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Prelude to Brownsville the Twenty~Fifth Infantry at Fort Niobrara, Nebraska, 1902~06

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Prelude to Brownsville the Twenty~Fifth Infantry at Fort Niobrara, Nebraska, 1902~06 University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Great Plains Quarterly Great Plains Studies, Center for 1996 PRELUDE TO BROWNSVILLE THE TWENTY~FIFTH INFANTRY AT FORT NIOBRARA, NEBRASKA, 1902~06 Thomas R. Buecker Nebraska State Historical Society Fort Robinson Museum Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/greatplainsquarterly Part of the Other International and Area Studies Commons Buecker, Thomas R., "PRELUDE TO BROWNSVILLE THE TWENTY~FIFTH INFANTRY AT FORT NIOBRARA, NEBRASKA, 1902~06" (1996). Great Plains Quarterly. 1087. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/greatplainsquarterly/1087 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Great Plains Studies, Center for at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Great Plains Quarterly by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. PRELUDE TO BROWNSVILLE THE TWENTY~FIFTH INFANTRY AT FORT NIOBRARA, NEBRASKA, 1902~06 THOMAS R. BUECKER Around midnight on 13 August 1906, gun­ authorities discovered expended military car­ shots suddenly rang out on the deserted streets tridges at the scene. 1 of Brownsville, Texas. Unknown parties in­ The Brownsville citizenry had not been discriminately fired at a number of private resi­ happy when they received word that the black dences, severely wounding a police officer, and Twenty -fifth was to be stationed at nearby Fort into a nearby saloon, killing a bartender and Brown and several race-related incidents had slightly wounding a patron. Apparently all occurred between soldiers and white towns­ victims were Hispanics. When the ten-minute people-Brownsville was a southern town and fusillade was over, witnesses claimed black sol­ Jim Crow laws prevailed. After the shooting, diers from the Twenty-fifth Infantry stationed anger against the alleged soldier assailants at adjacent Fort Brown were responsible for quickly spread across the country. Understand­ the outrage. Substantiation for their accusa­ ably, debate in the national press divided along tions seemingly came when civil and military racial lines. Although it was never proved in a military court who perpetrated the shooting, President Theodore Roosevelt ordered the First Battalion of the Twenty-fifth, the entire garrison at Fort Brown, dismissed from the United States Army. The soldiers and their supporters fought those discharges for decades to come. Thomas R. Buecker is the curator of the Nebraska State Historical Society's Fort Robinson Museum. He Three weeks before the shooting, the sol­ has published numerous articles and pamphlets on diers, described as an "exceptionally bad lot of Nebraska history and is co-editor with R. Eli Paul of disgraceful ruffians," who were accused of a The Crazy Horse Surrender Ledger ( 1994) . "horrible atrocity ... unparalleled for infamy," had been transferred from a fort in Nebraska.2 There they had been seen as a "peaceable, [GPQ 16 (Spring 1996): 95-106] orderly, well behaved set of soldiers."3 Closer 95 96 GREAT PLAINS QUARTERLY, SPRING 1996 examination confirms that the experience of of Forts Robinson and Niobrara in Nebraska the Twenty-fifth Infantry at Fort Niobrara would bring satisfaction to the impatient lo­ stands in stark contrast to what followed at cal communities and their congressional del­ Brownsville. egates. 7 By the late summer of 1902, the Twenty­ SETTING THE SCENE fifth Infantry arrived stateside. Regimental headquarters, band, and the First and Third The Twenty-fifth Infantry was organized in Battalions were assigned to Fort Niobrara. The 1866 as one of several regular army cavalry Second Battalion went to Fort Reno, Okla­ and infantry regiments to be composed solely homa. Just after arriving in the states, the of black enlisted men. The regiment served in soldiers received the "somewhat gloomy infor­ Texas until transferred to the Department of mation" that their new home would be Ne­ Dakota in 1880. During the Spanish-Ameri­ braska. Service there was a distinct departure can War it participated in the invasion of Cuba from the Philippines, where the soldiers en­ and again served overseas in the Philippine joyed life among "its free-and-easy-going na­ Insurrection. In 1902 the regiment was re­ tive society." In the words of the regimental turned to the states as part of the regular rota­ chaplain, Nebraska was a dreary place.8 tion of overseas units.4 Fort Niobrara, in Cherry County in north­ BLACK SOLDIERS, WHITE TOWN central Nebraska, had been established in 1880 to guard the Rosebud reservation just across As was typical at many western duty sta­ the border in South Dakota. From the mid- tions on the upper Plains, the soldiers found 1880s until 1898 it housed large troop compo­ themselves in a largely white society. By 1900 nents and became an impressive installation Valentine reported a population of 973, only of more than seventy buildings. The nearby twelve of whom were black. With hundreds of town of Valentine greatly benefited from the Valentine citizens at the depot to greet them, sizable military payroll and related subsistence the First Battalion arrived in Valentine on 17 and construction contracts.5 August 1902. Five days later the Third Battal­ All of this changed with the Spanish­ ion pulled in and marched the four and one­ American War and subsequent Philippine In­ half miles southeast to the fort. 9 Because the surrection, when troops were mobilized for post had been largely vacant, the new garrison overseas deployment. The reduction of troops found it overrun with rattlesnakes. It was sev­ at the post, at one time down to twenty-seven eral weeks before the reptile occupants were men, brought corresponding financial despair cleaned out. IO to the local businesses. In 1901 another blow In addition to an overabundance of snakes, came when Fort Niobrara appeared on the the soldiers found other immediate disadvan­ abandonment list. As well as being deemed no tages. With the companies at full strength, longer vital to the safety of nearby communi­ the barracks were overcrowded. Buildings ties, the old frontier posts in the interior were originally built for sixty men now housed one expensive to maintain.6 hundred. Most soldiers resolved to adjust to At the turn of the century the United States the desolation and inconvenience of their new Army was in a state of flux in regard to size, station; but others could not. In September function, and location of its garrisons. Even thirteen men of the regiment deserted, by far though larger and more centralized posts were the largest number to desert in a single being planned and built, garrisons were needed month. II now for the large numbers of soldiers return­ While the soldiers adjusted to their new ing from the Philippines, and some of the older situation, the local citizens sized up their new posts fit the bill. Regarrisoning the old posts neighbors. The white community had had THE TWENTY-FIFTH INFANTRY AT FORT NIOBRARA 97 experience with black soldiers before. From 1885 to 1891 companies of the Ninth Cavalry had served at Fort Niobrara, garrisoned with a larger number of white troops. This time it was a different situation, with only black sol­ diers comprising the garrison. Elsewhere, when word reached a white com­ munity that black troops were to arrive, fear and anxiety quickly arose and conflict often resultedY Valentine did not protest-they welcomed the Twenty-fifth Infantry. Valen­ tine was a post town, and its citizens keenly appreciated the benefit of a large garrison. Soldiers were soldiers, and they would bring a welcome boost to the sagging local economy. Generally speaking the manifestations of overt racism on the northern frontier were far less serious than those in the south and south­ west.13 By 1903 Chaplain Theophilus Stew­ ard, an African American, reported, "our men enjoy the very high favor of the people of the vicinity so far as I hear any expression."14 In FIG. 1. Chaplain Theophilus Gould Steward, Valentine the townspeople realized the days c. 1900. Photograph courtesy of Schomberg Center, New York Public Library. of Fort Niobrara were numbered and wanted to take advantage of a large garrison regard­ less of race. The bottom line for a "post town" was money from the soldiers. Understandably, the merchants' business flourished after the monthly payday. Soldier pay brought more regimental chaplain, Theophilus Steward, was than twelve thousand dollars into Valentine's frequently invited to deliver sermons in Val­ economy each month. After the first payday entine churches, something not generally seen for the Twenty-fifth, a local paper noted, in other parts of the country.16 On one occa­ "Since then they have been making business sion, arrangements were made for an "Eman­ lively in town which is fully appreciated by cipation Day" commemoration in town. every citizen of Valentine, reminding them of Discharged soldiers confidently sought em­ the good old days before the recent Spanish­ ployment with local ranchers and business­ American War."15 Not only did soldiers spend men. George Schuyler, long-time editor of the their pay, but local building contractors re­ black weekly Pittsburgh Courier, noted, "in ceived construction and repair contracts. The those few places where people treated the post absorbed thousands of dollars worth of Black soldiers as human beings, relations were locally procured food, grain, hay, and wood usually harmonious. "17 To the Twenty-fifth In­ each year. fantry, Valentine proved the rule rather than During this period of American history, race the exception. relations were at a very low point, but in many Much of the racial climate of a community parts of the west, including Valentine, the was expressed in its local press. As in other color line had not been drawn. The black localities, one Valentine paper tentatively 98 GREAT PLAINS QUARTERLY, SPRING 1996 approved and yet put the soldiers on proba­ whites than most were accustomed to in civil­ tion: ian life.
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