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UK Home Office China Country Report April 2005

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UK Home Office China Country Report April 2005 China Country Report APRIL 2005 Country Information and Policy Unit IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY DIRECTORATE HOME OFFICE, UNITED KINGDOM Contents 1. Scope of the Document 1.1–1.12 2. Geography 2.1–2.23 Background 2.1–2.4 Fujian Province 2.5–2.7 The Environment 2.8–2.11 Population 2.12–2.14 Naming Conventions 2.15–2.16 Languages 2.17–2.19 Dialects within Fujian 2.20–2.22 Pinyin Translation System 2.23 3. Economy 3.1–3.27 Background 3.1–3.2 Shadow Banks 3.3–3.4 Poverty 3.5–3.9 Great Western Development Plan 3.10–3.12 State Owned Enterprises (SOEs) 3.13–3.16 Unemployment 3.17–3.18 Currency 3.19–3.20 China, April 2005 Corruption 3.21–3.27 4. History 4.1–4.12 1949-1976: The Mao Zedong Era 4.1–4.2 1978-1989: Deng Xiaoping as Paramount 4.3 Leader Tiananmen Square Protests (1989) 4.4–4.6 Post-Tiananmen Square 4.7–4.12 - Jiang Zemin as Core Leader 4.7–4.9 - Hu Jiantao: Chairman of the Board 4.10–4.12 5. State Structures 5.1–5.136 The Constitution 5.1–5.5 Citizenship and Nationality 5.6–5.10 The Political System 5.11–5.24 The Leadership (Fourth Generation) 5.14–5.21 Village Committees 5.22–5.24 Judiciary 5.25–5.36 Criminal Procedures Law (1997) 5.29–5.30 Law on Administrative Appeals (1999) 5.31 State Compensation Law (1995) 5.32–3.33 State Secrets 5.34–3.36 Legal Rights/Detention 5.37–5.59 Petitions, Complaints and Appeals 5.40–5.48 Hitting an Official 5.49 Arrest Warrants 5.50–5.51 Death Penalty 5.52–5.58 Organ Harvesting 5.59 Internal Security 5.60–5.70 Police Accountability 5.61–5.64 Police Organisation 5.65–5.67 Police Corruption/Incompetence 5.68–5.70 Prisons and Prison Conditions 5.71–5.94 Model Prisons 5.81 Prison Conditions in Fujian 5.82 Prison Conditions in Tibet (Xizang) 5.83–5.88 Administrate Detention 5.89–5.94 - Re-education through Labour (RTL) 5.87–5.92 - Other Forms of Administrative Detention 5.93 - Other Forms of Administrative Penalties 5.94 Military Service 5.95–5.100 The Army (PLA) 5.95–5.97 Conscientious Objectors and Deserters 5.98–5.100 Medical Services 5.101–5.130 Overview 5.101–106 Psychiatric Treatment 5.107–5.112 HIV/AIDS 5.113–5.130 - Availability of Anti-retrovirals (ARVs) 5.119–5.123 - Intravenous Drug Users (IDUs) 5.124–5.126 - Discrimination 5.127–5.130 Education System 5.131–5.136 Higher Education 5.135–5.136 Human Rights 6.1–6.415 6.A Human Rights Issues 6.1–6.265 General 6.1–6.8 China, April 2005 Freedom of Speech and the Media 6.9–6.28 Journalists 6.20–6.26 Intellectuals 6.27–6.28 Freedom of Religion 6.29–6.157 Religion and the State 6.29–6.38 Buddhists and Taoists 6.39–6.47 - Buddhists 6.40–6.41 - Tibetan Buddhism 6.42–6.46 - Taosists 6.47 Christians 6.48–6.78 - Catholics 6.53–6.59 - Protestants 6.60–6.64 - Protestant House Churches – Arrests and 6.65–6.76 Demolitions - Russian Orthodox Church 6.77 – 6.78 Muslims 6.79–6.103 - Uighur(s) (Uygur, Uyghur) 6.81–6.85 - Treatment of Uighurs in Xinjiang (Sinkiang) 6.86–6.90 - Uighur Terrorist Groups 6.91– 6.96 - Hui (Huihui) 6.97–6.102 - Other Muslim Groups 6.103 Cults 6.104–6.157 Falun Gong 6.108–6.130 - Origins and Support 6.112–6.114 - Guiding Principles 6.115–116 - Exercises/Movements 6.117–6.118 - 610 Office 6.119 - Nature of Resistance 6.120–6.121 - Treatment of Falun Gong Practitioners 6.122–6.127 - Treatment of Falun Gong Practitioners’ 6.128–6.130 Relatives Other Qigong Groups 6.131–6.146 - Zhong Gong (China Gong) 6.133–6.140 - Cibei Gong (Compassion Gong 6.141 - Guo Gong (Nation Gong) 6.142–6.144 - Xiang Gong (Fragrant Gong) 6.145 - Bodhi Gong (Wakefulness/Awakening Gong) 6.146 Evangelical Christian Groups 6.147–6.157 - The Shouters (Huhan Pai) or Local Church) 6.147–6.153 - South China Church 6.154–6.156 - Three Servants Church 6.157 Freedom of Association and Assembly 6.158–6.189 Overview 6.158–6.159 Political Activists 6.160–6.166 People Who Oppose the Regime 6.167–6.176 Opposition Groups 6.177 China Democratic Party (CDP) 6.178–6.186 Civil Unrest/Protests 6.187–6.189 Employment Rights 6.190–6.201 Overview 6.190–6.194 Industrial Unrest 6.195–6.197 Workplace Safety 6.198–6.200 Child Labour 6.201 People Trafficking 6.202–6.229 China, April 2005 - Snakeheads (People Smugglers) 6.207–6.222 - Fact Finding Mission to Fujian, November 6.223–6.229 2003 Freedom of Movement 6.230–6.265 Household Registry (hukou) 6.230–6.238 Identity Cards 6.239–6.243 Passports 6.244–6.247 Returnees 6.248–6.260 Returning to China After Having Children 6.261–6.263 Abroad Double Jeopardy 6.264–6.265 6.B Human Rights – Specific Groups 6.266–6.386 Ethnic Groups 6.266–6.315 Han verses Hui violence (November 2004) 6.273–6276 Koreans 6.277–6.278 North Korean Refugees 6.279–6.283 Tibetans 6.284–6.301 Tibetan Refugees in India 6.302–6.306 Tibetan Refugees in Nepal 6.307– 6.314 Other Ethnic Groups 6.315 Women 6.316–6.321 Marriage 6.322–6.326 Divorce 6.327 Children 6.328–6.331 Family Planning (“one child policy”) 6.332–6.380 - Population and Family Planning Law (2002) 6.335–6.350 - Family Planning Regulations in Fujian 6.351–6.353 - Family Planning Regulations in Guangdong 6.354–6.355 - Family Planning Regulations in Beijing and 6.356–6.359 Shanghai - Unmarried Mothers 6.360–6.364 - Black Children (hei haizi) 6.365–6.367 - Female Infanticide 6.368–6.378 - Childcare Arrangements 6.379–6.380 Homosexuals 6.381–6.386 6.C Human Rights – Other Issues 6.390–6.415 Disputed Territories 6.387–6.394 - Taiwan 6.387–6.394 Special Administrative Regions (SARs) 6.395–6.413 - Hong Kong (SAR) 6.395–6.408 - Macau (SAR) 6.409–6.413 1951 Convention 6.414 Membership of International Organisations 6.415 Annexes Chronology of Events – China post 1949 Annex A Chronology of Events – Tibet post 1910 Annex B Chronology of Events – Xinjiang C - Prominent Organisations Annex D - Taiwanese Political Parties Annex E - Hong Kong Political Parties Annex F Democratic Parties – political parties existing Annex G prior to the establishment of the PRC (1949) who subordinate themselves to the will of the China, April 2005 CCP - Dissident Groups Annex H Prominent People Annex I The Government Annex J Glossaries Annexes K–M - Glossary – Chinese Terms Annex K - Glossary – English Terms Annex L - Glossary – Tibetan Terms Annex M Public Holidays Annex N Reference to Source Material Annex O Scope of the Document 1.1 This Country Report has been produced by Immigration and Nationality Directorate, Home Office, for use by officials involved in the asylum/human rights determination process. The Report provides general background information about the issues most commonly raised in asylum/human rights claims made in the United Kingdom. It includes information available up to 1 March 2005. 1.2 The Country Report is compiled wholly from material produced by a wide range of recognised external information sources and does not contain any Home Office opinion or policy. All information in the Report is attributed, throughout the text, to the original source material, which is made available to those working in the asylum/human rights determination process. 1.3 The Report aims to provide a brief summary of the source material identified, focusing on the main issues raised in asylum and human rights applications. It is not intended to be a detailed or comprehensive survey. For a more detailed account, the relevant source documents should be examined directly. 1.4 The structure and format of the Country Report reflects the way it is used by Home Office caseworkers and appeals presenting officers, who require quick electronic access to information on specific issues and use the contents page to go directly to the subject required. Key issues are usually covered in some depth within a dedicated section, but may also be referred to briefly in several other sections. Some repetition is therefore inherent in the structure of the Report. 1.5 The information included in this Country Report is limited to that which can be identified from source documents. While every effort is made to cover all relevant aspects of a particular topic, it is not always possible to obtain the information concerned. For this reason, it is important to note that information included in the Report should not be taken to imply anything beyond what is actually stated. For example, if it is stated that a particular law has been passed, this should not be taken to imply that it has been effectively implemented; rather that information regarding implementation has not been found. 1.6 As noted above, the Country Report is a collation of material produced by a number of reliable information sources. In compiling the Report, no attempt has China, April 2005 been made to resolve discrepancies between information provided in different source documents.
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