Uniforming the Rugged Gender, Identity, and the American Administrative State During the Progressive Era, 1898-1917
UNIFORMING THE RUGGED GENDER, IDENTITY, AND THE AMERICAN ADMINISTRATIVE STATE DURING THE PROGRESSIVE ERA, 1898-1917 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History By Zackary William Gardner, M.A. Washington, D.C. January 5, 2016 Copyright 2016 by Zackary William Gardner All Rights Reserved ii UNIFORMING THE RUGGED GENDER, IDENTITY, AND THE AMERICAN ADMINISTRATIVE STATE DURING THE PROGRESSIVE ERA, 1898-1917 Zackary William Gardner, M.A. Thesis Advisor: Katherine A. Benton-Cohen, Ph.D. ABSTRACT This dissertation is a social history of more than 2,000 individual state and federal employees between 1898 and 1917 who were charged with the transformation of the law from enacted ideal to lived reality. The study examines the interplay of gendered identity and administrative state formation in the United States through four case studies: the Philippine Constabulary, the Pennsylvania State Police, the US Forest Service, and the Pennsylvania Forestry Division. To grow these agencies, executives—including Gifford Pinchot, Henry T. Allen, John C. Groome, and George C. Wirt—had to recruit, train, and discipline technocratic experts who were inspired by an idealized image of government service. This identity simultaneously and paradoxically praised rugged individualism and bureaucratic conformity. Compounded by bureaucratic stagnation, depreciating salaries, and the realities of living conditions in remote wildernesses, the inherent contradictions of individualism and conformity led many of these men to disillusionment and resignation. My argument is based upon the reconstruction of individual government careers utilizing bureaucratic social history sources, including circular letters, annual reports, standardized forms, and the extensive correspondence between would-be government-men and senior executives within the four case studies.
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