig a’r Ardal Ddiwylliant Gymraeg 1800–1911 W. T. R. Pryce 35 2. Pair Dadeni: Y Boblogaeth a’r Iaith Gymraeg yn y Bedwaredd Ganrif ar Bymtheg Brinley Thomas 79 3. Tirfeddianwyr, Ffermwyr ac Iaith yn y Bedwaredd Ganrif ar Bymtheg R. J. Moore-Colyer 99 4. Dyfodiad y Rheilffordd a Newid Iaith yng Ngogledd Cymru 1850–1900 Dot Jones 131 5. Twristiaeth a’r Gymraeg yn y Bedwaredd Ganrif ar Bymtheg David Llewelyn Jones a Robert Smith 151 6. ‘Sfferau ar wahân’?: Menywod, Iaith a Pharchusrwydd yng Nghymru Oes Victoria Rosemary Jones 175 7. Yr Eglwysi a’r Iaith Gymraeg yn y Bedwaredd Ganrif ar Bymtheg R. Tudur Jones 207 8. Ymneilltuaeth a’r Iaith Gymraeg yn y Bedwaredd Ganrif ar Bymtheg R. Tudur Jones 229 viii ‘GWNEWCH BOPETH YN GYMRAEG’: Y GYMRAEG A’I PHEUOEDD 1801–1911 9. Llenyddiaeth Gymraeg y Bedwaredd Ganrif ar Bymtheg Robert Rhys 251 10. Y Gymraeg yn yr Eisteddfod Hywel Teifi Edwards 275 11. Argraffu a Chyhoeddi yn yr Iaith Gymraeg 1800–1914 Philip Henry Jones 297 12. Y Gymraeg a’r Wasg Gylchgronol Huw Walters 327 13. Yr Iaith Gymraeg a Newyddiaduraeth Aled Jones 353 14. Yr Iaith Gymraeg ym Myd Technoleg a Gwyddoniaeth 1800–1914 R. Elwyn Hughes 375 15. Yr Iaith Gymraeg yn Llyfrau Gleision 1847 Gareth Elwyn Jones 399 16. Y Wladwriaeth Brydeinig ac Addysg Gymraeg 1850–1914 W. Gareth Evans 427 17. Addysg Elfennol a’r Iaith Gymraeg 1870–1902 Robert Smith 451 18. Yr Iaith Gymraeg a Gwleidyddiaeth 1800–1880 Ieuan Gwynedd Jones 473 19. Ieithoedd Gwladgarwch yng Nghymru 1840–1880 Paul O’Leary 501 20. ‘Yn Llawn o Dân Cymreig’: Iaith Gwleidyddiaeth yng Nghymru 1880–1914 Neil Evans a Kate Sullivan 527 21. ‘Dryswch Babel’?: Yr Iaith Gymraeg, Llysoedd Barn a Deddfwriaeth yn y Bedwaredd Ganrif ar Bymtheg Mark Ellis Jones 553 Mynegai 581 Mapiau a Ffigurau Parthau iaith yn y 1800au cynnar 38 Newidiadau hir-dymor yn y boblogaeth: 1801–1831, 1831–1861, 1861–1891 a 1891–1911, yn seiliedig ar gyfanswm y newidiadau degawdol rhyng-gyfrifiadurol ym mhob cyfnod 46 Newidiadau yn y gwir fudo, 1841–1860, 1861–1890 a 1891–1910, yn seiliedig ar gyfanswm y newidiadau degawdol rhyng-gyfrifiadurol yn y gwir fudo ym mhob cyfnod 48 Mudo am oes (cyffredinol), 1861–1911 51 Mudo am oes (tarddiad arbennig), 1861, 1891 a 1911 54–5 Parthau iaith, c.1850 58 Parthau iaith yn y 1900au cynnar a thueddiadau hir-dymor mewn mannau arbennig, c.1750–1906 62 Siaradwyr Cymraeg (uniaith a dwyieithog) 3 oed a h}n, 1911 66 Siaradwyr Cymraeg: newidiadau canrannol rhwng 1901 a 1911 69 Mwyafrifoedd ieithyddol, 1911, a newidiadau yn y mwyafrifoedd ieithyddol rhwng 1901 a 1911 71 Unedau tiriogaethol at ddibenion ystadegol a chartograffig (data demograffig) 74 Nifer y newyddiaduron Cymraeg a lansiwyd, fesul degawd, 1800–1909 355 Y teitlau newydd Cymraeg a lansiwyd fel canran o gyfanswm y newyddiaduron a gyhoeddid, fesul degawd, 1800–1909 355 Prif ganolfannau cynhyrchu newyddiaduron Cymraeg, 1800–1899 356 Nifer y newyddiaduron Cymraeg a lansiwyd cyn ac ar ôl 1855 357 This page intentionally left blank Cyfranwyr Yr Athro Hywel Teifi Edwards, Athro Ymchwil, Adran y Gymraeg, Prifysgol Cymru Abertawe Mr Neil Evans, Tiwtor Hanes a Chydgysylltwr y Ganolfan Astudiaethau Cymreig, Coleg Harlech, a Darlithydd Anrhydeddus, Ysgol Hanes a Hanes Cymru, Prifysgol Cymru Bangor Dr W. Gareth Evans, Darllenydd, Adran Addysg, Prifysgol Cymru Aberystwyth Dr R. Elwyn Hughes, Cyn-Ddarllenydd mewn Biocemeg Maetheg, Prifysgol Cymru Caerdydd Yr Athro Geraint H. Jenkins, Cyfarwyddwr, Canolfan Uwchefrydiau Cymreig a Cheltaidd Prifysgol Cymru Yr Athro Aled Jones, Athro Syr John Williams a Phennaeth Adran Hanes a Hanes Cymru, Prifysgol Cymru Aberystwyth Dr David Llewelyn Jones, Cyn-Gymrawd Ymchwil, Canolfan Uwchefrydiau Cymreig a Cheltaidd Prifysgol Cymru Mrs Dot Jones, Cymrawd er Anrhydedd, Canolfan Uwchefrydiau Cymreig a Cheltaidd Prifysgol Cymru Yr Athro Gareth Elwyn Jones, Athro Ymchwil, Adran Addysg, Prifysgol Cymru Abertawe Yr Athro Emeritws Ieuan Gwynedd Jones, Cyn-Athro Hanes Cymru, Prifysgol Cymru Aberystwyth Dr Mark Ellis Jones, Cyn-fyfyriwr ôl-raddedig, Adran Hanes a Hanes Cymru, Prifysgol Cymru Aberystwyth Mr Philip Henry Jones, Darlithydd, Adran Astudiaethau Gwybodaeth a Llyfrgellyddiaeth, Prifysgol Cymru Aberystwyth xii ‘GWNEWCH BOPETH YN GYMRAEG’: Y GYMRAEG A’I PHEUOEDD 1801–1911 Ms Rosemary Jones, Cyn-Gymrawd Ymchwil, Canolfan Uwchefrydiau Cymreig a Cheltaidd Prifysgol Cymru ac aelod o staff Comisiwn Brenhinol Henebion Cymru Y diweddar Athro R. Tudur Jones, Cyn-Athro Anrhydeddus, Ysgol Ddiwinyddiaeth as Astudiaethau Crefydd, Prifysgol Cymru Bangor Yr Athro R. J. Moore-Colyer, Sefydliad Astudiaethau Gwledig Cymru, Prifysgol Cymru Aberystwyth Dr Paul O’Leary, Darlithydd, Adran Hanes a Hanes Cymru, Prifysgol Cymru Aberystwyth Dr W. T. R. Pryce, Uwch-ddarlithydd mewn Daearyddiaeth a Thiwtor Staff, Cyfadran Gwyddorau Cymdeithasol, Y Brifysgol Agored yng Nghymru, Caerdydd, a Chymrawd er Anrhydedd, Canolfan Uwchefrydiau Cymreig a Cheltaidd Prifysgol Cymru Mr Robert Rhys, Uwch-ddarlithydd, Adran y Gymraeg, Prifysgol Cymru Abertawe Dr Robert Smith, Cymrawd Ymchwil, Canolfan Uwchefrydiau Cymreig a Cheltaidd Prifysgol Cymru Ms Kate Sullivan, Myfyriwr ôl-raddedig, Adran Astudiaethau Theatr, Ffilm a Theledu, Prifysgol Cymru Aberystwyth a Chatalogydd Casgliad Sain a Delweddau Symudol, Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru Y diweddar Athro Emeritws Brinley Thomas, Cyn-Athro Economeg, Prifysgol Cymru Caerdydd Dr Huw Walters, Llyfrgellydd Cynorthwyol, Adran y Llyfrau Printiedig, Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru Rhagair Yn un o’i amryfal ysgrifau difyr mynegodd D. Tecwyn Lloyd ei ryfeddod yngl}n â’r ffaith fod gwlad mor doreithiog ac uniaith Gymraeg â Chymru yn y bedwaredd ganrif ar bymtheg mor besimistaidd yngl}n â dyfodol a pharhad yr iaith Gymraeg. I ryw raddau, ymgais i ateb y cwestiwn dyrys hwnnw yw cynnwys y gyfrol hon, sef y bumed i’w chyhoeddi yn y gyfres ‘Hanes Cymdeithasol yr Iaith Gymraeg’. Eisoes, mewn cyfrolau blaenorol yn ymdrin â ffawd y Gymraeg yn y bedwaredd ganrif ar bymtheg, dangoswyd sut yr achosid newid cymdeithasol-ieithyddol sylweddol gan ddiwydiannu, trefoli a mewnfudo, ac eir gam ymhellach y tro hwn drwy ddadansoddi’r defnydd o’r Gymraeg mewn gwahanol beuoedd cymdeithasol a’r modd yr oedd y Cymry eu hunain, ynghyd â’r Saeson, yn ymagweddu ati. Afraid pwysleisio’r ffaith mai Saesneg oedd iaith dod ymlaen yn y byd yn y cyfnod dan sylw ac, yn ôl llawer o iwtilitariaid a Darwiniaid a Dic-Siôn-Dafyddion Cymraeg eu hiaith, gorau po gyntaf y diflannai iaith mor dlawd ac israddol â’r Gymraeg i niwl y gorffennol. Cyplysid yr iaith fain â ‘buddioldeb’ a ‘defnyddioldeb’, a thrwy geisio cyfyngu’r defnydd o’r Gymraeg i’r aelwyd, y capel a’r eisteddfod leol, nod y Cymry dosbarth-canol oedd ei chadw ‘dan yr hatsys’, chwedl un o gomisiynwyr ‘Brad y Llyfrau Gleision’. Ond, fel y dengys tystiolaeth y gyfrol hon, camgymeriad fyddai tybio i’r Gymraeg gael ei gwthio’n llwyr i’r cyrion. Fel yr âi’r bedwaredd ganrif ar bymtheg rhagddi, bu’r cynnydd syfrdanol yn y boblogaeth, diwydiannu sylweddol, gwelliannau mewn trafnidiaeth, diwygiadau crefyddol a thwf y wasg Gymraeg yn waredigaeth i’r Gymraeg ac yn fodd hefyd i saernïo hunaniaeth ddiwylliannol a gwleidyddol rymus. Llwyddwyd i gynnal y Gymraeg mewn llawer mwy o feysydd nag y mae haneswyr wedi bod yn fodlon cydnabod. Fel y gwyddys, cyfres amlddisgyblaethol a chydweithredol yw hon, ac y mae’n dda gennyf ddiolch yn galonnog i bob un o’r cyfranwyr am eu cydweithrediad a’u hamynedd. Y mae’n chwith iawn gennyf fod dau gyfrannwr wedi marw cyn i’w penodau weld golau dydd. Yn eu priod feysydd yr oedd yr Athro Emeritws Brinley Thomas a’r Athro R. Tudur Jones yn ysgolheigion cawraidd ac, fel y dengys eu cyfraniadau i’r gyfrol xiv ‘GWNEWCH BOPETH YN GYMRAEG’: Y GYMRAEG A’I PHEUOEDD 1801–1911 hon, ymhlith y pethau sy’n rhoi gwerth parhaol i’w gwaith yw eu hymwybod dwfn â phwysigrwydd y Gymraeg o safbwynt hunaniaeth y genedl. Carwn hefyd gydnabod yn arbennig gyfraniad nodweddiadol wylaidd y diweddar Athro Emeritws J.
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