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Oecd Development Centre OECD DEVELOPMENT CENTRE Working Paper No. 143 (Formerly Technical Paper No. 143) HOW BAD GOVERNANCE IMPEDES POVERTY ALLEVIATION IN BANGLADESH by Rehman Sobhan Research programme on: Good Governance and Poverty Alleviation November 1998 CD/DOC(98)13 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................ 6 RÉSUMÉ .................................................................................................................. 7 SUMMARY ............................................................................................................... 8 PREFACE ................................................................................................................ 9 I. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................... 11 II. CONCEPTUAL ISSUES ................................................................................... 13 III. OVERVIEW ON CHANGING POVERTY STATUS IN BANGLADESH ............. 15 IV. BANGLADESH’S APROACH TO POVERTY ALLEVIATION: THE ROLE OF THE STATE ................................................................................................. 19 V. THE ROLE OF DONORS ................................................................................. 21 VI. THE ROLE OF NGOS....................................................................................... 23 VII. GOVERNANCE AND POLICY .......................................................................... 27 VIII. GOVERNANCE AND INSTITUTIONS .............................................................. 29 IX. EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE ON GOVERNANCE AND POVERTY ALLEVIATION ................................................................................................... 35 X. CONCLUSIONS: PUTTING GOVERNANCE FIRST ........................................ 39 TABLES.................................................................................................................... 43 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................................................................................... 49 OTHER TITLES IN THE SERIES/AUTRES TITRES DANS LA SÉRIE ................... 53 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge with deep appreciation the valuable research support provided in the preparation of this paper by Mr. Babar Sobhan and Ms. Farhat Ara, respectively Visiting Fellow and Research Associate at the Centre for Policy Dialogue. Ms. Farhat Ara also contributed to the preparation of the tables and bibliography. Their written contributions specially prepared for this study are as follows: Farhat Ara : Governance of NGOs and Governance of the GOB in Poverty Alleviation: A Comparative Study, CPD, Dhaka, 1997 (mimeo). Babar Sobhan : The Kishoreganj Sadar Thana Project: Achievements, Problems and Constraints, Notes from field visits, CPD, 1997. 6 RÉSUMÉ En 1995/96, 47.5 pour cent de la population du Bangladesh vivait encore en dessous du seuil de pauvreté. Même si la tendance est en baisse par rapport aux années 1983/84 où ce chiffre atteignait 62.6 pour cent, le nombre absolu de pauvres a néanmoins progressé au cours de cette période. Selon ce document, si la pauvreté se maintient au Bangladesh, c’est moins par insuffisance des ressources consacrées à lutter contre elle que du fait de lacunes dans la gestion des affaires publiques. Celles–ci comptent notamment l’absence d’une vision du développement à long terme et un manque d’engagement pour inscrire cette vision dans des politiques et des programmes d’action, au–delà de la rhétorique. Les capacités administratives, techniques et politiques nécessaires pour mettre en oeuvre ces programmes font également défaut. Conséquence de ces lacunes : les gouvernements successifs ont abandonné aux donateurs internationaux et aux ONG la responsabilité des actions de lutte contre la pauvreté à l’échelle nationale. En outre, plusieurs domaines de décision politique sont dominés par des groupes d’intérêt spécifiques poursuivant des objectifs particuliers aux dépens d’un ensemble d’objectifs nationaux. Dans ce contexte, les programmes de lutte contre la pauvreté qui ont été mis en place se sont heurtés à des comportements de recherche de rentes à tous les niveaux qui ont réduit leur efficacité et leur efficience, tout en empêchant de nombreux pauvres d’accéder aux services auxquels ils ont droit. Les programmes publics sont réputés pour leur approche descendante dans leur manière d’élaborer les projets et pour leur incapacité à intégrer les pauvres à leur gestion. Les effets négatifs de cette approche ont été renforcés par le fait que les fonctionnaires ne sont pas astreints à rendre des comptes à leurs supérieurs, ni aux usagers qu’ils sont supposés servir. Cette obligation de rendre des comptes à l’amont et à l’aval est pourtant considérée comme un élément décisif du renforcement de la qualité des services offerts aux pauvres. Cette assertion est illustrée par des exemples pris dans les secteurs de la santé et de l’enseignement, et où ONG et services publics travaillent parallèlement. Les premières obtiennent généralement de meilleurs résultats du fait d’un engagement plus fort, d’une gestion participative et de la formation du personnel, ainsi que du fait qu’elles rendent compte de leurs actions (même si elles le font plus souvent à leurs responsables et aux donateurs qu’aux populations). Il ressort de ce rapport qu’une réorientation des dépenses publiques vers les services sociaux aurait permis d’obtenir de meilleurs résultats, en améliorant parallèlement la gestion des affaires publiques de manière à tirer le meilleur parti possible de ces dépenses. Pour cela, il conviendrait de bâtir une coalition politique rassemblant les éléments de la société civile et du monde politique qui ont le souci de donner la priorité aux pauvres, c’est–à–dire en dépassant les éléments du pouvoir national qui ont empêché le service des pauvres. Au plan de la société, cela implique de créer des coalitions au sein même de la population pauvre, de manière à redéfinir les relations qui lient les pauvres à leurs riches patrons. La gestion des affaires publiques au niveau macro et micro s’en trouverait améliorée, or elle constitue l’élément central de la lutte contre la pauvreté au Bangladesh. 7 SUMMARY In 1995/96, 47.5 per cent of the population of Bangladesh were still living below the poverty line. While this represents a decline compared to 62.6 per cent in 1983/84, the absolute number of poor people has in fact increased over the same period. This paper argues that the persistence of poverty in Bangladesh originates less in the lack of resources for its alleviation than in the failures of governance. These failures consist of a lack of a developmental vision, absence of a commitment that goes beyond rhetoric and that could translate the vision into policies and programmes, and weak capacities at the administrative, technical and political levels to implement such programmes. As a corollary of these failures, successive governments have surrendered ownership over national policy agendas in the field of poverty alleviation to international donors and NGOs. Furthermore, different areas of policy–making have been appropriated by special interest groups pursuing sectional concerns at the expense of a set of national goals. Under these circumstances, those programmes aiming at poverty reduction that have existed suffered from rent seeking at various levels which reduced efficiency and effectiveness, and deprived many poor of access to the services to which they were entitled. Government programmes have been notorious for their top-down approach to designing projects and their incapacity in involving the poor in the management of such projects. The negative effects of this approach have been compounded by the absence of accountability of public servants either to their superiors or to the community they are meant to serve. Accountability towards above and below is identified as the decisive factor for enhancing the quality of service delivery to the poor. This is illustrated with examples from the health and education sectors where NGOs and government services operate side by side. The former show generally superior performance due to stronger commitment, accountability (though more towards their supervisors and donors than towards the people), participatory management and staff training. The report concludes that better results could have been achieved through the redirection of public expenditure to social services and improved governance which would ensure better returns from such expenditures. This may be feasible if a political coalition can be built with those segments of political and civil society genuinely committed to “putting the poor first”, i.e. bypassing those elements of state power which have stood in the way of serving the poor. At the societal level, this involves developing lateral coalitions among the poor which could restructure the relations which tie the poor to their rich patrons, thus giving way to good governance at the macro and micro level which remains central to poverty reduction in Bangladesh. 8 PREFACE It is increasingly accepted that good governance is among the key ingredients of any successful strategy to reduce poverty although it is also recognised that because of its various dimensions and political implications it is often difficult to ensure. A broadly democratic system based on elections is not sufficient to improve the situation of the poor, particularly in a society with
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