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English (1465Kb) 108 Political and security questions Chapter II Political and security questions Africa In 2004, Africa remained a priority concern for tioning of the Transitional Government the United Nations, whose efforts to restore the established under the terms of a 2002 peace conflict zones, especially the Great Lakes region agreement. Subsequently, an integrated army and West Africa, to peace and stability were command was instituted by the Transitional Gov- marked by progress and setbacks. While coun- ernment and the principal political institutions tries such as Sierra Leone and Liberia, with UN began to function. Despite that progress, the encouragement and assistance, were well on their remaining problems, including the slow pace way to overcoming obstacles that had blocked in adopting legislation, the need for State progress in the search for peace, others, includ- administration throughout the country, further ing Côte d’Ivoire, Ethiopia and Eritrea, and integration of former opposing forces and prep- Western Sahara, remained mired in conflict with aration for elections, appeared intractable. Vio- little immediate prospects of finding mutually lence erupted in the east of the country, with agreed solutions. The region suffered a further charges by the DRC of Rwandan involvement. The setback with the rapid escalation of the conflict United Nations Organization Mission in the DRC situation in the Darfur region of western Sudan, (MONUC) worked to halt the fighting and which risked further destabilizing the continent. arranged for the disarmament, demobilization Concerned about Africa’s future stability, the and reintegration of armed forces. In October, Security Council sent missions to both the Great the Council increased the Mission’s size and Lakes region and West Africa during the year to expanded its mandate, giving it the authority to urge leaders and parties to the conflicts to make use all necessary means to carry out its responsi- decisions that would lead to negotiated settle- bilities, including the protection of civilians and ments. The Council held one of its sessions in officials. Nairobi, Kenya, to demonstrate its deep concern In Burundi, the transitional process was well for the problems facing the continent. Many of under way, as positive steps were taken to imple- those problems were addressed by the Council, ment the 2000 Arusha Agreement on Peace and including the causes of conflict and the promo- Reconciliation, despite the refusal of one main tion of durable peace and sustainable develop- armed movement to join the process. In May, the ment in Africa, and enhancing Africa’s peace- Council established the United Nations Opera- keeping capacity. tion in Burundi (ONUB), which took over from As the countries of the Great Lakes region con- the AU peacekeeping mission. Its main tasks were tinued to experience conflict, especially the Dem- to monitor ceasefire agreements, promote confi- ocratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and Bu- dence between the forces, assist in the delivery of rundi, the First International Conference on humanitarian assistance, contribute to the elec- the Great Lakes Region was held in November toral process and protect civilians. under the auspices of the United Nations and the In the Central African Republic, the United African Union (AU). The Conference called for Nations Peace-building Support Office in the measures to address the priority issues of peace Central African Republic (BONUCA) supported and security, governance and democracy, eco- the Government’s efforts to achieve reconcilia- nomic development, and social and humanita- tion and reconstruction, following years of un- rian issues. Also in November, the Council sent a rest. The Government made progress in prepar- mission to the region, which reported that both ing for elections, scheduled for 2005, by adopting the DRC and Burundi were at critical turning an electoral schedule and drafting a constitution points in their peace processes as they were faced and electoral laws. The constitution was adopted with implementing the remaining aspects of by the people in a December referendum. their agreed transition process, before proceed- The region of West Africa was marked by ing with elections that could lead to durable mixed progress in addressing conflicts. The peace and stability. Secretary-General, through the United Nations The military situation in the eastern part of Office for West Africa (UNOWA), sought solutions the DRC deteriorated in mid-year, following to combat the regional cross-border problems. In months of slow progress in advancing the func- that regard, he requested his Special Representa- YUN04—6th proofs / OF July 24 2006 Africa 109 tive for West Africa to coordinate activities with under way for holding presidential elections. the UN missions in the region and regional or- That progress was temporarily halted in October ganizations, in particular the Economic Com- by a military mutiny, but calm was restored when munity of West African States (ECOWAS) and the the Government paid salary arrears of the armed Mano River Union (MRU). The Council called for forces and civil services. The United Nations a comprehensive and composite approach for so- Peace-building Support Office in Guinea-Bissau lutions to the conflicts in West Africa and made (UNOGBIS) continued to support the peace pro- recommendations to address the root causes of cess. conflict and promote sustainable peace, security Cameroon and Nigeria, acting through the and good governance. Cameroon-Nigeria Mixed Commission, took In Côte d’Ivoire, disagreements between politi- steps to resolve their border issues, following the cal parties over the delegation of powers in the 2002 ruling of the International Court of Justice Government of National Reconciliation and the on the land and maritime boundary. Work began refusal of armed factions to lay down arms on the delimitation of the border. blocked further implementation of the 2003 The situation in the Sudan drew international Linas-Marcoussis Agreement. Three main rebel attention when what appeared to be ethnic-based groups continued to hold the northern half of the violence erupted in the Darfur region of western country. In February, the Council established the Sudan, complicating an already protracted civil United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire war and creating a serious humanitarian situa- (UNOCI), which created a zone of confidence be- tion. A peace process led by the Intergovernmen- tween the south and the rebel-controlled north. tal Authority on Development (IGAD) and as- After months of political stalemate and violent sisted by the AU was directed at helping the clashes between security forces and demonstra- parties implement the 2002 Machakos Protocol tors, the parties signed the Accra III Agreement dealing with the issues of the right to self- on reactivating the peace process. Little progress determination for the people of southern Sudan, followed, however, and further hostilities and the status of State and religion, and the 2003 erupted in November when Government forces Framework Agreement on Security Arrangements attacked rebels’ positions in the north. Mediation signed by the Government, the main rebel group, efforts, led by President Thabo Mbeki of South and the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/ Africa, were undertaken to assist the parties to Army (SPLM/A). On 26 May 2004, the parties reach an agreement. agreed on a power-sharing mechanism under a In Liberia, the National Transitional Govern- Government of National Unity and on the ment succeeded in restoring State authority over administration of certain conflict areas. Mean- the entire country, with the assistance of the while in the south, rebel militias, known as the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL). The Janjaweed, carried out attacks on civilians in vil- disarmament process was completed in October lages and settlements in the Darfur region. By and armed groups were disbanded. However, the mid-2004, over a million people were in need of peace process remained fragile, as demonstrated urgent humanitarian assistance and about by the outbreak of violence in late October. 200,000 refugees had fled to Chad. The UN Sierra Leone also made strides in consolidat- Secretary-General responded to the situation by ing stability, having fulfilled nearly all provisions proposing that an advance team be sent there to of the 2000 Agreement on the Ceasefire and Ces- prepare for international monitoring of the 2003 sation of Hostilities. That progress led to the security agreement. The United Nations and the drawdown of the United Nations Mission in Sudan signed on 5 August a Plan of Action on Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL) from 11,500 troops to Darfur, by which the Sudan pledged to restore 5,000 by the end of the year. The disarmament, security to Darfur, enable delivery of aid and as- demobilization and reintegration programme for sist in the voluntary return of displaced persons. ex-combatants was closed on 31 March after four However, on 18 September, the Security Council years. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission said that the Government had not met its com- completed its trials of those accused of serious mitments to improve the security of the civilian human rights abuses and crimes against human- population of Darfur. The Council supported ity during the 10 years of civil war, and released the AU plans to augment its monitoring mission its final report to the public. in Darfur, and urged the Government and the re- Progress was also recorded in the Guinea- bel groups to reach a political solution. Towards Bissau situation, as it complied with the terms of the end of the year, the parties completed the the 2003 Political Transitional Charter by hold- process for the full implementation of the peace ing legislative elections leading to the formation framework, with the Government and SPLM/A of a new Government in May. Preparations were agreeing on a series of documents to be incorpo- YUN04—6th proofs / OF July 24 2006 110 Political and security questions rated into a comprehensive peace agreement and The question of the future of Western Sahara signed in 2005.
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