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Xerox University Microfilms INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technoloÿcal means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along widt adjacait pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film :s obliterated vrith a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image o f the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand comer of a Ivge sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of die dissertation. Silver prints of "photographs" may be ordered at additional charge by writing the Order Department, giving the catalog number, tide, author and specific pages you wish reproduced. 5. PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received. Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Ari)or, Michigan 48106 76-24,563 BLACK, Lowell Dwight, 1951- THE NEGRO VOLUNTEER MILITIA UNITS OF THE OHIO NATIONAL GUARD, 1870-1854; THE STRUGGLE FOR MILITARY RECOGNITION AND EQUALITY IN THE STATE OF OHIO. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1926 History, United States XGFOX UniV0rSrty MiCfOfilinS, Ann A ito r. Michigan 48106 0 1976 LOWELL DWIGHT BLACK ALL RIGHTS RESERVED THE NEGRO VOLUNTEER MILITIA UNITS OF THE OHIO NATIONAL GUARD, 1870-1954: THE STRUGGLE FOR MILITARY RECOGNITION AND EQUALITY IN THE STATE OF OHIO DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Lowell Dwight Black, B.A., M.A, ***** The Ohio State University 1976 Reading Committee : Approved By Professor Robert H. Bremner Professor Richard J. Hopkins Professor Allan R. Millett Adviser Department of History PREFACE This dissertation discusses the service record of Ohio Negro volunteers, from their arrival in the North­ west Territory to their participation in the Korean Conflict. It also deals with the political status of the Negro citizen-soldier as well as his social relation­ ships within his own community. After examining this subject one fact is firmly established: despite formi— dable political and social barriers, Ohio Negro Guardsmen achieved a high level of dignity and accomplishment through state and federal service. The Negro officer observed a rigid caste system in his relationships with the enlisted ranks. Based almost entirely upon heredity, his lofty stature was received at birth and was generally immutable. Membership in this group governed all facets of his life. It deter­ mined his occupational status as well as his merit as a citizen. To maintain these social advantages, the Negro officer prevented upward mobility into the Guard's leadership positions by practicing endogamy and residential segregation. ii The Negro volunteers did not fight their most savage battles against a foreign enemy but against the white political elites. These decision makers of society derived their power, authority, and prestige through economic affluence, precedent, social customs and the use of political hegemony, e.g., police, army, courts and legislative bodies. Ironically, a need for Negro votes in 1870 necessitated a political alliance between the white ruling elite and the Negro community. This coalition not only sparked the formation of Negro Guard units but it also perpetuated the existing caste system within Negro society. Unfortunately, the white elite's practices of individual and institutional racism often characterized Ohio Negro Guardsmen as second class soldiers. Ill ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to express my gratitude to all those who assisted me in preparing this dissertation. I want to thank especially the staff members of the Ohio Historical Society Library for their untiring help in locating rare reference materials. I am also indebted to Professor Allan R. Millett for his patience and understanding these past three years. Professor Millett advised me and guided this project from the very beginning. I also wish to thank Linda Schoephoerster, who pushed aside her private life to type the manuscript. Finally, my wife Yolanda deserves more credit that I can express for her valuable support and encouragement. Lowell D. Black Columbus, Ohio June, 1976 LV VITA February 3, 1951............. B o m — Logan, West Virginia 197 1 .......................... B.A,, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia 1971-1972.....................Teaching Assistant, Depart­ ment of Social Studies (Afro- American History) Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia 197 2 .......................... M.A., Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia 1973-1976.....................Teaching Associate, Depart­ ment of History, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. 1976.......................... Visiting Assistant Professor, Department of History, Wittenberg College, Spring­ field, Ohio FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: American History American Military History, Professor Allan R. Millett Emergence of Modem America, Professor K. Austin Kerr American Social History, Professor Robert H. Bremner Tudor and Stuart England, Professor Philip P. Poirier TABLE OF CONTENTS Page PREFACE............................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS................................... iv VITA............................................... V MAPS............................................... X LIST OF TABLES..................................... xi INTRODUCTION....................................... 1 PART ONE. THE NEGRO IN OHIO MILITIA POLITICS, 1802 - I860 Chapter I. MILITARY DEBATES, RESOLUTIONS AND LAWS CONCERNING THE LEGAL STATUS OF OHIO NEGROES....................................... 12 II. THE OHIO MILITIA BEFORE THE NEGRO: WHAT WAS IT REALLY LIKE?.......................... 26 III. THE RISE OF THE MULATTO ARISTOCRACY IN OHIO: FOUNDATIONS OF NEGRO MILITIA LEADERSHIP.................................... 39 IV. THE RESPONSE OF THE WHITE POLITICAL ELITE TO THE NEGRO MILITIA, 1849-1860.............. 54 PART TWO. OHIO NEGROES IN THE CIVIL WAR 1861 - 1865 V. THE WHITE POLITICAL ELITE AND THE NEGRO SOLDIER.......................................... 66 VI. THE EMPLOYMENT OF COLORED TROOPS IN THE WAR OF THE REBELLION: THE RESPONSE OF OHIO NEGRO GUARDSMEN TO THE CALL OF SERVICE................................... 87 vi PART THREE. OHIO NEGRO SOLDIERS IN THE POST CIVIL WAR ERA 1866 - 1898 VII. RESPONSES OF THE WHITE POLITICAL ELITE TO THE NEGRO SOLDIER'S DRIVE FOR POLITICAL RECOGNITION IN OHIO, 1866-1870... 168 VIII. THE FIRST PERMANENT NEGRO MILITIA UNITS OF THE OHIO NATIONAL GUARD, 1870-1898........ 179 IX. USE OF NEGRO TROOPS IN STATE SERVICE, 1872-1898................................... 197 PART FOUR. WAR, POLITICS AND REF0RI4: OHIO’S NEGRO MILITIA, 1898-1917 X. THE NINTH BATTALION DURING THE FILIPINO INSURRECTION, 1898-1902.................... 210 XI. REASSESSMENT OF THE NATIONAL GUARD INSTI­ TUTION: THE NINTH BATTALION IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY.......................... 246 PART FIVE. THE NINTH BATTALION IN THE WORLD WAR XII. MOBILIZATION OF NEGRO GUARD UNITS FOR THE GREAT INTERVENTION......................... 269 XIII. BETWEEN THE WARS: OHIO NEGRO GUARDSMEN IN PEACE, 1919-1940........................ 308 PART SIX. OHIO NEGRO SOLDIERS IN FEDERAL SERVICE, 1941-1945, IN THE POSTWAR ERA, AND IN THE KOREAN CONFLICT, 1946-1954 XIV. THE SECOND BATTALION IN WORLD WAR II...... 320 XV. THE WAR DEPARTMENT CHANGES ITS EMPHASIS: THE DEMISE OF THE NEGRO INFANTRY BAT­ TALION IN OHIO............................. 332 SUMMARY............................................ 351 Vll APPENDICES A. OHIO SUBSTITUTES IN NEGRO REGIMENTS 1863-1865............................... 353 B. TABLE OF MULATTOES FOR THE YEAR 1850__ 354 C. ROSTER OF WHITE LINE OFFICERS FOR THE 5TH REGIMENT, USCT...................... 355 D. NEGRO TROOPS IN THE WAR OF THE REBEL­ LION: THE FIRST UNITS................... 357 E. ROSTER OF WHITE LINE OFFICERS FOR THE 27TH REGIMENT, USCT..................... 358 F. ANALYSIS OF CASUALTIES FOR THE UNION ARMY, 1861-1865......................... 359 G. DISEASES CAUSING MOST DEATHS AMONG WHITE AND NEGRO UNION SOLDIERS IN THE WAR OF THE REBELLION.................... 360 H. RECORD OF CASUALTIES FOR THE 5TH REGIMENT, USCT, 1863-1865.............. 361 I. RECORD OF CASUALTIES FOR THE 27TH REGIMENT, USCT, 1863-1865.............. 362 J. THE PATRON-CLIENT CO'^^NECTION: CENSUS FIGURES FOR OHIO NEGwSS, 1870-1920.... 363 K. OCCUPATIONAL STUDY OF THE NEGRO OFFICER CORPS,
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