DOCSLIB.ORG

Bellona Issn 1897-7065 Issn

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Bellona Issn 1897-7065 Issn BELLONAnr 3/2014 (678) M INISTERSTWO Światu potrzeba więcej ISSN 1897-7065 wrażliwych serc i mniej zimnej stali. STEFAN WYSZYŃSKI O BRONY N ARODOWEJ 3 BELLONA Pismo naukowe wydawane przez Ministerstwo Obrony Narodowej RADA NAUKOWA „KWARTALNIKA BELLONA” gen. dyw. dr Anatol Wojtan (przewodniczący) prof. dr hab. inż. Radosław Trębiński (zastępca przewodniczącego) płk rez. dr Józef Zieliński (sekretarz) prof. dr hab. Kazimierz Doktór płk rez. nawig. prof. nadzw. dr hab. Marek Grzegorzewski prof. dr hab. Marian Kozub kmdr por. rez. prof. nadzw. dr hab. Krzysztof Kubiak prof. dr hab. Jan Maciejewski prof. dr hab. Andrzej Makowski gen. dyw. rez. prof. dr hab. Bogusław Pacek prof. dr hab. Józef Półturzycki płk rez. prof. nadzw. dr hab. Ryszard Szczepanik prof. dr hab. Bogdan Szulc płk prof. dr hab. Mariusz Wiatr płk prof. dr hab. Jarosław Wołejszo płk prof. dr hab. Marek Wrzosek gen. dyw. rez. prof. nadzw. dr hab. Krzysztof Załęski 1918–1950 Bellona 1950–2007 Myśl Wojskowa BELLONA Pismo naukowe wydawane przez Ministerstwo Obrony Narodowej Rocznik XCVI (VIII) Nr 3/2014 (678) Warszawa Wojskowy Instytut Wydawniczy Al. Jerozolimskie 97, 00-909 Warszawa 60, www.polska-zbrojna.pl tel.: +48 22 684 53 65, faks: +48 22 684 55 03 e-mail: [email protected] Redaktor naczelny: Wojciech Kiss-Orski tel.: +48 22 684 02 22 Redaktor prowadzący: płk rez. dr Józef Zieliński tel.: 664 053 037 e-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Opracowanie redakcyjne: Teresa Wieszczeczyńska tel.: 725 880 231 zdjęcie na okładce: Piotr Rams Opracowanie graficzne: Małgorzata Mielcarz fotoedytor: Andrzej Witkowski Tłumaczenie na jęz. ang.: Anita Kwaterowska Egzemplarze czasopisma są dostępne w wewnętrznym kolportażu wojskowym oraz w prenumeracie. Wersja papierowa czasopisma jest wersją pierwotną. Czasopismo jest indeksowane w bazie Index Copernicus. Na liście czasopism punktowanych mNiSW „Kwartalnikowi Bellona” przyznano 7 punktów. Artykuły zamieszczone w ,,Kwartalniku Bellona” są recenzowane. ISSN 1897-7065 Oddano do druku w sierpniu 2014 r. Nakład 1200 egz. Kolportaż i reklamacje: TOPLOGISTIC tel. : +48 22 389 65 87 faks: +48 22 301 86 61 email: [email protected] Druk: Drukarnia ArtDruk ul. Napoleona 4, 05-230 Kobyłka www.artdruk.com Elektroniczna wersja czasopisma na stronie www.polska-zbrojna.pl Spis treści Bezpieczeństwo i obronność gen. broni rez. dr Lech Konopka, płk dr inż. Mariusz Fryc Reforma systemu kierowania i dowodzenia Siłami Zbrojnymi Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej ............. 11 gen. dyw. rez. prof. dr hab. Bogusław Pacek Nauki o obronności i nauki o bezpieczeństwie w badaniach techniki i technologii obronnych ......... 26 prof. dr hab. Andrzej Makowski O co my walczymy? ........................................................................................................................... 37 dr hab. Anna Antczak-Barzan Polska polityka zagraniczna i bezpieczeństwa na tle ról międzynarodowych Unii Europejskiej....... 50 kmdr dr Maciej Nałęcz Siły morskie ZSRR i Federacji Rosyjskiej na akwenie Morza Śródziemnego (1967–2013) .......... 63 Sztuka wojenna płk w st. spocz. prof. dr hab. Lech Wyszczelski Wojna i sztuka wojenna w zachodnioeuropejskiej teorii wojennej XVI i XVII wieku ................... 84 prof. dr hab. Mirosław Nagielski Orsza 1514 ....................................................................................................................................... 102 dr hab. Wojciech Włodarkiewicz Działania opóźniające 10 Brygady Kawalerii w kampanii polskiej 1939 roku ............................. 122 Doświadczenia płk dr inż. Leszek Elak, mjr dr inż. Artur Michalak Specyfika prowadzenia działań opóźniających ............................................................................... 143 ppłk dr Zbigniew Modrzejewski Operacje informacyjne i psychologiczne jako zdolności komunikacji strategicznej ..................... 162 kpt. mgr Wojciech Zaborowski Wykorzystanie pododdziałów CIMIC w zarządzaniu kryzysowym na terenie Polski .................. 175 Edukacja prof. dr hab. Kazimierz Doktór Zarządzanie zasobami ludzkimi w wojsku ..................................................................................... 189 Kwartalnik Bellona 3/2014 55 Spis treści Technika i logistyka dr Łukasz Kamieński Nieuświadomiona percepcja, czyli neurobiologia na usługach amerykańskiej armii ................... 196 kpt. mgr inż. Radosław Hennig Cyberterroryzm. Internet jako narzędzie propagandy terrorystycznej ........................................... 207 Czytelnicy piszą kmdr por. rez. dr hab. Krzysztof Kubiak Strzały w Sarajewie ......................................................................................................................... 220 Recenzje i omówienia płk w st. spocz. prof. dr hab. Lech Wyszczelski Służby wojsk lądowych II Rzeczypospolitej w nowej odsłonie Recenzja książki Jeremiasza Ślipca Kształtowanie się i główne kierunki działalności służb wojska II Rzeczypospolitej w systemie bezpieczeństwa militarnego lat 1921–1927. Wydawnictwo Akademii Obrony Narodowej, Warszawa 2011 ..................................................................................................... 226 mgr inż. Rafał Wądołowski Na straży informacji niejawnych Recenzja książki Ochrona informacji niejawnych. Teoria i praktyka. Mariusz Kubiak i Stanisław Topolewski (red.). Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczo-Humanistycznego, Siedlce 2013 ........................................................................................................................................ 232 * * * Streszczenia w języku angielskim ................................................................................................... 236 Warunki zamieszczania artykułów ................................................................................................. 240 6 Kwartalnik Bellona 3/2014 Table of Contents Security and Defense LtGen (Res) Lech Konopka, PhD; Col Mariusz Fryc, PhD in Eng. The Reform of the Polish Armed Forces Command and Control System ........................................ 11 MajGen (Ret) Bogusław Pacek, Prof. Defense and Security Sciences in the Research on Defense Techniques and Technologies ................ 26 Andrzej Makowski, Prof. What Do We Fight For? ..................................................................................................................... 37 Anna Antczak-Barzan, PhD Polish Foreign and Security Policy vs. EU International Roles ........................................................... 50 Capt (N) Maciej Nałęcz, PhD The Naval Forces of the Soviet Union and Russian Federation in the Mediterranean Sea Waters (1967–2013) ..................................................................................................................... 63 Art of War Col (Ret) Lech Wyszczelski, Prof. War and Art of War in Western European War Theory in the 16th and 17th Century ..................... 84 Mirosław Nagielski, Prof. Battle of Orsha (1514) ...................................................................................................................... 102 Wojciech Włodarkiewicz, PhD Aggressive Delay by the 10th Cavalry Brigade in the 1939 September Campaign ....................... 122 Experience Col Leszek Elak, PhD in Eng.; Maj Artur Michalak, PhD in Eng. Specificity of Aggressive Delay Activities ...................................................................................... 143 LtCol Zbigniew Modrzejewski Informational and Psychological Operations as Strategic Communication Capabilities ............... 162 Capt Wojciech Zaborowski, MA CIMIC Troops in Crisis Management in Poland ............................................................................. 175 Education Kazimierz Doktór, Prof. Human Resources Management in the Army .................................................................................. 189 Kwartalnik Bellona 3/2014 77 Table of Contents Technology and Logistics Łukasz Kamieński, PhD Unaware Perception: Neurobiology in Service of the U.S. Army ................................................... 196 Capt Radosław Hennig, MS Cyberterrorism. Internet as Terrorist Propaganda Tool ................................................................... 207 Readers Write Cdr (Res) Krzysztof Kubiak, Prof. Fire in Sarajevo ................................................................................................................................. 220 Reviews and Opinions Col (Ret) Lech Wyszczelski, Prof. The Land Forces Services in the Second Republic of Poland – New Facts. Review of the book by Jeremiasz Ślipiec: Kształtowanie się i główne kierunki działalności służb wojska II Rzeczypospolitej w systemie bezpieczeństwa militarnego lat 1921–1927. Wydawnictwo Akademii Obrony Narodowej, Warsaw 2011 ........................................................................................................ 226 Rafał Wądołowski, MS Guarding Classified Information. Book review: Ochrona informacji niejawnych: teoria i praktyka. Mariusz Kubiak i Stanisław Topolewski (ed.). Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczo-Humanistycznego, Siedlce 2013 ......................................................................................................................................... 232 * * * English summaries ........................................................................................................................... 236 Terms of Publishing .......................................................................................................................... 240 Szanowni
Load more

Recommended publications
  • II DIVA ANGERONA Everyone Knows How Often Both in Ancient and More
    II DIVA ANGERONA Everyone knows how often both in ancient and more recent times scholars have attempted to interpret the nature and name of the goddess Angerona. And yet to me we seem to have made hardly any progress in this attempt. Aust 1 and Wissowa 2 have collected the relevant passages from ancient authors and other documents which I think it unnecessary to copy out. Neither the disease of angitia nor 'worries to be dispelled,' as urged on us by the ancients, are of any help towards an interpretation. Mommsen 3 thought Angerona was a goddess in charge of the New Year. He sought to derive the name from angerendum, &1to 't'ou &voccpepea6ocL 't'Ov ~A.Lov. The explanation was accepted by Wissowa but rightly rejected by others (Walde-Hofmann s.v. 'ganz unwahrscheinlich'). Recently Eva Fiesel 4 and Altheim 6 have sought an Etruscan origin for the name and connected it with the gentilitial name anx.arie, ancarie, anx.aru, ancaru. The suggestion is rejected by Vetter,8 and I cannot agree with it either. To the arguments offered by Vetter I can add the following. First, the derivatives in Latin of Etruscan names ending in -u usually end in -onius not -onus. 7 Secondly, the name Angerona seems to fit very well into a large series of such names belonging to truly Roman (or Sabine) goddesses. First of all we have Abeonam, Adeonam, Intercidonam, all 1 RE I, 2I8gff. 1 Rosch. Lex. I, 348ff; Rel. u. Kult.• 24I. 8 CIL I p. 409. ' Language II (1935) 122ff.
    [Show full text]
  • 11Ffi ELOGIA of the AUGUSTAN FORUM
    THEELOGIA OF THE AUGUSTAN FORUM 11ffi ELOGIA OF THE AUGUSTAN FORUM By BRAD JOHNSON, BA A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts McMaster University © Copyright by Brad Johnson, August 2001 MASTER OF ARTS (2001) McMaster University (Classics) Hamilton, Ontario TITLE: The Elogia of the Augustan Forum AUTHOR: Brad Johnson, B.A. (McMaster University), B.A. Honours (McMaster University) SUPERVISOR: Dr. Claude Eilers NUMBER OF PAGES: v, 122 II ABSTRACT The Augustan Forum contained the statues offamous leaders from Rome's past. Beneath each statue an inscription was appended. Many of these inscriptions, known also as elogia, have survived. They record the name, magistracies held, and a brief account of the achievements of the individual. The reasons why these inscriptions were included in the Forum is the focus of this thesis. This thesis argues, through a detailed analysis of the elogia, that Augustus employed the inscriptions to propagate an image of himself as the most distinguished, and successful, leader in the history of Rome. III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr. Claude Eilers, for not only suggesting this topic, but also for his patience, constructive criticism, sense of humour, and infinite knowledge of all things Roman. Many thanks to the members of my committee, Dr. Evan Haley and Dr. Peter Kingston, who made time in their busy schedules to be part of this process. To my parents, lowe a debt that is beyond payment. Their support, love, and encouragement throughout the years is beyond description.
    [Show full text]
  • Roman Mythology Table of Contents
    Roman Mythology Table of Contents • Historical Overview • Major Gods and Goddesses of ancient Rome • Gods of Mt Olympus • Family Tree • Conclusion Historical Overview • The early Romans were farmers • They did not understand science, instead they believed in forces or spirits • These Gods did not have human forms or minds • Gradually the Romans were influenced by the Greeks and adopted many of their Gods and gave them Roman names Early Roman Gods and Goddesses • Some Early Roman Gods or “Numen” – Bellona Goddess of War – Cardea similar to Artemis, had power over doorways – Cupid God of love like the Greek Eros – Dis God of the underworld like the Greek Hades – Faunus God of fields and shepards like the Greek Pan – Glaucus God of the sea – Lares God of the household- represented dead ancestors who protected the family – Liber God of fertility, identified with Baccus, the god of wine – Saturn God of agriculture and the Roman like the Greek Cronus – Vesta Goddess of home and hearth similar to the Greek Hestia Jupiter • King of the Gods/Ruler of the Skies • Greek name is Zeus • Married to Juno • Symbols: Eagle, Shield, Thunderbolt and Oak Tree Neptune • God of the Sea • Second most powerful God on Mt.Olympus • Greek name is Poseidon • Symbols: Trident, Horse and Bull Pluto • God the under world and wealth • Greek name is Hades • Symbols: Helmet, Metals, Jewels Juno • Queen of the Gods • Goddess of Heaven, Marriage and Childbirth • Greek name is Hera • Married to Jupiter • Symbols: Peacock and Cow Vesta • Goddess of the Hearth. Protector of
    [Show full text]
  • Calendar of Roman Events
    Introduction Steve Worboys and I began this calendar in 1980 or 1981 when we discovered that the exact dates of many events survive from Roman antiquity, the most famous being the ides of March murder of Caesar. Flipping through a few books on Roman history revealed a handful of dates, and we believed that to fill every day of the year would certainly be impossible. From 1981 until 1989 I kept the calendar, adding dates as I ran across them. In 1989 I typed the list into the computer and we began again to plunder books and journals for dates, this time recording sources. Since then I have worked and reworked the Calendar, revising old entries and adding many, many more. The Roman Calendar The calendar was reformed twice, once by Caesar in 46 BC and later by Augustus in 8 BC. Each of these reforms is described in A. K. Michels’ book The Calendar of the Roman Republic. In an ordinary pre-Julian year, the number of days in each month was as follows: 29 January 31 May 29 September 28 February 29 June 31 October 31 March 31 Quintilis (July) 29 November 29 April 29 Sextilis (August) 29 December. The Romans did not number the days of the months consecutively. They reckoned backwards from three fixed points: The kalends, the nones, and the ides. The kalends is the first day of the month. For months with 31 days the nones fall on the 7th and the ides the 15th. For other months the nones fall on the 5th and the ides on the 13th.
    [Show full text]
  • War Gods in Archaic Greece and Rome Tyler Krentz Trinity University, [email protected]
    Trinity University Digital Commons @ Trinity Classical Studies Honors Theses Classical Studies Department 4-19-2011 War Gods in Archaic Greece and Rome Tyler Krentz Trinity University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.trinity.edu/class_honors Part of the Classics Commons Recommended Citation Krentz, Tyler, "War Gods in Archaic Greece and Rome" (2011). Classical Studies Honors Theses. 3. http://digitalcommons.trinity.edu/class_honors/3 This Thesis open access is brought to you for free and open access by the Classical Studies Department at Digital Commons @ Trinity. It has been accepted for inclusion in Classical Studies Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Trinity. For more information, please contact [email protected]. War Gods in Archaic Greece and Rome Tyler Krentz A departmental senior thesis submitted to the Classical Studies Department at Trinity University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation with departmental honors. April 19, 2006 _________________________ _________________________ Thesis Advisor Department Chair _________________________ Associate Vice President for Academic Affairs Student Copyright Declaration: the author has selected the following copyright provision (select only one): [x] This thesis is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which allows some noncommercial copying and distribution of the thesis, given proper attribution. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 559 Nathan Abbott Way, Stanford, California 94305, USA. [ ] This thesis is protected under the provisions of U.S. Code Title 17. Any copying of this work other than “fair use” (17 USC 107) is prohibited without the copyright holder’s permission.
    [Show full text]
  • Contested Triumphs
    chapter 1 Triumphal Decision Making and the SPQR Tacitus’s Annales opens: “From the beginning kings held the city of Rome.”1 If indeed, as both Livy and the Fasti would have it, Romulus and his regal successors also celebrated the earliest triumphs,2 then they did so presum- ably on their own merits and by their own sovereign proclamation, needing no further sanction from anyone else. But under the Republic the situation grew far more complex, as command of Roman armies, and hence the opportunity to become the focus of a victory celebration, passed from the kings to the consuls and dictatores, later joined also by promagistrates and eventually praetors too.3 How then was it determined who deserved to triumph? The answer to this question turns out to be as subtle and multi- layered as the Republican constitution itself. For each recorded triumph, the Fasti Triumphales include the follow- ing: the name of the triumphator (including patronymics and cognomen); the offi ce that he held at the time; a Roman numeral, where appropriate, to mark a second triumph (or third, or fourth, etc.) by the same individ- ual; the name of the enemy over whom he celebrated his victory (marked by de plus the ablative case); and the year (from the founding of the city), the month, and the date when the triumph took place. Although a special 1. Tac. Ann. 1.1: “urbem Romam a principio reges habuere.” 2. For the earliest entries in the Fasti, see Degrassi 1947, 64 – 65, 534 – 35. Livy describes Romulus’s procession to the Capitoline with the spoils of his victory at 1.10.5 but does not call it a triumph.
    [Show full text]
  • Robert Graves the White Goddess
    ROBERT GRAVES THE WHITE GODDESS IN DEDICATION All saints revile her, and all sober men Ruled by the God Apollo's golden mean— In scorn of which I sailed to find her In distant regions likeliest to hold her Whom I desired above all things to know, Sister of the mirage and echo. It was a virtue not to stay, To go my headstrong and heroic way Seeking her out at the volcano's head, Among pack ice, or where the track had faded Beyond the cavern of the seven sleepers: Whose broad high brow was white as any leper's, Whose eyes were blue, with rowan-berry lips, With hair curled honey-coloured to white hips. Green sap of Spring in the young wood a-stir Will celebrate the Mountain Mother, And every song-bird shout awhile for her; But I am gifted, even in November Rawest of seasons, with so huge a sense Of her nakedly worn magnificence I forget cruelty and past betrayal, Careless of where the next bright bolt may fall. FOREWORD am grateful to Philip and Sally Graves, Christopher Hawkes, John Knittel, Valentin Iremonger, Max Mallowan, E. M. Parr, Joshua IPodro, Lynette Roberts, Martin Seymour-Smith, John Heath-Stubbs and numerous correspondents, who have supplied me with source- material for this book: and to Kenneth Gay who has helped me to arrange it. Yet since the first edition appeared in 1946, no expert in ancient Irish or Welsh has offered me the least help in refining my argument, or pointed out any of the errors which are bound to have crept into the text, or even acknowledged my letters.
    [Show full text]
  • APOLLO in ASIA MINOR and in the APOCALYPSE Abstract
    Title: CHAOS AND CLAIRVOYANCE: APOLLO IN ASIA MINOR AND IN THE APOCALYPSE Abstract: In the Apocalypse interpreters acknowledge several overt references to Apollo. Although one or two Apollo references have received consistent attention, no one has provided a sustained consideration of the references as a whole and why they are there. In fact, Apollo is more present across the Apocalypse than has been recognized. Typically, interpreters regard these overt instances as slights against the emperor. However, this view does not properly consider the Jewish/Christian perception of pagan gods as actual demons, Apollo’s role and prominence in the religion of Asia Minor, or the complexity of Apollo’s role in imperial propaganda and its influence where Greek religion was well-established. Using Critical Spatiality and Social Memory Theory, this study provides a more comprehensive religious interpretation of the presence of Apollo in the Apocalypse. I conclude that John progressively inverts popular religious and imperial conceptions of Apollo, portraying him as an agent of chaos and the Dragon. John strips Apollo of his positive associations, while assigning those to Christ. Additionally, John’s depiction of the god contributes to the invective against the Dragon and thus plays an important role to shape the social identity of the Christian audience away from the Dragon, the empire, and pagan religion and rather toward the one true God and the Lamb who conquers all. ASBURY THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY CHAOS AND CLAIRVOYANCE: APOLLO IN ASIA MINOR AND IN THE APOCALYPSE SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF ASBURY THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN BIBLICAL STUDIES BY ANDREW J.
    [Show full text]
  • The Origin of the Cult of the Lares
    THE ORIGIN OF THE CULT OF THE LARES BY GORDON LAING In a recent number of the American Journal of Archaeology' Miss Margaret Waites revives she controversy in regard to the origin of the cult of the Lares. Adopting in substance the view held by Samter, De-Marchi, Rohde, von Domaszewski and others, she traces it to the worship of the Lar familiaris, in whom she recognizes "a good spirit, closely attached in each case to a'p'articular family, to its dwelling and to the territory immediately suIrrounding the house." The worship of this spirit, she argues, "contains many features which seem to point to a chthonic cult and which imply that the Lar was originally worshiped as the spirit of the ancestor who had founded the family and still watched with devotion over the fortunes of his descendants. " One's immediate reaction on reading this article is that among all the theories of cult origins that die hard, this ancestor theory of the worship of the Lares has one of the first places. It is probably as old as Plautus, certainly goes as far back as Varro, and has the support of other Roman writers; it has established itself in the commentaries on many Latin authors, is found in more than one dictionary of antiquities, and is defended even by those specialists in Roman religion and folklore whom I have mentioned above. Within recent years, to be sure, its prestige has suffered in no inconsiderable degree through the opposition of Wissowa in his article in Roscher's Lexicon, in his volume Religion und Kultus der Romer, his discussion in the Archiv fur Religionswissenschaft,2and in other places.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded from Brill.Com09/23/2021 03:29:23PM Via Free Access 298 Daniels
    chapter 11 Sacred Exchange: The Religious Institutions of Emporia in the Mediterranean World of the Later Iron Age Megan Daniels Introduction The Mediterranean Iron Age, while it is difficult to pinpoint its exact bound- aries temporarily,1 has as one of its hallmarks the proliferation of long-distance trade networks. The development of these networks led to the movement of peoples overseas to capitalize upon trade opportunities while at the same time establishing more permanent settlements around the Mediterranean. Overall, the Iron Age, particularly between the eighth and sixth centuries bce, is seen as a time of major economic accomplishment in terms of the novel economic structures that were created, allowing for a density of intercommunications supported by regular and frequent movement of goods and people.2 I wish to focus on these novel economic structures in particular in this paper, specifi- cally the institutions that developed out of and in turn spurred such prolific movements. While difficult to reconstruct out of fragmentary evidence, insti- tutions were vital in allowing human beings the means to cooperate with one another and thus to capture the gains made by commercial activities. Corre- spondingly, an investigation of Iron Age institutions is vital for explaining rising standards of living and population growth across the Mediterranean world at this time. 1 The term “Iron Age” lacks fixed boundaries—Near Eastern and Greek archaeologists tend to see it as commencing in the twelfth and eleventh centuries bce, following the collapse of Bronze Age palatial centres and the migration of the so-called Sea Peoples. On the other hand, on Sicily, the Iron Age does not begin until the ninth century, with shifts from chiefdoms to more egalitarian communities, while in North Africa the Iron Age is seen to commence with the founding of Carthage.
    [Show full text]
  • Hercules and Cacus in Vergil's Aeneid
    The Advantage of the Stronger: Hercules and Cacus in Vergil’s Aeneid Leo Trotz-Liboff Middlebury College Classics Class of 2017 Abstract: The Hercules and Cacus episode in Book VIII highlights the problematic nature of Aeneas’ exploits throughout theAeneid. Through the violence of Hercules, Vergil makes the reader question whether a story like the founding of Rome and its eventual imperial expansion can be as cut and dry as the story of a rugged hero slaughtering someone whose name literally means “evil one” might superficially seem. Calling into question Aeneas’ morality and his justification for settling in Italy in turn casts doubt on Augustus’ own means of attaining power. The Hercules and Cacus episode is fundamental to our understanding of the Aeneid as a whole inasmuch as it brings up the question of right. The question of the rightful owner of Geryon’s cattle finds its parallel in Aeneas and Turnus’ dispute over betrothal to Lavinia, as well as in Augustus’ contested claim to rule Rome. The Italy of Hercules’ day, in which violence determines right, must be compared with the universal empire Augustus will eventually establish. This paper explores to what extent the Hercules and Cacus episode can influence our understanding of Aeneas and Augustus and how Vergil might be reacting to the political climate of his day through his poetry. Vergilian scholars widely accept that the characters of Hercules and Cacus1 find their parallels in Aeneas and Turnus respectively. In their view, the association of Hercules with Aeneas also extends
    [Show full text]
  • A SKELETON CHECKLIST of the BUTTERFLIES of the UNITED STATES and CANADA Preparatory to Publication of the Catalogue Jonathan P
    A SKELETON CHECKLIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA Preparatory to publication of the Catalogue © Jonathan P. Pelham August 2006 Superfamily HESPERIOIDEA Latreille, 1809 Family Hesperiidae Latreille, 1809 Subfamily Eudaminae Mabille, 1877 PHOCIDES Hübner, [1819] = Erycides Hübner, [1819] = Dysenius Scudder, 1872 *1. Phocides pigmalion (Cramer, 1779) = tenuistriga Mabille & Boullet, 1912 a. Phocides pigmalion okeechobee (Worthington, 1881) 2. Phocides belus (Godman and Salvin, 1890) *3. Phocides polybius (Fabricius, 1793) =‡palemon (Cramer, 1777) Homonym = cruentus Hübner, [1819] = palaemonides Röber, 1925 = ab. ‡"gunderi" R. C. Williams & Bell, 1931 a. Phocides polybius lilea (Reakirt, [1867]) = albicilla (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869) = socius (Butler & Druce, 1872) =‡cruentus (Scudder, 1872) Homonym = sanguinea (Scudder, 1872) = imbreus (Plötz, 1879) = spurius (Mabille, 1880) = decolor (Mabille, 1880) = albiciliata Röber, 1925 PROTEIDES Hübner, [1819] = Dicranaspis Mabille, [1879] 4. Proteides mercurius (Fabricius, 1787) a. Proteides mercurius mercurius (Fabricius, 1787) =‡idas (Cramer, 1779) Homonym b. Proteides mercurius sanantonio (Lucas, 1857) EPARGYREUS Hübner, [1819] = Eridamus Burmeister, 1875 5. Epargyreus zestos (Geyer, 1832) a. Epargyreus zestos zestos (Geyer, 1832) = oberon (Worthington, 1881) = arsaces Mabille, 1903 6. Epargyreus clarus (Cramer, 1775) a. Epargyreus clarus clarus (Cramer, 1775) =‡tityrus (Fabricius, 1775) Homonym = argentosus Hayward, 1933 = argenteola (Matsumura, 1940) = ab. ‡"obliteratus"
    [Show full text]