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Spoils of War, Spoilers of Peace: Changing the Calculus of South Sudan's Deadly Conflict
Spoils of War, Spoilers of Peace Changing the Calculus of South Sudan's Deadly Conflict ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… By Justine Fleischner September 2014 COVER PHOTO: South Sudan President Salva Kiir, front right, and former Vice President Riek Machar pay respects at the grave of Dr. John Garang in Juba, South Sudan. AP image, 2010 Spoils of War, Spoilers of Peace Changing the Calculus of South Sudan's Deadly Conflict By Justine Fleischner September 2014 Executive Summary and Recommendations South Sudan's civil war, which has exacted a terrible toll on its civilian population, has its origins in a power struggle between factions aligned with President Salva Kiir and those who have joined former Vice President Riek Machar. Despite repeated pledges to put down their weapons,1 both sides have demonstrated a clear commitment to a military “solution” instead of a negotiated settlement.2 The country’s competing privileged elites are sacrificing their own peoples’ lives to secure the political and economic benefits—including massive state-corroding corruption—derived from control of the state.3 In his opening remarks at the latest round of peace talks underway in Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, chief negotiator Seyoum Mesfin told the parties, “If you are committed to peace, you will not find it through the barrel of the gun, but around this table.”4 Simply put, unless the calculations of the leaders of the warring parties are altered, the war will continue and likely intensify. The application of a globally enforced targeted sanctions regime could change the calculus of warring elites and end impunity for mass atrocities, the obstruction of humanitarian aid, and violations of the cessation of hostilities agreement. -
Combatting Gender-Based Violence in the Customary Courts of South Sudan
COMBATTING GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE IN THE CUSTOMARY COURTS OF SOUTH SUDAN 2 Acknowledgments The research team would like to acknowledge all of the women, chiefs, government officials and other community members that assisted in the compilation of the information contained in this report, with special acknowledgment to the customary court chiefs who opened the doors to their courthouses and facilitated gathering of the results. The team would also like to thank the UNFPA team in Juba, the International Rescue Committee office in Rumbek, Women for International in Rumbek, Catholic Relief Services in Yambio and the UNDP Rule of Law office in Bentiu for their willingness to provide support and direction to the Lead Consultant and consultant teams in each location. These organizations helped identify transportation means, provide housing arrangements, give office support, and recruit local personnel. This study was funded by UNFPA South Sudan. © 2011 Haki All Rights Reserved 2 Combatting Gender-Based Violence in the Customary Courts of South Sudan Cover Photo: Rumbek Town Customary Court List of Abbreviations GBV Gender-‐Based Violence NGO Non-‐governmental Organizations GOSS Government of South Sudan JOSS Judiciary of South Sudan MOLACD Ministry of Legal Affairs and Constitutional — Development South Sudan ICSS Interim Constitution South of Sudan INC Interim National Constitution an of Sud IDP Internally Displaced Person UNFPA United Nations Population Fund UNDP United Nations Development Program SPds Sudanese Pounds List of Tables Table I Bari Jurisprudence for GBV Cases Table II Dinka Jurisprudence for GBV Cases Table III Nuer Jurisprudence for GBV Cases Table IV Azande Jurisprudence for GBV Cases List of Figures Figure 1 Tribes of South Sudan Figure 2 Summary of Findings Figure 3 Juba Findings Figure 4 Rumbek Findings Figure 5 Bentiu Findings Figure 6 Yambio Findings Combatting Gender-Based Violence in the Customary Courts of South Sudan TABLE OF CONTENTS I. -
“Prison Is Not for Me” Arbitrary Detention in South Sudan WATCH
HUMAN RIGHTS “Prison Is Not For Me” Arbitrary Detention in South Sudan WATCH “Prison Is Not For Me” Arbitrary Detention in South Sudan Copyright © 2012 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 1-56432-899-6 Cover design by Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch is dedicated to protecting the human rights of people around the world. We stand with victims and activists to prevent discrimination, to uphold political freedom, to protect people from inhumane conduct in wartime, and to bring offenders to justice. We investigate and expose human rights violations and hold abusers accountable. We challenge governments and those who hold power to end abusive practices and respect international human rights law. We enlist the public and the international community to support the cause of human rights for all. Human Rights Watch is an international organization with staff in more than 40 countries, and offices in Amsterdam, Beirut, Berlin, Brussels, Chicago, Geneva, Goma, Johannesburg, London, Los Angeles, Moscow, Nairobi, New York, Paris, San Francisco, Tokyo, Toronto, Tunis, Washington DC, and Zurich. For more information, please visit our website: http://www.hrw.org JUNE 2012 1-56432-899-6 “Prison Is Not For Me” Arbitrary Detention in South Sudan Map: Prisons Visited by Human Rights Watch ...................................................................... i Glossary ............................................................................................................................. ii Summary -
South Sudan's
Untapped and Unprepared Dirty Deals Threaten South Sudan’s Mining Sector April 2020 Table of Contents Executive Summary 1 Invitation to Exploitation 4 Beneath the Battlefield: Mineral Development During Conflict 12 Indications of Possible Money Laundering 19 Recommendations 20 We are grateful for the support we receive from our donors who have helped make our work possible. To learn more about The Sentry’s funders, please visit The Sentry website at www.thesentry.org/about/. UNTAPPED AND UNPREPARED: DIRTY DEALS THREATEN SOUTH SUDAN’S MINING SECTOR TheSentry.org Executive Summary South Sudan’s mining sector has seen rapid development in recent years, and preliminary reports suggest that the industry could become an engine for major economic growth. However, ineffective accountability mechanisms, an opaque corporate landscape, and inadequate due diligence have exposed the sector to abuse by bad actors within South Sudan’s ruling clique. The Sentry has found that existing laws have proven insufficient bulwarks against abuse, raising concerns that the country’s mineral wealth could do little more than spur the kind of violent competition that has ravaged the oil sector. Although South Sudan took welcome steps to reform the mining sector in 2012, some government officials, their relatives, and their close associates have fostered a weak regulatory environment susceptible to exploitation. In one example of how the privileged few have apparently exploited kleptocratic arrangements, President Salva Kiir’s daughter partly owns a company with three active licenses, while another company with three licenses lists former Vice President James Wani Igga’s son as a shareholder. Ashraf Seed Ahmed Hussein Ali, a businessman commonly known as Al-Cardinal who was placed under Global Magnitsky sanctions in October 2019, reportedly owns the company currently holding the greatest number of licenses.1 In the gold-rich region of Kapoeta, state government officials have begun issuing licenses independently of the central government. -
Conflict and Crisis in South Sudan's Equatoria
SPECIAL REPORT NO. 493 | APRIL 2021 UNITED STATES INSTITUTE OF PEACE www.usip.org Conflict and Crisis in South Sudan’s Equatoria By Alan Boswell Contents Introduction ...................................3 Descent into War ..........................4 Key Actors and Interests ............ 9 Conclusion and Recommendations ...................... 16 Thomas Cirillo, leader of the Equatoria-based National Salvation Front militia, addresses the media in Rome on November 2, 2019. (Photo by Andrew Medichini/AP) Summary • In 2016, South Sudan’s war expand- Equatorians—a collection of diverse South Sudan’s transitional period. ed explosively into the country’s minority ethnic groups—are fighting • On a national level, conflict resolu- southern region, Equatoria, trig- for more autonomy, local or regional, tion should pursue shared sover- gering a major refugee crisis. Even and a remedy to what is perceived eignty among South Sudan’s con- after the 2018 peace deal, parts of as (primarily) Dinka hegemony. stituencies and regions, beyond Equatoria continue to be active hot • Equatorian elites lack the external power sharing among elites. To spots for national conflict. support to viably pursue their ob- resolve underlying grievances, the • The war in Equatoria does not fit jectives through violence. The gov- political process should be expand- neatly into the simplified narratives ernment in Juba, meanwhile, lacks ed to include consultations with of South Sudan’s war as a power the capacity and local legitimacy to local community leaders. The con- struggle for the center; nor will it be definitively stamp out the rebellion. stitutional reform process of South addressed by peacebuilding strate- Both sides should pursue a nego- Sudan’s current transitional period gies built off those precepts. -
South Sudan: Jonglei – “We Have Always Been at War”
South Sudan: Jonglei – “We Have Always Been at War” Africa Report N°221 | 22 December 2014 International Crisis Group Headquarters Avenue Louise 149 1050 Brussels, Belgium Tel: +32 2 502 90 38 Fax: +32 2 502 50 38 [email protected] Table of Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................... i I. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 II. Jonglei’s Conflicts Before the Civil War ........................................................................... 3 A. Perpetual Armed Rebellion ....................................................................................... 3 B. The Politics of Inter-Communal Conflict .................................................................. 4 1. The communal is political .................................................................................... 4 2. Mixed messages: Government response to intercommunal violence ................. 7 3. Ethnically-targeted civilian disarmament ........................................................... 8 C. Region over Ethnicity? Shifting Alliances between the Bahr el Ghazal Dinka, Greater Bor Dinka and Nuer ...................................................................................... 9 III. South Sudan’s Civil War in Jonglei .................................................................................. 12 A. Armed Factions in Jonglei ........................................................................................ -
A/66/532 General Assembly
United Nations A/66/532 General Assembly Distr.: General 28 October 2011 Original: English Sixty-sixth session Agenda item 161 Financing of the United Nations Mission in South Sudan Budget for the United Nations Mission in South Sudan for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012 Report of the Secretary-General Contents Page I. Mandate and planned results ..................................................... 4 A. Overall ................................................................... 4 B. Planning assumptions and mission support initiatives ............................. 5 C. Regional mission cooperation ................................................ 7 D. Partnerships, country team coordination and integrated missions ................... 7 E. Results-based-budgeting frameworks .......................................... 8 II. Financial resources ............................................................. 87 A. Overall ................................................................... 87 B. Standardized funding model.................................................. 88 C. Regional Service Centre at Entebbe, Uganda .................................... 89 III. Actions to be taken by the General Assembly........................................ 90 Annex Organization charts ............................................................. 91 Map ............................................................................... 94 11-57106 (E) 161111 *1157106* A/66/532 Summary The present report contains the budget for the United Nations Mission -
Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan
AUTORITÉ INTERGOUVERNEMENTALE INTERGOVERNMENTAL AUTHORITY POUR LE DÉVELOPPEMENT ON DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT ON THE RESOLUTION OF THE CONFLICT IN THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH SUDAN ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA 17 AUGUST 2015 i TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Table of contents………………………………………………………………ii Acronyms………….……………………………………………………………….….1 PREAMBLE……………………………………………………………………….......3 Chapter I: Transitional Government of National Unity of the Republic of South Sudan…………………………………………………………………….…..…5 1. Establishment, Seat and Term of TGoNU……………..…………………………...5 2. Mandate…………………………………………………………………………......5 3. Composition of TGoNU ………………………………………………………........6 4. Structure of the Executive of the Transitional Government of National Unity…......6 5. President of the Republic………………………………………………………........6 6. First Vice President of the Republic…………………………………………….......8 7. Vice President of the Republic……………………………………………………...9 8. Powers, Functions and Responsibilities Required to be Exercised Jointly by the President, the 1st Vice President and the Vice President……………………10 9. Decision Making and Consultation Procedures in the Executive of the TGoNU….10 10. Council of Ministers………………………………………………………………..11 11. The Transitional National Legislative Assembly and Council of States …………..14 12. Judiciary………………………………………………………………………...…..15 13. Pre-Transitional Period and National Constitutional Amendment Committee ……15 14. Transitional Institutions and Mechanisms…………………………………………..17 15. Structure and Composition of State Governments in Conflict-Affected States.……17 16. National -
Revitalised Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan (R-Arcss)
AUTORITÉ INTERGOUVERNEMENTALE INTERGOVERNMENTAL AUTHORITY POUR LE DÉVELOPPEMENT ON DEVELOPMENT REVITALISED AGREEMENT ON THE RESOLUTION OF THE CONFLICT IN THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH SUDAN (R-ARCSS) ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA 12 SEPTEMBER 2018 i TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................. ii ACRONYMS ................................................................................................................................... iv PREAMBLE .................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1: REVITALISED TRANSITIONAL GOVERNMENT OF NATIONAL UNITY ........ 2 1.1. Establishment, Seat and Term of TGoNU ................................................................... 2 1.2. Mandate of the RTGoNU ........................................................................................... 2 1.3. Composition of the RTGoNU .................................................................................... 4 1.3.1. The RTGoNU shall be composed of:........................................................................... 4 1.4. General provisions applicable during the Pre-Transitional Period ................................. 4 1.5. Structure of the Executive of the RTGoNU ................................................................. 7 1.6. President of the Republic of South Sudan ................................................................... 7 1.7. -
A Case Study of South Sudan by Moses
AN EXAMINATION OF THE ROLE OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION MECHANISMS IN ARMED CONFLICT SITUATIONS: A CASE STUDY OF SOUTH SUDAN BY MOSES MAKER MAGOK LLB/16625/113/D F A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF LAW IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AW ARD OF THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF LAWS OF KAMP ALA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY JANUARY, 2017 DECLARATION "I MOSES MAKER MAGOK declare that the work presented in this dissertation is original. It has never been presented to any other University or Institution. It is hereby presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Bachelor Degree in Law of Kampala International University". Signature: --~ -------- Date: _{?_ _j_~J~J:j- APPROVAL BY THE SUPERVISOR "I certify that I have supervised and read this study and that in my opinion, it conforms to acceptable standards of scholarly presentation and is fully in scope and quality as a di ssertation in partial fulfillment for the award of Degree of Bachelor of Law of Kampala International University". Name of Supervisor: Mr.Tajudeen Sanni Signature: -- ~ ------------ Date: ------b/J ---------------')_--- -------------1---:::r-- --------- ( ii DEDICATION I dedicate this book to my dear and lovely wife Deborah Yar Majok and the entire family of Dhor Athian Liai and to my parents both Dad and Mum namely: Magok Majok Dhor and lovely Mum Mary Nyitur Y omdit for their adequate supports and prayers they rendered to me during my studies that gave me success leading to award of Bachelor Degree of Laws of Kampala International University. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are many people who deserve special thanks for helping me in getting the information about this research topic of which it had facilitated the completion of my thesis. -
Small Arms Survey/HSBA: "The Conflict in Unity State"
The Conflict in Unity State Describing events through 29 January 2015 It is now thirteen months since the beginning of the South Sudanese conflict. Both the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A) and the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Army in Opposition (SPLM/A-IO) have spent the rainy season reinforcing their military positions in Unity state—as elsewhere—in anticipation of a dry season military campaign. The beginning of 2015 has already seen clashes just south of Bentiu—the state capital—in Guit county, and around the oil fields of Rubkona and Pariang counties. As of January 2015, the SPLA maintains control of the northern and western counties of Pariang and Abiemnom, as well as of Bentiu. The SPLA-IO controls Unity’s southern counties, and much of Guit and Rubkona. Mayom, a strategically important county that contains the road from Warrap state— along which SPLA reinforcements could travel—is largely under the control of the SPLA. As dry season begins, the frontlines are just south of Bentiu, in Guit and Rubkona, and just north and west of the oil fields in Rubkona and Pariang: both the oil fields and the state capital will be important SPLA-IO strategic targets in the coming months. Peace negotiations, which continued during the rainy season, have failed to overcome the substantial divergences between the two sides’ positions. An intra-SPLM dialogue recently took place in Arusha, Tanzania, and resulted in an agreement signed on 21 January by the SPLM, SPLM-IO, and the representative of the SPLM detainees, Deng Alor. -
South Sudan Development Plan 2011-2013
Government of the Republic of South Sudan South Sudan Development Plan 2011-2013 Realising freedom, equality, justice, peace and prosperity for all Juba, August 2011 0 Contents 0.1 Table of abbreviations and acronyms v 0.2 Foreword xi 0.3 Acknowledgments xii 0.4 Executive summary xiii 0.4.1 Context: conflict, poverty and economic vulnerability xiii 0.4.2 The development challenge xiii 0.4.3 Development objectives xiv 0.4.4 Governance – institutional strengthening and improving transparency and accountability xvi 0.4.5 Economic development – rural development supported by infrastructure improvements xvii 0.4.6 Social and human development – investing in people xviii 0.4.7 Conflict prevention and security – deepening peace and improving security xix 0.4.8 Cross-cutting issues xx 0.4.9 Government resources and their allocation to support development priorities xx 0.4.10 Donor resources xxi 0.4.11 Implementation xxii 0.4.12 Monitoring and Evaluation xxiii 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE SOUTH SUDAN DEVELOPMENT PLAN 1 1.1 Purpose of the South Sudan Development Plan 1 1.2 The development planning process and approach 1 1.3 Coverage of the South Sudan Development Plan 2 1.4 Cross-cutting issues integral to the national development priorities 3 2 BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT 4 2.1 Historical context 4 2.2 Analysis of conflict 6 2.2.1 Causes of conflict 6 2.2.2 Consequences of conflict 8 2.2.3 Peace-building in South Sudan 8 2.2.4 Recommendations for SSDP 11 2.3 Poverty and human development 12 2.3.1 Demographic context 13 2.3.2 Vulnerability 16 2.3.3 Social