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Reading the Mausoleum of Augustus in Rome a Thesis READING THE MAUSOLEUM OF AUGUSTUS IN ROME A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY MERAL ÖZDENGİZ BAŞAK IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEBRUARY 2020 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Yaşar Kondakçı Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts. Prof. Dr. Cânâ Bilsel Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts. Prof. Dr. Suna Güven Supervisor Examining Committee Members Assist. Prof. Dr. Pelin Yoncacı Arslan (METU, AH) Prof. Dr. Suna Güven (METU, AH) Assist. Prof. Dr. İdil Üçer Karababa (İstanbul Bilgi Uni., IND) I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name : Meral Özdengiz Başak Signature : iii ABSTRACT READING THE MAUSOLEUM OF AUGUSTUS IN ROME ÖZDENGİZ BAŞAK, Meral M.A., Department of History of Architecture Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Suna GÜVEN February 2020, 199 pages This thesis focuses on the Mausoleum of the first Roman Emperor Augustus in Rome. It studies the Mausoleum as a Roman monument highly laden with symbolic meanings and functions. Built at the age of transition from Republic to Empire, the symbolic meanings and functions of the Mausoleum evolved and expanded within time. The thesis exposes and highlights the formation, evolution and expansion of the symbolic meanings and functions of the Mausoleum in parallel to the transformation of the Roman Republic to the Empire during the Augustan period. Keywords: Augustus, Mausoleum, Augustan Rome, Funerary Architecture, Monument. iv ÖZ AUGUSTUS’UN ROMA’DAKİ ANIT MEZARININ BİR OKUMASI ÖZDENGİZ BAŞAK, Meral Yüksek Lisans, Mimarlık Tarihi Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. Suna GÜVEN Şubat 2020, 199 sayfa Bu tez, ilk Roma İmparatoru Augustus’un Roma’daki Mozolesi’ne odaklanmıştır. Tez, Mozole’yi zengin sembolik anlam ve işlevler taşıyan bir Roma anıtı olarak inceler. Cumhuriyet’ten İmparatorluk’a geçiş döneminde inşa edilmiş olan Mozole’nin sembolik anlam ve işlevleri zaman içinde dönüşmüş ve genişlemiştir. Tez, Mozole’nin sembolik anlam ve işlevlerinin oluşumu, dönşümü ve genişlemesini Augustus döneminde Roma Cumhuriyeti’nin İmparatorluk’a dönüşüm sürecine paralel olarak inceler ve ortaya serer. Anahtar Kelimeler: Augustus, Mozole, Augustus Dönemi Roma’sı, Mezar Mimarisi, Anıt. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor Prof. Dr. Suna Güven. All I have learned from her guided my study. And her never ending enthusiasm motivated me. But foremost I would like to thank for her continuous support, understanding, and incredible patience throughout the long and difficult process of the writing of this thesis. Without her, this thesis would not have been possible. I would like to thank the examining committee members Pelin Yoncacı Arslan and İdil Üçer Karababa for all their support. I wholeheartedly thank my family and friends who supported and helped me during my difficult times. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM...........................................................................................................iii ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................. iv ÖZ .............................................................................................................................. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................ vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................. ix CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 1 2. THE PHYSICAL: THE MONUMENT PROPER, USTRINUM, and SURROUNDINGS ........................................................................................ 9 2.1 Ancient Sources on the Mausoleum ...................................................... 9 2.2 The Spatial and Temporal Coordinates of the Mausoleum – The Origin ................................................................................................ 12 II.2.1 Location ................................................................................... 12 II.2.2 Date of Construction ............................................................... 18 2.3 Description of the Mausoleum ............................................................ 21 2.3.1 Archaeological Remains ......................................................... 21 2.3.2 Ideas on its Original Appearance ............................................ 26 2.3.3 Complementary Elements of the Mausoleum ......................... 40 2.3.3.1 The Statue ................................................................... 40 2.3.3.2 Obelisks ....................................................................... 42 2.3.3.3 The Res Gestae ............................................................ 45 2.3.4 The Tumulus and its Landscape .............................................. 45 2.4 Surroundings of the Mausoleum ......................................................... 48 2.5 Ustrinum of Augustus ......................................................................... 48 2.6 Burials in the Mausoleum ................................................................... 51 vii 3. SPACE OF AUCTORITAS ............................................................................. 53 3.1 The Auctoritas of Augustus ................................................................. 53 3.2 Auctoritas and the Monument ............................................................. 58 3.2.1 The Auctoritas of Place ........................................................... 58 3.2.2 The Auctoritas of Antecedent.................................................. 65 3.2.3 The Auctoritas of Great Achievements ................................... 78 4. SPACE OF IMPERIUM ROMANUM ............................................................ 93 4.1 From Res Publica to Imperium Romanum .......................................... 93 4.2 From a Private Monument to an Imperial Monument ......................... 97 4.2.1 From Family to Dynasty: A Monument of a Dynasty ............. 97 4.2.2 From War to Peace: A Monumental Complex for the Empire .................................................................................... 109 4.2.3 From a Republican to an Imperial Center:The Monument and the City of Rome ......................................................................... 130 5. SPACE OF DEIFICATIO ............................................................................ 144 5.1 From Divi Filius to Divus .................................................................. 144 5.2 The Monument of a Divus ................................................................. 147 5.2.1 Funerary Procession: Res Gestae in Action .......................... 148 5.2.2 Cremation: From Material to Immaterial, Round and Up ..... 155 5.2.1 Memory ................................................................................. 161 6. CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................ 165 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................... 173 APPENDICES A. TURKISH SUMMARY / TÜRKÇE ÖZET ............................................... 189 A. THESIS PERMISSION FORM / TEZ İZİN FORMU ............................... 199 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Statue of Augustus from Prima Porta ........................................................ 1 Figure 2: Mausoleum of Augustus, exterior view, current state ............................... 3 Figure 3: Aerial view showing the location of the Mausoleum of Augustus and the corresponding area of Campus Martius in modern Rome ........................... 13 Figure 4: Detail of the 1748 Map of Rome, by Giambattista Nolli, showing the baroque port, Porto Ripetta, and the Mausoleum of Augustus. ............................... 17 Figure 5: View of the concert hall Augusteo during the demolition of the surrounding buildings. .............................................................................................. 21 Figure 6: Aerial view of Piazza Augusto Imperatore, after the demolition of the concert hall Augusteo and the surrounding buildings in 1930’s by the decree of Mussolini. ................................................................................................................. 22 Figure 7: View of the Mausoleum of Augustus, after the removal of the later additions. .................................................................................................................. 22 Figure 8: Model drawing showing the surrounding buildings of the Mausoleum of Augustus in the Piazza Augusto Imperatore ............................................................ 23 Figure 9: Aerial view of Piazza Augusto Imperatore with the old Ara Pacis Pavillion
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