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Chapter 3 – the British in North America

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Chapter 3 – the British in North America 3 The British in North America Chapter What kind of society did the British colonists create in INQUIRY North America? Key L Mercantilism CONCEPT Many imperial powers from Europe used the mercantile system to grow powerful. Mercantilism allowed an imperial country to become rich in gold and silver by selling the resources taken from its colonies. Fish, furs, wood, and iron ore could bring the home country great wealth. With unlimited access to these resources, the home country no longer had to pay to get them from other countries. The imperial country could consume as many resources as it needed. Then it could make even more money by selling what it didn’t need to other countries in exchange for gold and silver. This chapter examines Britain as an example of one imperial power that used the mercantile system. Through its colonies in North America, Britain hoped to obtain everything it needed to become rich and powerful. British Colonies In Chapter 2, you learned how newcomers from France built colonies in North America. In this chapter, you’ll discover the reasons why Britain wanted to do the same. You’ll see how Britain’s colonies differed from those of France. This chapter gives you a chance to analyze the impact of the newcomers on the First Nations. Finally, you will have the opportunity to learn about some early British explorers and their accomplishments in North America. 52 The British in North America ChapterChapter 3 3 Honing Perspectives on Mercantilism Your Skills This chapter asks you to think further about the economic reasons behind the Comparing and Europeans’ desire to colonize North America. contrasting two things means finding similarities and differences between them. The Skill Check feature on the next page will show you how to do this. The project at the end of this chapter will ask you to compare and contrast the societies of the First Nations, New France, and the British colonies. Think L Study the diagram and the painting of the b) Can you think of any drawbacks of using British colony at Halifax. this system? List those as well. AHEAD a) Brainstorm a list of ways the mercantile c) When you have finished this chapter, return system might benefit to your list and revise it according to what • the home country you have learned. • the colonists • the First Nations 53 VOICES AND VISIONS VOICES AND VISIONS A Story of Canada SKILL CHECK: Compare and Contrast n Chapter 1, we looked at the societies of three different First Nations. Chapter 2 Iintroduced you to the ways of life of the early French colonists in North America. In this chapter, we will study the British in North America and explore the kind of society they created. By the end of Chapter 3, you may be able to see similarities and differences among all of these societies. This will help you begin to understand the relationships that developed among them. Here are some guidelines for comparing and contrasting information effectively. Create a Graphic of France and England in the 1600s, you Organizer could divide your chart into categories A graphic organizer helps you compare such as type of government, religion, and contrast information. To compare language spoken, location of colonies, two European countries in the 1600s, and so on. The categories you choose you would list the facts about each one will depend on the question you are in two separate columns. Then you trying to answer. (You may have to do would look for the things that are extra research—at the library or on the similar and different. Internet—in order to find all the information needed for your chart.) Decide on Categories for Comparison Communicate Your Dividing your organizer Findings into categories Once you have completed your allows you to organizer and analyzed the results, you 1. Fill in the chart below to make a compare and can communicate your findings in one very general comparison of France and contrast the of several ways: England in the 1600s. Add two more most • through an oral presentation, using categories of your own choosing your organizer to point out and fill them in. important similarities and differences 2. Create your own organizer to compare and characteristics. • in a Venn diagram contrast two things of your choice. You For example, if • in a written summary that explains could look at two music groups, two you are looking the information in paragraph form different newspapers, or a couple at the countries of different clothing stores, for example. Categories France England Government Monarchy - ruled by a king Monarchy - ruled by a king Religion Language Location of colonies in North America (Hint: See page 35.) 54 The British in North America ChapterChapter 3 3 The British Cross the Atlantic rance was not the only European were not prepared for the harsh life of the Fcountry building an empire. All the North American wilderness. Still, the British imperial powers of Europe believed an wanted to try again. Why was it important empire was the path to wealth and for Britain to build colonies in America? Focus power. In this section, you’ll • The economy. France, Spain, and Why did discover some of the different Portugal had made a lot of money from the British reasons why the British decided to their colonies in the Americas. Britain build colonies expand their empire by building hoped it could do the same. in America? colonies in North America. • Competition. Spain and France were expanding their empires. Britain was in competition with them and wanted to Colonizing America prevent them from becoming more Walter Raleigh was the first English explorer powerful. to try to build a colony in North America. • Quality of life. In Britain, the cities were His first attempt was in 1585. It failed, so he overcrowded and there was little good tried again in 1587. This attempt failed, too. farmland left. Colonies provided a place Raleigh failed because he and the colonists to resettle people. • Religious freedom. Many religious groups in Britain (for example, the Puritans, Quakers, and Baptists) were treated badly because of their beliefs. They wanted to find a place where they could practise their faiths freely. Going to America seemed like a good opportunity. King James I of England knew it would cost a great deal of money to set up the colonies. However, he did not want to risk losing the government’s money. Instead, in 1607 he began granting permission to private groups who were interested in setting up colonies along the eastern coast of North America. The Thirteen Colonies ] Eventually, colonists from Britain established 13 separate colonies along the eastern coast of the present-day United States. Together the colonies became known as New Figure 3.1 The Thirteen Colonies in North America. Compare this map to a modern map of the United States. What has changed? 55 VOICES AND VISIONS VOICES AND VISIONS A Story of Canada England. Each colony was unique. Each had Pilgrims came to America in search of a its own social structure, religious groups, place where they could practise their and type of government. religion freely. They were joined by other Their economies were based on settlers who cleared farms, raised cattle, and producing various goods. For example, the fished for a living. colony called Virginia had a mild climate that was suited to growing tobacco. This The Thirteen Colonies product was very popular in Europe. The demand for tobacco played the same role in and New France Compared Virginia as the demand for furs played in New France and the first of the Thirteen New France. To the north of Virginia, a Colonies were founded around the same religious group called the Pilgrims founded a time. Yet England’s colonies grew much more colony at Plymouth, Massachusetts. The quickly (see Figure 3.3). Why was this so? Figure 3.2 The mercantile system and flow of goods between England and its colonies. With the money they earned from tobacco, many plantation owners could afford to import luxury items from England. England charged the colonists high prices for these goods. Examine this diagram. How does it show that the relationship between England and its colonies was a good example of the mercantile system? New France The Thirteen Colonies 1660 3 000 90 000 1710 18 000 331 711 1720 24 474 446 185 1730 34 118 629 445 1740 44 000 905 563 1750 53 000 1 170 760 1760 64 000 1 593 625 Figure 3.3 Population growth in New France and New England, 1660–1760. Before reading on, speculate about the reasons why the Thirteen Colonies grew faster than New France. 56 The British in North America ChapterChapter 3 3 Britain and France had different of the characteristics of each. These factors reasons for colonizing North America. In the will help you understand why the beginning, they did not have the same goals population of the British colonies in America or use the same systems to run their grew relatively quickly. colonies. The following chart outlines some New France The Thirteen Colonies Different Goals France was not interested in Britain invested a lot of money spending heavily on its North in its colonies overseas. The American colonies. Its priority British wanted to establish was collecting furs and other large settlements to gain natural resources such as military and economic timber, fish, and metal ores advantage over the other from the land. imperial countries. The Climate The climate of the St. Lawrence The climate was mild, Valley and Acadia was extreme.
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