Res Publica Constituta: Actium, Apollo and the Accomplishment of the Triumviral Assignment
Abstract
res publica
Dedication
Acknowledgements
List of Contents
Abstract page ii
Dedication page iii
Acknowledgement page iv
Lists of Contents page v
List of Illustrations page viii
Abbreviations page x
Chapter 1: Introduction page 1
Chapter 2: The Triumvirate page 19
res publica
Chapter 3: Approach to War page 56
Chapter 4: Bellum Actiacum Alexandrinumque page 98
Chapter 5: Onsite Commemorations of the Battle of Actium page 142
Chapter 6: Waiting for Caesar page 187
Damnatio memoriae
Chapter 7: Res publica constituta page 229
Res publica
Chapter 8: Conclusion page 273
Bibliography page 290
List of Illustrations
Abbreviations
AJA American Journal of Archaeology
AJP American Journal of Philology
A RW Aufstieg und iedergang der römischen Welt
BABesch Bulletin Antieke Beschaving (Annual Papers on Classical
Archaeology)
BICS Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies
BMC Coins of the Roman Empire in the British Museum
CAH The Cambridge Ancient History
CIL Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum
CQ The Classical Quarterly
CR The Classical Review
Documents Illustrating the Reigns of
Augustus and Tiberius
HZ Historische Zeitschrift
IG Inscriptiones Graecae
IGRR Inscriptiones Graecae ad res romanas
pertinentes
ILLRP Inscriptiones Latinae liberae rei publicae
ILS Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae
IRTripol The Inscriptions of Roman Tripolitania
JRA Journal of Roman Archaeology
JRS Journal of Roman Studies
JHS Journal of Hellenic Studies
LIMC Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae,
LTUR Lexicon Topographicum Urbis Romae,
MAAR Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome
MDAI (A) Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archaologischen Instituts, Athenische
Abteilung
MDAI (R) Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Römische
Abteilung
icopolis 1 icopolis 1. Proceedings of the first International
Symposium on icopolis (23 - 29 September 1984),
icopolis B icopolis B. Proceedings of the Second International
icopolis Symposium (11 - 15 September 2002),
PBSR Papers of the British School at Rome
PCPhS Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society
RE Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft
RIC The Roman Imperial Coinage
RG Res Gestae Divi Augusti
RRC Roman Republican Coinage
TAPA Transactions of the American Philological Association
ZPE Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik
Chapter 1: Introduction
Apud Actium descendenti in aciem asellus cum asinario occurrit: homini
Eutychus, bestiae icon erat nomen; utrisque simulacrum aeneum victor
posuit in templo, in quod castrorum suorum locum vertit.
Aug
Ant
Aug
res publica
res publica
pax
res publica
res publica
triumviri rei publicae constituendae
Principate
RG
Actium and Augustus. The Politics and Emotions of Civil War
Caesar’s Legacy. Civil War and the Emergence of the Roman Empire
The Roman Revolution
Res Gestae Divi Augusti RG
RG
RG RG RG
RG
RG
res gestae
RG
Aug
RG
RG
Campus Martius ante Mausoleum
Aug tabulae
RG
RG
RG ante Mausoleum RG Campus Martius RG
Aug
Fig. 1: Campus Martius See printed edition of thesis. RG RG
RG
RG
Ara Pacis
RG
Campus via Flaminia
pax concordia concordia RG Soli donum dedit CIL Aegypto in potestatem populi Romani redacta RG Aug sexto suo consulatu extruxerat. Ant Aug
feriae
RG
RG
apologia
Campus Martius RG
RG
RG
Ara Pacis Aug
RG
RG
Aeneid
RG
Bellum Civile On the civil war Gallic wars Kriegschuldfrage
Ben optanda erat ablivio
idea
res publica
Haec nuntiant domum Albani. Et bellum utrimque summa ope
parabatur, civili simillimum bello, prope inter parentes natosque,
Troianam utramque prolem,…
Georgica Aeneid
ad fam me clamante, nihil esse bello civili miserius
Controversiae
optima civilis belli defensio oblivio est
Domi plus belli concitari quam foris legati ab Ardea intestina arma RG Ex bello tam tristi nefando nefas Fasti Bellum Catilinae Ann non mos, non ius discordia discordia Phil Ecl discordia
Chapter 2: The Triumvirate
pax
Iul
Brut B.C
Ep Aug B.C Div.Iul B.C Phil Phil postumus filius Aug stupro
Prima civilium motuum causa testamentum Caesaris fuit
rostra
Divi filius
2.1: The champion of the res publica : Octavian’s political beginnings
RG
privatus RG pater patriae RG
pietas pietas Divi filius RG honores impensae res gestae RG RG RG RG RG RG
RG
Annos undeviginti natus exercitum privato consilio et privata impensa
comparavi, per quem rem publicam a dominatione factionis oppressam in
libertatem vindicavi. Eo nomine senatus decretis honorificis in ordinem suum
me adlegit, C. Pansa et A. Hirtio consulibus, consularem locum sententiae
dicendae tribuens, et imperium mihi dedit. Res publica ne quid detrimenti
caperet, me propraetore simul cum consulibus providere iussit. Populus autem
eodem anno me consulem, cum cos. uterque bello cecidisset, et triumvirum rei
publicae constituendae creavit.
imperium
privatus
res publica
RG
res publica
res publica
Libertatis P R Vindex Libertas
B.C
RG RG factio Jug Bell.Civ Bell.Gal Brut Att De Re Publica factio factio polis polis stasis homonoia Concordia stasis Phil De Re Publica Bell.Civ Aug factio De Re Publica dominatio paucorum RG libertas factio res publica RG
RG his
imperium
res publica RG
Att
RG
Phil Att B.C
Cisalpina
Fam B.C
B.C
Br
libertas RG B.C Sull Mithr B.C Per
RG
RG rem publicam a dominatione factionis oppressam
RG
imperium
ovatio
Phil
RG
RG
2.2: The triumviral assignment
RG Aug Ann B.C Aug B.C Brut B.C
Lex Titia
tresviri rei publicae constituendae
RG
res publica res publica
B.C
B.C dictator rei publicae constituendae
Lex Valeria De
Leg.Agr B.C rei publicae constituendae
B.C
rei publicae constituendae
Per B.C RRC RRC RRC Lex Titia RG Fasti Colotiani B.C triumviratus Per Ann Aug RRC
dictator perpetuus
res publica B.C
B.C.
imperium
Caesar Phil B.C B.C Aug Gallia arbonensis Gallia Comata Cisalpina B.C Per B.C Aug B.C
imperium consulare domi militiae
imperium potens rerum omnium RG
B.C Lex
Titia
B.C
B.C
B.C
Per Ant B.C B.C Phil B.C
en masse
en masse
res publica
lex Titia B.C acta acta legibus solutus
B.C.
tresviri rei publicae constituendae B.C
rem publicam constituere
Ann. pietate erga parentem et necessitudine rei publicae…ad arma civilia actum
clementia
clementia
pietas
Fasti
hoc opus, haec pietas, haec prima elementa fuerunt
Caesaris, ulcisci iusta per arma patrem.
Annales
necessitudine rei publicae
Ann
on regno tamen neque dictatura, sed principis nomine constitutam rem
publicam
res publica Ann
Ann
Phil Ann Ann Ann
Ann
RG
RG
Qui parentem meum trucidaverunt, eos in exilium expuli iudiciis legitimis ultus
eorum facinus, et postea bellum inferentis rei publicae vici bis acie.
pietas
res publica
res publica
Lex Pedia
Per Aug B.C
imperium damnatio memoriae pietas
Lex Pedia
B.C clementia
RG
Bella terra et mari civilia externaque toto in orbe terrarum saepe gessi,…
RG
RG RG
res publica
RG
constitutio rei publicae
2.3: The renewal of the triumvirate
Fasti Colotiani
Fasti Cap B.C
Ant
fasti capitolini
IIIviri reipubl. Constit. caussa
res publica
B.C.
Ill. Lex Titia decemvirs Liv B.C
clementia
res publica
Per cum vicinus Italiae hostis Sex.
Pompeius
Per Aug RG B.C
Per
Ann
Aug
B.C Aug B.C B.C B.C Ant B.C Per Ann ero B.C
B.C
constitutio rei publicae
B.C.
res publica
2.4: Apollo and Octavian: the origins of a divine relationship
potentia
Eclogue
Saturnium regnum Ecl
TUUS IAM REG AT APOLLO ultimum saeculum ostendit,
quod Sibylla Solis esse memoravit
pax RRC Eclogue Met Eclogue
Eclogue
Aug Saturnia regna Aug Apollo Palatinus ,
haruspices
haruspices
laudatio Div.Iul
Iulii Iulii
Aug Aug Apollo Actius Iulii Iulii. Aug Octavii Mars Ultor gens Octavia gens Iulia Apollo Medicus CIL Aen .H. gens Iulia
B.C
Epist Verg Ecl RIC RIC RRC RRC IG
Ant
Apollo at Philippi
Brut.
libertas
libertas Libertas’
eos Dionysus libertas RRC Iliad B.C
libertas
Legend and calumny: Atia
Aug
Aug RG RG
Aug
Epigrammata Bobiensia
Domitii Marsi de Atia matre Augusti:
Ante omnes alias felix tamen hoc ego dicor,
Sive hominem peperi femina sive deum
natalis Augusti
Epigr.Bob
Inst
Legend and calumny: the feast of the 12 gods
Aug
Eclogue
Summing up
Eclogue
Eclogue
Eclogue
Eclogue
B.C Eclogue
2.5: Sextus Pompeius and the accomplishment of the triumviral assignment
B.C Per
corona navalis
potestas
B.C
triskeles
Aen Per Ben .H RIC
ovatio
B.C
ovatio
RG Aug
feriae
B.C.
RIC
B.C sacrosanctitas
res publica
B.C
RIC
res publica
B.C
Forum Romanum
B.C. estasiamenen stasiazo stasis pace parta terra marique
B.C Aug
Concordia
pax RG
Concordia
RG res publica bellum inferentis rei publicae RG
res publica arma contra rem publicam
RG
res publica res publica
RG
Epode
Ut nuper, actus cum freto eptunius
dux fugit ustis navibus,
minatus urbi vincla, quae detraxerat
servis amicus perfidis?
Concordia RG Ep B.C Aen Verg Aen
damnatio memoriae
RG
Mare pacavi a praedonibus. Eo bello servorum qui fugerant a dominis suis et
arma contra rem publicam ceperant triginta fere millia capta dominis as
supplicium sumendum tradidi.
RG Odes
Aug
B.C
B.C
B.C
RG
RG
occupatas bello servili RG
Per
2.6: Conclusion
RG
mos maiorum
res publica
res publica
Lex Titia
Pax Augusta res publica
B.C.
RG
RG
B.C
B.C
Chapter 3: Approach to War
RG
3.1: The breakdown of a ‘friendship’
B.C.
Ant
Per M. Antonius dum cum
Ant B.C RG Ant B.C
Cleopatra luxuriatur tarde Mediam ingressus bellum
belatedly
Ant
Ant
Ant
dum
Ant
Ant
Ant
Ant
B.C
Per Ant.Iud
Bell.Iud. Ant Ann
Ant
acta
Ant
RRC
Ant
Ant RRC Ant
3.2: The end of the triumvirate
B.C
politeia’
RRC
potestas
res publica privatus
Per
potestas
potestas
Illyr
Per CIL Ann
Per
acta
ILS
Illyr RG
RG
privatus
RG
triumvir per continuos annos decem
B.C
Per
exousia
Aug per decem annos RG B.C pentaetie Illyr RG
potens rerum omnium RG
RG
In consulatu sexto et septimo, postquam bella civilia extinxeram, per
consensum universorum potens rerum omnium,
RG
per consensum universorum
RG
res publica
RG potens RG potitus per consensum universorum potitus (potens) rerum omnium potens rerum omnium transtuli exstinxeram transtuli RG consulatu sexto et septimo RG RG
3.3: Endgame: the year 32 BC
Att
consul prior
RG
Aug.
Ant Epode
proditor Per Ant
Ant
Chron
Ant
Ant
Ant
Per
ad.Verg.Aen .H luxuria
Ant
Ant
res publica
res publica
Ant Aug Lex Cornelia de falsis Ant Aug RRC
res publica
Per Ann Ant
Odes
ab Italia
Per
Ant
indictio belli Campus Martius
Ant Columna Bellica Auctus
fetialis
Ant
Ant coniuratio Italiae
rerum repetitio; fetiales legati per consensum universorum RG transtuli per consensum universorum RG RG imperium RG sacramento RG RG dux privatus
RG
Iuravit in mea verba tota Italia sponte sua, et me belli quo vici ad Actium
ducem depoposcit; iuraverunt in eadem verba provinciae Galliae, Hispaniae,
Africa, Sicilia, Sardinia.
RG RG
nulli genti bello per iniuriam inlato
Aug tota Italia
res publica
RG
coup d’etat
hostis
hostis
hostis Ant
privatus RG
hostis
res publica
res publica hostis. 71 hostes
Aug B.C
hostis
hostis
hostis
hostis
hostis
hostis hostis hostis hostis hostis
hostis
RG
Bella terra et mari civilia externaque toto in orbe terrarum saepe gessi,
victorque omnibus veniam petentibus civibus peperci.
clementia
RG hostis
hostis
3.4: Bellum Externum, Bellum Civile
RG
RG RG
res publica res publica
res publica
hostis
RG
coup d’etat
coniuratio Italiae
Tota Italia’ Dux’ RG
RG
RG
RG
RG is cum quo bellum gesseram
is cum quo bellum gesseram
RG RG
RG
3.5: Actium as a civil war
res publica
RG
In consulatu sexto et septimo, postquam bella civilia extinxeram,…
RG Bella terra et mari civilia externaque
RG
RG
RG
RG RG
RG RG res publica
RG
ending RG RG
RG RG
RG
RG
RG
RG
Per
Caesar…in urbem reversus tres triumphos egit, unum ex Illyrico, alterum ex
Actiaca victoria, tertium de Cleopatra, imposito fine civilibus bellis altero et
vicesimo anno.
Historiae Philippicae, :
Proximo deinde anno persecutus reginam Antoniumque Alexandream, ultimam
bellis civilibus imposuit manum.
ultimam bello Actiaco Alexandrinoque Caesar imponit manum
De Clementia
… fuerit moderatus et clemens, nempe post mare Actiacum Romano cruore
infectum, nempe post fractas in Sicilia classes et suas et alienas, nempe post
Perusinas aras et proscriptiones.
Suas
RG clementia
bellum Actiacum
Bella civilia quinque gessit: Mutinense, Philippense, Perusinum, Siculum,
Actiacum
Praef
in hoc terra marique pacem peperi? ideo ciuilia bella compescui? ideo legibus urbem fundaui, operibus ornaui? RG
Egyptian Wars
Ann
Ann
Odes
fatale monstrum Odes
ego nec tumultum
nec mori per vim metuam tenente
Caesare terras.
vim vis metus Dig vis Odes
Socii
consule Planco
Epode
Socii
damnatio memoriae
aut…ille
Cretam
Romanus
Epistles adversarius est frater Romanus Epode terra marique victus ille B.C Caes B.C Demet.
Per
am quotiens Mutinam aut civilia busta Philippos
Epod. vita
aut canerem Siculae classica bella fugae,
eversosque focos antiquae gentis Etruscae,
et Ptolemaeei litora capta Phari,
aut canerem Aegyptum et ilum, cum attractus in urbem
septem captivis debilis ibat aquis,
aut regum auratis circumdata colla catenis
Actiaque in Sacra currere rostra Via;
RG
Aeneid
discordia Bellona
Hinc ope barbarica variisque Antonius armis,
Victor ab Aurorae populis et litore rubro,
Aegyptum viresque Orientis et ultima secum
Bactra vehit, sequiturque (nefas) Aegyptia coniunx.
Aeneid
Aen
…Remo cum fratre Quirinus
Iura dabunt,…
Aen
spoliis Orientis
Aen
Ope
Per
Aen
3.6: Conclusion
res publica
acta
res publica coniuratio Italiae.
res publica
hostis
RG
Chapter 4: Bellum Actiacum Alexandrinumque
Fig. 2: See printed edition of thesis.
Epode
Epode CAH CAH
RIC RIC
4.1: The historical tradition
Periochae Per Per
a bibliothecis, ab epistulis Aug
ec multo post navali proelio apud Actium vicit in serum dimicatione
protracta, ut in nave victor pernoctaverit.
Aug
Aug
Ant
Historiae Adversum
Aug Aug Antonius Augustus
Paganos
Periochae
4.2: Horace and Actium: the odd one out?
Epode
Elogia in Maecenatem
B.C Epode
Epode Epode
nauseam
Epode
RG
Epode
B.C. Epist Odes Epod. Odes Sat
at huc frementes verterunt bis mille equos
Galli, canentes Caesarem,
hostiliumque navium portu latent
puppes sinistrorsum citae
sinistrorsum
latent lateo puppes sinistrorsum citae
puppes
sinistrorsum
portu latent sinistrorsum citae sinistrorsum citae sinistrorsum Ant Ant B.J A.J Per
terra marique victus
hostis
hostis
hostis hostis
Punico hostis
hostis
hostis hostis hostis Punico Punicus
Epode
4.3: Antonius’ intentions going into battle: ideology and what really happened
4.3.1: The situation before the battle
Ant
Ant Odes Ant Ant
Ant
Ant
4.3.2: Ship numbers
Ant
Ant
Ant
RG
B.C.
B.C B.C
RG
RG
Ant
RG
4.3.3: Sources
Ant
Epode
C.Apion
Sed quid oportet amplius dici, cum illum ipsum in nauali certamine relinquens,
id est maritum et parentem communium filiorum, tradere eum exercitum et
principatum et se sequi coegit
Relinquens Aen
ipsa videbatur ventis regina vocatis
vela dare et laxos iam iamque immittere funis.
Ant
4.3.4: The course of battle
Epode
Ant
Fig. 3: See printed edition of thesis.
Ant
Ant
diekplous
Ant
Ant
Ant Ant Them
4.3.5: Antonius’ intentions going into battle
Ant
Ant
4.4: A glorious victory without much fighting: less than 5,000 dead
RG
Bella terra et mari civilia externaque toto in orbe terrarum saepe gessi,
victorque omnibus veniam petentibus civibus peperci.
aves cepi sescentas praeter eas, si quae minores quam triremes fuerunt.
clementia
Ant
Aeneid
Odes
solve metu patriam
Aug
Ant
Ant
Epode
Romanus
Ant
RG
Epodes
Ant Ant
RG
Periochae
4.5: From Actium to Alexandria
Ant
Ant Ant
Ant
clementia RG
RG
festina lente Aug A
privatus
Ant
Ant
Aug Ant
Per Ant
Aug Ant
Per
Ant
Ant
Ant.Iud Bell.Iud Ant Aug
Ant Aug
Ant.Iud B.C
Odes
Per
clementia Ant
Aug
tumulus
Campus Martius Aug
tumulus
Odes Ann
Ant Aug
4.6: Actium and Alexandria: one or two wars?
bellum Actiacum
post bellum Actiacum ab imperatore Caesare Augusto pace terra marique
parta.
post bellum Actiacum
Per
Augustus
bellum Actiacum
Aug
bellum Actiacum
Aug
RG
RG
RG
ad Actium
tumultus Actiacos
Res Romana
Bellum Actiacum
bello Actiaco Alexandrinoque ,
Caesare deinde et Messala Corvino consulibus debellatum apud Actium.
fortuna publica
Fasti
fasti
Fasti Amiterni
Fasti Cuprenses
Fasti Venusini
4.7: Conclusion
Epode
RG
RG RG Rerum gestarum divi Augusti, quibus orbem terrarum imperio populi Romani subiecit, et impensarum quas in rem publicam populumque Romanum fecit
Bellum Actiacum Alexandrinumque.
Chapter 5: Onsite Commemorations of the Battle of Actium
5.1: Two victory cities
Armenia Minor
Ann imitatio Mith
A.J.
Apollo Actius
Ann
ho hieros pentaetericos agon
IGRR
Ak Ak[tiakōn paidōn]
Ak[tiakōn ageneiōn].
ageneiōn
RG
Ptolemaeum
Aug
5.2: 8icopolis and the victory monument: the literary evidence
Augustus Quoque Actiacae victoriae memoria celebratior et in
posterum esset, urbem icopolim apud Actium condidit ludosque illic
quinquennales constituit et ampliato vetere Apollinis templo locum castrorum,
quibus fuerat usus, exornatum navalibus spoliis eptuno ac Marti consecravit.
hedos
5.3: The new city of 8icopolis and the temple of Actian Apollo
chora
hedos icopolis 1 icopolis B. Aug Verg.Aen Mamertinus in Paneg.Lat Anth.Pal
Fig. 4: See printed edition of thesis.
.H
…et in ore ipso colonia Augusti Actium cum templo Apollinis nobili ac
civitate libera icopolitana.
icopolim Romanam coloniam
Ann urbem Achaiae icopolim Ann
tria nomina
Sergia
colonia
CIL ILS
ornamenta duovir
ornamenta duoviralia
contra civitas libera colonia Augusti Actium colonis
Ornamenta duoviralia ILS colonia
RIC
Virgil.Aen civitas libera foederata civitas libera Armenia Minor
Colonia Augusti Actium Civitas Libera icopolis
Actia Ant colonia Romana
Aen
Aeneid
Anth.Pal.
Anth.Pal. Anth.Pal pax
Apollo Actius Aen
dekanaia
Aug Aug Anth.Pal
Apollo Agyieus
baetyl Apollo Agyieus
Apollo Actius
Aug Anth.Pal Aug Ant Apollo Actius Apollo Leucadius Apollo Leucadius Aen Aen Apollo Leucadius Actius Apollo Actius
5.4: The victory monument and its inscription 59
Fig. 5:
icopolis B
tropaeum
)
Fig. 6: icopolis B . See printed edition of thesis. See printed edition of thesis.
icopolis B icopolis B icopolis B icopolis B icopolis B Tib clementia consul ordinarius
Fig. 7: See printed edition of thesis.
Fig. 8: icopolis B See printed edition of thesis. icopolis B See printed edition of thesis.
Fig. 9: icopolis B See printed edition of thesis. icopolis B See printed edition of thesis.
Fig. 10: icopolis B See printed edition of thesis.
vacat icopolis B
Fig. 11: icopolis B See printed edition of thesis.
Ara Pacis
stoa
tropaeum
The inscription
vacat · · · · · · · · ·
· · · · · · · · ·
· · · · · · · ·
· · · · · · ·
· · · · vacat
res publica
stoa
Fig. 12: See printed edition of thesis. See printed edition of thesis.
Aug locum castrorum, quibus fuerat usus,
exornatum navalibus spoliis eptuno ac Marti consecravit
·
·
Aug eptuno ac Marti
· in haec regione pace parta terra marique pro rep
The date
Consacravit dedicavit quintum quinctum RG Aug
Pace parta terra marique
5.5: A Roman monument at a Greek city
quintum septimum
pax
RG
In hac regione
Aug
quoque Actiacae victoriae memoria celebratior et in posterum esset
Ant
.H CIL
SPQR
Tropaeum Traiani
stoa
Augustus
polis
rostra
Rostra
lupa
rostra rostra icopolis B lupa icopolis B icopolis B
Latin and Greek
ad Fam
RG
Aen
ILLRP Aeneid
L. Aimilius L. F.inperator de rege Perse Macedonibusque cepet
Aem.Paul
res publica
ILLRP CIL ILS CIL
opus reticulatum
opus reticulatum icopolis B
5.6: The victory monument and its gods
hedos
Aug
hedos
hedos
hedos
Aen
hedos
lupa
Ara
Pacis
Epode
hedos
hedos
Ant
hedos
hedos’ B.C. RIC
hedos
Aen
hedos hedos Thronos hedos Apollo Actius patera rostra RIC
hedos
5.7: Conclusion: the victory monument and Augustan ideology
in hac regione
in hac regione
RG belli quo vici ad Actium proelium pugna
Bellum
RG
Pace parta terra marique
B.C
RG
Pro republica
RG re publica conservata
Libertatis P R Vindex
pax corona obsidionalis
RG
pax
re publica conservata Libertatis P R Vindex RIC corona obsidionalis .H IRTripol bello quod imp. Galba pro re publica gessit
ILS CIL
res publica
in hac regione
pro republica
pace parta terra marique
Fasti Prae Aegypt us in potestatem po puli Romani redacta Fasti Arv Fasti Amit. Fasti Ant ILS CIL Fasti Fasti Arv Fasti Amit Fasti Ant
RG
damnatio memoriae
Ara
Pacis
RG
Chapter 6: Waiting for Caesar
Princeps
Princeps
6.1: Honouring the absent victor: Dio 51.19.1-20.5
Princeps Princeps RG
augurium Salutis
quinquennial
Forum Romanum
RIC
Divus Julius Quinquennial
RG a hieromenia
feriae
RG
damnatio memoriae
Cic
vitiosus praenomen
Cic
eukhai supplicationes
RG
Aq Cic Ant damnatio memoriae
hieromeniai supplicationes
corona obsidionalis .H
corona obsidionalis
feriae
res publica
res publica
tribunicia potestas
pomerium
trib.pot.
ius auxilii
sacrosanctitas
ius subsellii
pomerium
Ara Pacis pomerium
imperium militiae imperium domi
imperium domi
auxilium B.C sacrossantitas RG Princeps
clementia RG
clementia
RG clementia
clementia
Carm Sat
Mar
genius genius genius lares Genius Augusti genius
carmen Saliare
RG
Salii
RG
Princeps
RG
damnatio memoriae Principate B.C
imperator
toga praetexta
proenomen imperatoris ovatio fasti triumphales Barberin?????i senatus consulta
augurium salutis
res gestae
res publica
6.2: Victory festivals
Feriae
feriae
res publica
Eclogue RG
feriae fasti
fer. Ex s.c. quod eo die imp. Caes. Divi f. Augustus apud Actium vicit se
Titio cos.
feriae ex s.c. imp. Caesaris h(onoris) c(ausa) quod eo die vicit Actium.
b np. M[er]k(atus). F(eriae) ex s(enatus) c(onsulto, q(uod) e(o) d(ie)
Imp(erator) Caesar Aug(ustus) pont(ifex) ma[x(imus)] natus est: Marti,
eptuno in Campo, Apo[l]lini ad theatrum Marcelli
Eclogue fasti Ara uminis Augusti Tib
fasti
feriae
quod eo die rem publicam tristissimo periculo liberavit
res publica
Sat Chron
Saturnalia
Ara Romae et Augusti
Quinquennial games
quinquennial
pro salute Caesaris
salus RG
Vota pro salute mea suscipi per consules et sacerdotes quinto quoque anno
senatus decrevit. ex iis votis saepe fecerunt vivo me ludos aliquotiens
sacerdotum quattuor amplissima collegia, aliquotiens consules.
Aug Per Roma et Augustus Mars Ultor
RG Aug
pro salute Caesaris
quinquennial
salute valetudine ero eronia septemviri quindecimviri RIC CIL .H
quinquennial
quinquennial
quinquennial
6.3: ‘ Damnatio memoriae ’: dishonouring Antonius
damnatio memoriae
dies vitiosus
fasti Verulani V itiosus ex senatus c onsulto Ant oni natal is
hostis
damnatio memoriae
Clau damnatio memoriae’ memoria damnata
damnatio memoriae
Senatus consultum de Cn. Pisone patre
damnatio memoriae
damnatio memoriae
Sodales Augustales
Campus Martius
Antonii
Fasti Consulares
damnatio memoriae damnatio memoriae damnatio memoriae Dom
Clementia
Ant
Ann
Fasti Triumphales
Antonii fasti
Fasti Triumphales fasti
damnatio memoriae
Ann fasti Aventini Antonii damnatio memoriae
Fasti
Consulares
Antonii fasti
Ann
RG damnatio memoriae
RG
RG RG
In templis omnium civitatium provinciae Asiae victor ornamenta reposui quae
spoliatis templis is cum quo bellum gesseram privatim possederat.
is cum quo bellum gesseram
damnatio memoriae RG
RG
RG
RG Athena Alea
RG impensae
res gestae RG
RG RG
RG
RG
damnatio memoriae
Aeneid
Antonii Fasti Consulares
6.4: The temple of Janus
Forum Romanum
index pacis bellique L.L
Epode Ant .Verg.Aen
.H
Fig. 13: Pace P.R. Terra Marique Parta Ianum Clusit S.C RIC See printed edition of thesis. augurium salutis
salus populi Romani
bell.Goth uma Fasti .H Apocol Aen bell.Goth Sat .H Aug CIL
Salus Janus Pax
Concordia Fasti
RG
Ianum Quirinum, quem clausum esse maiores nostri voluerunt cum per totum
imperium populi Romani terra marique esset parta victoriis pax, cum,
priusquam nascerer, a condita urbe bis omnino claussum fuisse prodatur
memoriae, ter me principe senatus claudendum esse censuit.
pax pax L.L
auctoritas RG augurium augusto augurio
et ius institutum a Pompilio, ut scribit in annalibus Piso, ut sit aperta semper,
nisi cum bellum sit nusquam; traditum est memoriae Pompilio rege fuisse
opertam, et post T. Manlio consule, bello Carthaginiensi primo confecto, et
eodem anno apertam.
clausus pacatos circa omnes populos
fasti
Praenestini Aen
Fasti Aen
Quirinus RG
post
Punicum primum perfectum bellum
as
gens Calpurnia
L.L RIC RRC
Postquam Discordia taetra Belli ferratos postes portasque refregit
Discordia
Aen
Satires Aen
Leg Ecl discordia discordia concordia pax pax concordia concordia RG Aen RG
RG
L.L
ut sit aperta semper, nisi cum bellum sit nusquam
Octavian’s first closure of the temple of Janus
Fasti Epist Aen fasti populus pax Pont
Fasti
Praenestini
d ebellavit imp. Caesar Augustus tertium ab Romulo et Ianum c lausit se V
et Appuleio cos.
clausus fuit…ab imperatore Caesare Augusto Aug
Odes Fasti Praenestini
pax
sua manu
Per
pace parta terra marique
RG
pace parta terra marique
Ann
RG RG
Fortuna Redux
Ara Pacis
Ara Pacis
Augustae RG
RG RG
honores RG honores RG
RG
RG
pace parta terra marique
BC.
Terra marique
Rep Aug RG Pace P.R. Terra Marique Parta Ianum Clusit S.C RIC .
pace parta
Forum Romanum
B.C.
pace parta terra marique
pax
augurium salutis
6.5: The triple triumph of 29 BC
post bellum Actiacum ab imperatore Caesare Augusto pace terra marique parta RG terra marique RG RG Aug Ianum Quirinum semel atque iterum a condita urbe ante memoriam suam clausum in multo breviore temporis spatio terra marique pace parta ter clusit de Clementia Apocolocyntosis Laudatio Turiae Janus Pater pax RIC
RG
Bis ovans triumphavi et tris egi curulis triumphos et appellatus sum viciens et
sempel imperator, decernente pluris triumphos mihi senatu, quibus omnibus
supersedi.
imperator
RG terra marique
RG
pax RG
Fasti Triumphales
RG
imperator
RG
D.J RG Aug
Fasti Triumphales Forum
Romanum
Fasti triumphales Barberini
germanus B.C Flam Aem .H Mith Pomp fasti
Fasti Capitolini Triumphales
Three in one or three separate triumphs
CIL CIL
triplex triumphus
Aen
Apollo Actius Aen
Virg Aen Triplici triumpho tres enim Augustus habuit triumphos: nam primo die triumphavit exercitus qui Antonium vicerat navali bello, secundo qui Dalmatas vicerat, tertio ipse cum Alexandrino est ingressus triumpho. Aen
Aen
Georgica
RG
Aug
Carmen Saeculare
Aen
Hinc ope barbarica variisque Antonius armis,
Victor ab Aurorae populis et litore rubro,
Aegyptum viresque Orientis et ultima secum
Bactra vehit, sequiturque (nefas) Aegyptia coniunx
ope
ope barbarica
RG RG aurum coronarium
municipia
RG
The procession
Ant
Actiaque in Sacra currere rostra Via
Chron
RG
Qui sub signis meis tum militaverint fuerunt senatores plures quam DCC, in iis
qui vel antea vel postea consules facti sunt ad eum diem quo scripta sunt haec
LXXXIII, sacerdotes circiter CLXX.
RG
6.6: Conclusion
res publica
quinquennial
damnatio memoriae clementia damnatio memoriae
augurium salutis
res publica
res publica
Forum Romanum
Chapter 7: Res publica constituta
census
neglegentia deum
Apollo Palatinus
potestas
res publica
RG Aug census RG RG RG Aug Od Fasti
pax
res publica
7.1: The reshaping of the Forum Romanum
Forum Romanum
Forum Romanum
The temple of Divus Julius
rostra aedis divi Iuli
Aq Plutei
Traiani RG
Divus Julius Mars Ultor
RG Plutai Traiani rostra aedis divi Iuli BMC
Figure 14: Forum Romanum See printed edition of thesis.
Rostra
Forum Romanum
columna rostrata
rostra B.C
The Curia Julia
Curia Julia
Victoria
Victoria
RIC Victoria RIC
Victoria
Victoria
Victoria
Aug Curia Iulia Victoria RIC RIC RIC Pax RIC RIC RIC
RG
Fig. 15: curia Victoria RIC See printed edition of thesis. Four-column-monument
Virg.Georg Georg ilum ac navali surgentis aere columnas multa de navali certamine sustulit rostra
Georgica
oikumene
Aeneid
RG
rostrata corona
Apollo Actius
B.C
Forum Romanum
RIC
rostra
RIC
rostratae
The Arch of Actium
Forum Romanum
fornices
Forum
Romanum
SPQR RIC RIC RIC
Forum
Romanum Schol.Veron. in
Verg.Aen.
B.C
ovatio
Parthos reposcere signa
Aen
Quae Licinio Crasso interfecto interceperant Parthi: haec reportavit
Augustus. Huius facti notae repraesentantur in arcu, qui est iuxta aedem divi
Iulii.
RIC RG Aug Mars Ultor
Forum Romanum
Senatus populusque Romanus / Imp(eratori) Caesari divi Iuli f(ilio) co(n)s(uli)
quinct(um) co(n)s(uli) design(ato) sext(um) imp(eratori) sept(imum) / re
publica conservata.
imperator
res publica CIL
Curia Julia Divus Julius
Divus Julius
Curia Julia Victoria
res publica
res publica conservata
Pro republica pax
7.2: Apollo Palatinus and Actium
corona obsidionalis .H
Apollo Actius
Apollo Palatinus
Apollo Actius
Aen
Actius
Apollo Palatinus ex-voto Ars Amat.
Propertius and the iconography of the Apollo Palatinus complex
Apollo Palatinus
Apollo Palatinus
Div Ode odes
solve metu patriam
Actia Iuleae pelagus monumenta carinae
monumenta
monumenta
Actius hinc traxit Phoebus monumenta, quod eius
una decem uicit missa sagitta ratis.
Bella satis cecini; citharam iam poscit Apollo
victor et ad placidos exuit arma choros.
monumenta
monumenta
pax
RG
monumenta
monumenta
Aeneid
Palatinus
The portico of the Danaids
RG Apollinis Palatio cum porticibus
Phoebi Porticus Car Her Aen Aen insculptum Danaidum nefas
Apollo and Hercules: the fight for the tripod
RG
Ara.Am Trist Odes
Aug cortina
Libertas
RRC Libertas RRC RRC Libertas RRC LIMC
Fig. 16: See printed edition of thesis.
Ant B.C Comp.Demetr Ant aurei RRC ad Caes.Iun
De El apud Delphos De atura Deorum Verg.Aen Olymp Fab Dial.decr De hist.scr De Pallio Fasti Amatoria
Quid, modo quae nostris opprobria nexerit armis,
et, famulos inter femina trita suos,
coniugii obsceni pretium Romana poposcit
moenia et addictos in sua regna Patres?
coniugii obsceni
rostra Liburna
Ara Maxima Bona Dea
Ara Maxima LIMC
Victoria
baetyl
baetyl
Fig. 17: baetyl Apollo Palatinus See printed edition of thesis.
RG
Statues of Apollo in the Palatine Sanctuary
Apollo Actius
patera
rostra
RIC
.H
in circo
Fig. 18: RIC Apollo Actius patera rostra See printed edition of thesis.
hedos
Apollo Actius
hedos
hedos
Apollo Actius
Ara Pacis LIMC .H
kithara
RG
pax RIC RIC .H Aug
Fig. 19: See printed edition of thesis.
LIMC
genius phiale
RIC
Apollo Palatinus
Victoria
baetyl
Apollo Sosianus .H RIC
hedos
Apollo Palatinus
7.3: The constitution of the Res publica : the settlement of 28-27 BC
res publica restituta
res publica
triumviri rei publicae constituendae
RG
In consulatu sexto et septimo, postquam bella civilia exstinxeram, per
consensum universorum potens rerum omnium, rem publicam ex mea potestate
in senatus populique Romani arbitrium transtuli.
res publica
res publica RG
restituere
sella curulis
RG potens RG potitus potens per consensum universorum potitus rerum omn ium potitus rer um om n ium RG RG RG
res publica
res publica
aureus restituere
Fig. 20: sella curulis See printed edition of thesis. Ann
res publica.
privatus
Fasti
Feriale
de die natali
Fasti redditaque est omnis populo provincia nostro
RG
Fasti Feriale Per Aug res publica res publica restituta
res publica
prostasia
RIC
Pax
res publica Ann
Fig. 21: RIC BMC Pax See printed edition of thesis. RG
RG
Qui parentem meum trucidaverunt, eos in exilium expuli iudiciis legitimis ultus
eorum facinus, et postea bellum inferentis rei publicae vici bis acie.
res publica RG RG res publica libertas RG res publica
RG
Bella terra et mari civilia externaque toto in orbe terrarum saepe gessi,…
RG
pax
pax Aen
RG RG
RG
RG
RG
res publica RG
RG
RG RG honores RG impensae RG res gestae RG RG RG
RG RG
RG RG
RG potens rerum omnium
potestas
res publica
RG triumvir per continuos annos decem
Potens rerum omnium
de facto
RG
RG
RG per consensum universorum potens rerum omnium
RG
res publica
potestas
res publica
B.C.
potens rerum omnium
res publica
vacat Imp · Caesa]r · Div[i · Iuli · ]f · vict[oriam · consecutus · bell]o · quod ·
pro [·r]e[·]p[u]blic[a] · ges[si]t · in · hac · region[e
res publica
Pro republica RG re publica conservata
feriae
res publica rem publicam tristissimo periculo liberavit res publica
res publica
RG
7.4: Conclusion
Forum Romanum
res publica
Divus Julius
res publica conservata
Victoria
res publica
Aeneid
Ode
Aeneid
libertas
Victoria
baetyl
res publica
res publica
privatus
RG RG
res publi
RG
potens rerum omnium
RG
potestas
RG res publica
RG
pax
Chapter 8: Conclusion
Forte Puteolanum sinum praetervehenti vectores nautaeque de navi
Alexandrina, quae tantum quod appulerat, candidati coronatique et tura
libantes fausta omina et eximias laudes congesserant: per illum se vivere, per
illum navigare, libertate atque fortunis per illum frui.
Aug
RG
res publica
RG
res publica
RG
potestas
res publica
res publica
coniuratio Italiae. res publica
hostis
RG
Epode
Bellum Actiacum Alexandrinumque
hedos
Pace parta terra marique
Pro republica
RG
re publica conservata
Libertatis P R Vindex
pax corona obsidionalis
RG
RG
damnatio memoriae
damnatio memoriae
augurium salutis
res publica
Forum Romanum
Divus
Julius
res publica conservata
Aeneid
libertas
Victoria
res publica
RG
res publica constituta
triumviri rei publicae constituendae
res publica
privatus
RG potens rerum omnium
imperium consensus
RG
potens rerum omnium potestas RG
res publi
auctoritas
RG pater patriae RG
Ludi saeculares
Aeneid
res publica
Ara Pacis
Fasti
Ara Pacis
Ipsum nos carmen deduxit Pacis ad aram.
haec erit a mensis fine secunda dies.
frondibus Actiacis comptos redimita capillos,
CIL
Pax, ades et toto mitis in orbe mane.
Pax Augusta
Ara Pacis
RG
RG
cum per totum imperium populi Romani terra marique esset parta victoriis pax
RG
Ara Pacis Campus Martius
Pantheon Pantheon basilica eptuni thermae Agrippae CIL Pantheon Pantheon
monumenta Agrippae
Ann
Mars Ultor Divus Julius
corona navalis
Per
Pantheon
.H
RG
luxuria
Pantheon
Aen Per Ben .H RRC Sat Venus Genetrix B.C
fasti eptunus in campo
Pantheon basilica
eptuni
Pantheon
Pantheon Mars in campo
in Circo
in campo
in campo Pantheon
in campo Pantheon
Pantheon gens Divus
Julius
dies natalis eptunus in Campo Consolatio ad Liviam Fasti in Circo Mars in Campo Ara Martis Campus Martius terminus ante quem in campo in campo basilica eptuni
Mars Ultor Pantheon
fasti in campo ad theatrum Marcelli
Campus Martius
RG RG
RG Ara Pacis
gens Forum Romanum
Forum Romanum Campus Martius
res publica
res publica
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archaeological evidence for the city destructions, the foundation of ikopolis
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Liverpool Classical
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Interpretations of Augustus and His Principate
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Divination and Portents in the Roman World
The eighbourhoods of Augustan Rome,
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Cultural Responses to the Persian
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Romanization in the Time of Augustus,
Orbis Terrarum
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Study of Britain, France, Germany, Russia and the United States,
on enarrabile textum
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Greece. An Oxford Archaeological Guide,
Die Ohnmacht des allmächtigen Dictators Caesar. Drei
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Patterns of Redemption in Virgil's 'Georgics',
Literature in the Roman World
Greek and Roman Oared Warships 399-30B.C.,
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Studies in Classical History and Society,
Aphrodisias and Rome,
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Declaring War in the Roman Republic in the Period of
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International etwork Impact of Empire (Roman Empire, c. 200 B.C. - A.D.
476)
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Cornelius Atticus,
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Documents Illustrating the Principates of Gaius Claudius
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Augustus et sacerdos: Untersuchungen zum römischen Kaiser als
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ordwest-Griechenlands under römischer Herrschaft,
The Battle of Salamis. The aval Encounter that Saved Greece -
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The Roman Imperial Coinage (RIC
The Augustan Succession. An Historical Commentary on Cassius
Dio's Roman History Books 55-56 (9B.C. - A.D.14).
The Roman Revolution,
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History in Ovid,
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Literature and its Tradition in Honour of C.O. Brink
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Typology and Structure of Roman Historical Reliefs,
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Foundation and Destruction. ikopolis and ortwestern Greece. The
Archaeological Evidence for the City Destructions, the Foundation of
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Civilis Princeps JRS
Past & Present
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Vindex Libertatis Historia
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Epodes The Cambridge
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Propaganda-Selbstdarstellung-Repräsentation im römischen kaiserreiche des
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Titi Livi Ab Urbe Condita Libri,
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Promised Verse. Poets in the Society of Augustan Rome,
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Fragments,
Libertas as a Political Idea at Rome during the Late
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Landscape Archaeology in Southern Epirus, Greece
I, Hesperia Suppl. 32,
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Horace's inth Epode and its Historical Background,
The Policy of Brutus the Tyrannicide,
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Velleius Paterculus. The Tiberian arrative (2.94-131),
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Rhetoric in Classical Historiography. Four Studies,
Aeneid
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Res Gestae
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ortwestern Greece. The Archaeological Evidence for the City Destructions,
the Foundation of ikopolis and the Synoecism
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