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Ρωμαϊκό Υδραγωγείο – Roman Aqueduct (Pdf) ΥΠΟΥΡΓΕΙΟ ΠΟΛΙΤΙΣΜΟΥ & ΑΘΛΗΤΙΣΜΟΥ MINISTRY OF CULTURE AND SPORTS ΕΦΟΡΕΙΑ ΑΡΧΑΙΟΤΗΤΩΝ ΠΡΕΒΕΖΑΣ EPHORATE OF ANTIQUITIES OF PREVEZA Το παρόν έντυπο υλοποιήθηκε This publication was created στο πλαίσιο του Έργου: in relation to the project «Ανάδειξη Ρωμαϊκού Υδραγωγείου Νικόπολης» “Enhancement of the Roman Aqueduct of Nicopolis” ΕΡΓΟ ΣΥΓΧΡΗΜΑΤΟΔΟΤΟΥΜΕΝΟ A PROJECT CO-FUNDED ΑΠΟ ΤΗΝ ΕΥΡΩΠΑΪΚΗ ΕΝΩΣΗ BY THE EUROPEAN UNION ΕΥΡΩΠΑΪΚΟ ΤΑΜΕΙΟ ΠΕΡΙΦΕΡΕΙΑΚΗΣ ΑΝΑΠΤΥΞΗΣ EUROPEAN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT FUN ISBN 978-960-386-264-2 © Copyright Εφορεία Αρχαιοτήτων Πρέβεζας, 2015 / Ephorate of Antiquities of Preveza, 2015 2 Γενική επιμέλεια Editing Ανθή Αγγέλη, Anthi Aggeli, Προϊσταμένη της Εφορείας Αρχαιοτήτων Πρέβεζας Director of the Ephorate of Antiquities of Preveza Κείμενα Text Ελπίδα Σαλταγιάννη, αρχαιολόγος (Μ.Α.) Elpida Saltagianni, archaeologist (M.A) Χριστίνα Μερκούρη, Christina Merkouri, Προϊσταμένη της Εφορείας Αρχαιοτήτων Ζακύνθου Director of the Ephorate of Antiquities of Zakynthos Ιωάννης Γιαννακάκης, αρχαιολόγος (PHD) Ioannis Giannakakis, archaeologist (PHD) Επιλογή φωτογραφιών Plate selection Ιωάννης Γιαννακάκης Ioannis Giannakakis Καλλιτεχνική επιμέλεια Artistic supervision www.polyptychon.gr Παραγωγή Production ΜΑΥΡΟΓΕΝΗΣ ΑΕ MAVROGENIS SA 3 ΠΕΡΙΕΧΟΜΕΝΑ / CONTENTS Πρόλογος / Preface 6 Η ΝΙΚΟΠΟΛΗ ΣΤΟ ΧΡΟΝΟ / Ε. Σαλταγιάννη NIKOPOLIS THROUGH TIME / Ε. Saltagianni 10 Ρωμαϊκή περίοδος: Ίδρυση - Ακμή / Roman period: Foundation and rise 11 Η Νικόπολη στους Βυζαντινούς χρόνους / Nicopolis in the Byzantine period 15 ΙΣΤΟΡΙΚΕΣ ΜΑΡΤΥΡΙΕΣ / X. Μερκούρη HISTORICAL TESTIMONIES / Ch. Merkouri 17 Παλαιότερες επεμβάσεις / Previous work at the aqueduct 21 ΔΙΑΧΕΙΡΙΣΗ ΥΔΑΤΩΝ ΣΤΑ ΡΩΜΑΪΚΑ ΥΔΡΑΓΩΓΕΙΑ / X. Μερκούρη WATER MANAGEMENT IN ROMAN AQUEDUCTS / Ch. Merkouri 25 Το υδραγωγείο της Νικόπολης / The aqueduct of Nicopolis 41 4 ΠΟΡΕΙΑ ΚΑΙ ΠΕΡΙΓΡΑΦΗ ΤΟΥ ΥΔΡΑΓΩΓΕΙΟΥ ΝΙΚΟΠΟΛΗΣ / Ι. Γιαννακάκης ROUTE AND DESCRIPTION OF THE NICOPOLIS AQUEDUCT / Ι. Giannakakis 45 Θέση Ανάδειξης 1: Άγιος Γεώργιος / 1: Site of Aghios Georgios 46 Θέση Ανάδειξης 2: Κοκκινόπηλος / 2: Site of Kokkinopilos 53 Θέση Ανάδειξης 3Α: Στεφάνη / 3A: Site of Stefani 58 Θέση Ανάδειξης 3Β: Σκάλα Λούρου / 3B: Site of Skala Lourou 60 Θέση Ανάδειξης 4: Αρχάγγελος / 4: Site of Archangelos 63 Θέση Ανάδειξης 5: Νυμφαίο / 5: Site of Nymphaeum 66 EΡΓΑΣΙΕΣ ΠΟΥ ΠΡΑΓΜΑΤΟΠΟΙΗΘΗΚΑΝ ΣΤΟ ΠΛΑΙΣΙΟ ΤΟΥ ΕΡΓΟΥ WORKS CARRIED OUT IN RELATION TO THE PROJECT «Ανάδειξη Ρωμαϊκού Υδραγωγείου Νικόπολης» / Ι. Γιαννακάκης “Enhancement of the Roman Aqueduct of Nicopolis” / Ι. Giannakakis 72 Βιβλιογραφία / Bibliography 78 5 ΠΡΟ ΛΟ ΓΟ Σ PREFACE Το υδραγωγείο της Νικόπολης αποτελεί ένα από με- The aqueduct of Nicopolis constitutes one of the great γάλα έργα κοινής ωφελείας των Ρωμαίων, που συνδέ- common utility works undertaken by the Romans and it εται με την ίδρυση της Νικόπολης από τον Οκταβιανό is connected to the establishment of Nicopolis by Octa- Αύγουστο, λίγο μετά τη νίκη του - και σε ανάμνηση αυ- vian Augustus, as a commemoration of his victory at the τής - στη ναυμαχία του Ακτίου (31 π.Χ.). naval Battle of Actium (31 B.C.). Η ύπαρξη υδραγωγείου στη Νικόπολη είναι ενδεικτική The existence of an aqueduct at Nicopolis is indicative του μεγέθους, καθώς και της σημασίας της ως πόλης. of the size as well as of the importance of the city. Water Η υδροδότηση μιας πόλης που υπήρξε πρωτεύουσα supply to a city which was the capital of a Roman ρωμαϊκής επαρχίας (Epirus και αργότερα Epirus Vetus) province (Epirus and later Epirus Vetus) and with a pop- και είχε πληθυσμό που ξεπερνούσε τους 100.000 κα- ulation surpassing 100,000 at the time of its height was τοίκους την περίοδο της ακμής της ήταν απαραίτητη necessary to cover everyday needs as well as to oper- τόσο για την κάλυψη των καθημερινών αναγκών των ate the public baths (Thermae) and its other infrastruc- κατοίκων της, όσο και για τη λειτουργία των δημόσιων tures. λουτρών (Thermae) και άλλων υποδομών της. The aqueduct of Nicopolis runs across a distance of ap- Το υδραγωγείο της Νικόπολης καλύπτει μια απόσταση proximately 50 km. from the springs of Agios Georgios 50χλμ. περίπου από τις πηγές του Αγίου Γεωργίου (υψό- (at an altitude of 112.96 m.) to the Nymphaeum complex μετρο 112,96μ.) έως το συγκρότημα του Νυμφαίου στη in Nicopolis (at an altitude of 32 m). It is virtually a closed Νικόπολη (υψόμετρο 32μ.). Πρόκειται ουσιαστικά για ditch which channels water into the city through main- μια κλειστή αύλακα, η οποία διατηρώντας μια συνεχή taining a constant and steady declivity. Different solu- ελαφρά κατωφέρεια και σταθερή κλίση, διοχετεύει νε- tions were used to achieve this, chosen according to ρό προς την πόλη. Για να επιτευχθεί αυτό, χρησιμοποιή- the specificities of the geomorphology of the region, θηκαν διαφορετικές λύσεις, οι οποίες επιλέγονταν ανά- thus rendering this project an impressive example of ro- λογα με τις ιδιαιτερότητες που παρουσίαζε το γεωμορ- man hydraulic engineering. φολογικό ανάγλυφο, καθιστώντας το έργο ένα εντυπω- σιακό παράδειγμα ρωμαϊκής υδραυλικής μηχανικής. Despite its importance, this monument has never been 6 Το μνημείο, παρά τη σημασία του, δεν αποτέλεσε ποτέ a visitable archaeological site. Some work was under- οργανωμένο επισκέψιμο αρχαιολογικό χώρο. Στο πα- taken in the past, to fix and restore the series of pillars ρελθόν είχαν πραγματοποιηθεί εργασίες στερέωσης at Agios Georgios, which is the monument’s most char- και αποκατάστασης στις πεσσοστοιχίες του Αγίου Γε- acteristic and recognizable part. ωργίου που είναι το πιο χαρακτηριστικό και αναγνωρί- σιμο τμήμα του. From 2011 to 2015, the 33rd EPCA and then the Ephor- ate of Antiquities of Preveza undertook the work ‘Pro- Κατά τα έτη 2011 έως 2015 υλοποιήθηκε αρχικά από τη motion of the Roman Aqueduct at Nicopolis, in the De- ΛΓ΄ Ε.Π.Κ.Α. και στη συνέχεια από την Εφορεία Αρχαι- partment of Preveza’, which was integrated into the οτήτων Πρέβεζας το έργο «Ανάδειξη Ρωμαϊκού ‘Competitiveness and Entrepreneurship’ (EPAN II) pro- Υδραγωγείου Νικόπολης Νομού Πρέβεζας», ενταγμέ- gramme of the NSRF, with a budget of €1,900,000. νο στο πρόγραμμα «Ανταγωνιστικότητα και Επιχειρη- ματικότητα» (ΕΠΑΝ ΙΙ) του ΕΣΠΑ με προϋπολογισμό Within the context of the project, six sites were high- 1.900.000€. lighted along the course of the aqueduct. These sites presented succinctly the range of the - often technical- Στο πλαίσιο του έργου αναδείχθηκαν έξι θέσεις κατά ly impressive - construction options used for the monu- μήκος της πορείας του υδραγωγείου, στις οποίες πα- ment, in order to overcome the natural relief’s singular- ρουσιαζόταν με συνοπτικό τρόπο το εύρος των κατα- ities. σκευαστικών επιλογών –συχνά εντυπωσιακής τεχνι- κής φύσεως- του μνημείου, ώστε να προσπελαστούν More specifically, the sites chosen were those at the re- οι ιδιαιτερότητες του φυσικού αναγλύφου. gion of Agios Georgios, at Kokkinopilos, at Stephani, at Skala Lourou, at the Iroon Archangelou and at Συγκεκριμένα, επιλέχθηκαν οι θέσεις στην περιοχή Nymphaeum of Nicopolis, which is considered to have του Αγίου Γεωργίου, του Κοκκινόπηλου,της Στεφά- been the aqueduct’s final destination. These selected νης, της Σκάλας Λούρου, του Ηρώου Αρχαγγέλου, και sites were excavated and archaeological research was του Νυμφαίου στη Νικόπολη, το οποίο θεωρείται και undertaken in order to immediately rescue parts of the το συμβατικό πέρας του υδραγωγείου. Στις επιλεγμέ- monuments which were poorly preserved, as well as to 7 νες θέσεις πραγματοποιήθηκαν ανασκαφικές εργα- create infrastructure and public service projects. σίες και εν γένει αρχαιολογικές έρευνες, εργασίες για την άμεση διάσωση τμημάτων του μνημείου που σώ- From November of 2014, the project continued under ζονταν σε κακή κατάσταση διατήρησης και υλοποιή- the newly founded Ephorate of Antiquities of Preveza, θηκαν έργα υποδομής και εξυπηρέτησης κοινού. under the direction of the author. At this point, I would like to thank all collaborators for the zeal that they man- Από τον Νοέμβριο του 2014 το έργο συνεχίστηκε από ifested and the effort they put in the materialization of τη νεοϊδρυθείσα Εφορεία Αρχαιοτήτων Πρέβεζας, this project. υπό τη διεύθυνση της υπογράφουσας. Από τη θέση αυτή, επιθυμώ να ευχαριστήσω όλους τους συντελε- The persons responsible for the project were Christina στές για το ζήλο που επέδειξαν και την προσπάθεια Merkouri, Head of the Ephorate from 2011 to 2014, που κατέβαλαν για την υλοποίηση του έργου. Georgios Riginos, Head of the Department of Sites, Monuments & Archaeognostic Research of the 33rd EP- Η Χριστίνα Μερκούρη, Προϊσταμένη της Εφορείας CA from 2011 to 2012 and archaeologist Aspasia Pap- από το 2011 έως και το 2014, ο Γεώργιος Ρήγινος, athanasiou. Archaeologists Athina Konstantaki, Foteini Προϊστάμενος του Τμήματος Χώρων, Μνημείων & Αρ- Siska, Elpida Saltagianni and Anthi Aggeli were mem- χαιογνωστικής Έρευνας της ΛΓ΄ ΕΠΚΑ από το 2011 έως bers of the supervision team. το 2012 και η αρχαιολόγος Ασπασία Παπαθανασίου ήταν υπεύθυνοι του έργου. Οι αρχαιολόγοι Αθηνά Archaeologists Eleni Schiza, Anna Retsina, Vasiliki Κωνσταντάκη, Φωτεινή Σίσκα, Ελπίδα Σαλταγιάννη Tsamatou, Olga Katsaveli, Ioanna Kartezini, Themisto- και Ανθή Αγγέλη ήταν μέλη της ομάδας επίβλεψης. cles Kolyvas, Eleni Bounia, Alexandra Petala, Ioannis Giannakakis, Stylianos Tzirakis supervised the work un- Οι αρχαιολόγοι Ελένη Σχίζα, Άννα Ρετσίνα, Βασιλική dertaken in the field and were also charged with the Τσαμάτου, Όλγα Κατσαβέλη, Ιωάννα Καρτεζίνη, Θεμι- project’s administrative tasks. Civil engineers Marina στοκλής Κολύβας, Ελένη Μπουνιά, Αλεξάνδρα Πεταλά Mega and Theodosios Kavakopoulos supervised
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