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ORTY YEARS of '' public life offer an Fexperience which helps us to under­ stand the process of change. For me, the changing times have given me the opportunity to look back on successes and failures. This is a great learning experience, which teaches us what must be done to succeed. The formula for success is not a standard one but it does have one fixed element, which never varied in my own expe­ riences. Success depends on your team of helpmates whether public officers, political colleagues, very little can be accomplished alone. was very fortu­ I nate to have had the willing hands and thoughtful minds who helped me to succeed and stood with me in defeat. Politics is a hard taskmaster and particu­ larly difficult for one's family and friends. owe I both an immeasurable debt of gratitude." share my achievement I with them recognizing their invaluable assistance �,, which made the impossible possible. His Place and Purpose in the Place He likes to call ''Home'' PROFESSOR REX NETTLEFORD By Vice Chancellor, University of the West Indies

PIDLIP DWARDlike so many peopleGEORGE of substance, SEAGA, has almost fromday one of his 40-year pJlit­ The National Dance Theatre Company performing ical career attracted controversy. And, "Plantation Revelry'', 1968. (Photo: Maria Laycona) Elike many a famous writer, he is not short of "reli­ able enemies with whom he can pick regular staff that was dedicated to education for those newsworthy fights." For it is the news media persons who were unable to be part of the formal which have helped to fovest the feistiness and University programme. fighting spirit of with insensitive and even demonic proportions. Understanding of Jamaican Culture I was not surprised, then, that on his election to· Another Dimension - The Scholar office, he brought to his portfolio a sharpened myself have known another dimension of this sense of the importance of Jamaican culture root­ I public figure who once insisted he was not into ed in the creative output of the people from 'popularity' but whose public lifehas contributed below. He spotted the power of the creative tal­ in no small or insignificant way to genuinely pop­ ent of sculptor and painter Mallica Reynolds, bet­ ular concerns. ter known as "Kapo"; and to his lasting credit he On my return in 1959 to UCWI as a Resident saved for Jamaica that invaluable collection of · Tutor in the Department of Extra Mural Studies, Kapo's works then owned by Larry Wirth of came upon, via the telephone, a young Stony Hill when it was up forsale to foreign pur­ ·I Harvard graduate named Edward Seaga, who I chasers. The collection remains today in all its learnt had decided not to continue his medical majesty in the National Gallery as part of the studies at the fledgling UCWI. He, however, nation's patrimony. turned out to be one of the most willing and He also recognized the tremendous potential effective part-time lecturers for the Extra Mural which lay in the newly emerging music industry, Department. His topic was "revival spirit where voices like Prince Buster and Desmond cults", the form of worship through which many Dekker through his many contacts with the music from the mass of the Jamaican population lived industry in North America, put and subse­ and had their being. Other than a handful of quently reggae on the map by opening up impor­ scholars like Edward Seaga, few invested it tant doors and providing the necessary exposure with the seriousness it clearly deserved. The which catapulted , Jimmy Cliff and University, with a Philip Sherlock as a founding others like them into instant and, in some cases, father and social anthropology lecturer M.G. lasting fame. He shares, then, with Chris Smith as a caring student of the people from Blackwell, Clement Coxone-Dodd, Ken Khouri below, had to take the'topic seriously. and Duke Reid an iconic role in the development Mr Seaga could be called upon at very short of the Jamaican popular music/recording industry. notice to travel and lecture within rural Jamaica Personal contacts between us were furtherrein­ and fill in, in cases of emergency; and his er thu­ forced at the time of the formation of the National siasm in being a part of this new experience of Dance Theatre Company of Jamaica which he Adult Education was clearly the fuel that made Continued on Page 23 him a reliable member of the small Extra Mural 4 111111...... Achieveinents as Minister of Finan.cc in the 1960s a11d 1980s For thirteen of his forty years in Parliament, or one third of his par­ Jiamentary life,· Mr Seaga was in charge of the nation's finances.

Here is how John Jackson-Financial Analyst a�sesses tho�e years.

r many Jamaicans, and particularly for people of my generation who were just leaving chool, the were R sixties· an exciting . period. We ad just Independence, We h achieved were c ught of that event, a up in the wphmia looking a new There forward to Jamaica. WCJS a nationali.stic a ot of things fervou-:;mp l ' >.vere happenjng in the �m.intry

Understanding of Need for our own Institutions ou!. ::nv mind about Mr. \\'bat stands in to !hat period of our his­ Seaga's cont:ribu::.ion was understanding of the need for us iris to have our O'Nli instit;1tions to respondto our :JWTI �0 :is to define ourselves needs and help nati n. tliis respP,ct record as a !r: his in systems and i.n.stitutions neces­ building the our emerging e onomy spe , I .. sary for c aks , believe. fo:· itscif. in this sontext :ha: '"'e m st view one It is u llie :nos'. lJlitiatives he 1 signilicmit policy .Jamaica\ Mortgage Bank .Jampro during - took the sixties the Jamaicanization '::'four financilll sector. Mr Seaga was Financ:': Minister from 1967 to 1972. At the his te u our jor time he began n re mo�t of ma . institutions - the financial i1: oart1c1tlar commercial '" - were fore gn banks and insurance comparues i with the owned. He used n:oral suasion in dealing foreign bai"lks and illmmmce companies to urge them to or a their to Jamaicans. divest al.I portbr. of equity 11Us move was ve-r; successful. This move not orJy nl1owed the country to benefit capital hut it also opened the from enhanced access to door to the deve!opn:ent of an indigenous financial with the of compa- sector, {ormation, Turn 24 tp Page He gave me every a.· support in the foundin.g of Life of Jamaica A Tribute by The modern Life of Jamaica Centre in New Kingston Hon. R. Danny Williams, O.J., C.D., J.P.

S SOMEONE WHO BELIEVED promised to give me every and any support I in and supported the needed and between that time and June 1970 he .Jamaicanisation of the financial lived up to his commitment in every possible Asector in the 60's and 70's, it is a way. I can honestly say he made himself avail­ pleasure to commit to paper a able on numerous occasions throughout that time small slice of memory of the role that Mr Seaga when I had to call upon him for his assistance. played in that process. He would see me at 7:00 a.m. if that was the only All of this is set in the framework of that peri­ time he had available. He never once was too od. The 60's. As I recall most of our financial busy to see me. institutions were foreign owned. We did little for The crowning support that he gave me was ourselves. when he directed the .Jamaica Development Bank The Canadian Life Insurance Company that I to give us the underwriting of one half of our pub­ worked for printed even the envelopes in Canada lic issue when everyone else had turned us down and sent them to us. We did nothing for ourselves. (at home and abroad). We had previously We were simply branch offices for the foreign obtained one half of our underwriting from organisations. During t'1is time Mr Seaga cham­ Citizens and southern Bank of Atlanta, Georgia. pioned the call for us to Jamaicanise our financial The fact is that if we had not obtained this under­ institutions. writing the company would never have been I recall when in the mid 60's Mr Seaga along formed. I can truthfully say that although many with the Hon. G. Arthur Brown, Governor of the people gave me excellent support when forming Bank of Jamaica summoned me to the Ministry of Life of Jamaica Limited, Mr Seaga's support and Finance and cha! lenged me with the thought of commitment was probably the most significant. spearheading the Jamaicanisation of the life insur­ As I look back over this period of more than 30 ance industry. I recall telling them at the time that years I know that the action taken to Jamaicanise I shared their passion for what they had proposed the financial sector was in the best interest of this and indeed I had been thinking about it. I country and I hope that when the history books are explained to them, however, that I was not ready written it will be projected in the true light of what to undertake the task. I needed to educate myself our conditions were at that time and the enormous further as to what would be needed to do the job benefits the Jamaicanisation of the sector brought properly. to our country at large. I hope too that the role Mr In 1968 I considered myself ready to lead the Seaga played will be recognised for without his charge and I advised Mr Seaga effort it may never have happened. accordingly. There and then he I

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PATRICK STANIGAR BY

� he City of Kingston was born in 1692, just over 300 years ago. As the population grew, major institutions developed in open lands around it, on the west - the market, on the northT - the hospital and Race Track, on the east - the prison and the mental hospital and on all sides - cemeteries. As even more people came, develop­ ment broke through this ring of institutions and spread out through the countryside, eating up the sunounding "pens" and plantations until it filled the entire Liguanea Plain. This process was largely guided by opportunism, and with some relatively minor exceptions happened without any vision of the public domain. It is interesting that most of this happened at the same time that the English, our former colonial mas­ ters, were leading the world in the development of the planned, beautiful city. It is to our credit, that not long after our Independence, we began planning with at least some idea of the future. Inadequate as it has been, most of the real estate developments since 1960 have included provision of land for pub­ lic institutions and parks. Likewise, some equally inadequate, "planning" has been applied to the road system and defensiveland use policies in the formof zoning plans have grabbed in vain after the shirt tails of runaway redevelopment. In the 60s, under the leadership of Edward Seaga, we saw the beginnings of proactive urban develop­ ment. First the entire country was looked at by a National Physical Plan which ·set the major strategy for development. Simultaneously, the Urban Development Corporation was formed as the vehicle for carrying individual developments forward. In Kingston the Port was moved to "New Ports" East and West, free­ ing the congested waterfront of the original city for the development of a modern downtown and creat­ ing, off-center, a port facility which not only serves us for the future, but plays its role as a part of the regional infrastructure. This ,was the Grand Lido Negril - built by UDC in joint ven­ D Cont'd on 25 ture with Bloody Bay Hotel evelopment Co. Page Tlte Human Employment and Resource Training Programme (HEART) A Visionary Approach to Skills Training

BY HON. DR JOYCE ROBINSON, O.J. Former Executive Director of HEART r Seaga's strength in human · development is that he not only conceived ideas and established legislation bu.t he found time to Mnurture and guide programmes. The devel­ opment of HEART is an out-' standing example of this. In his budget speech of 1982. Mr Seaga announced the need for a new approach to pro­ viding long last­ ing solutions to THEN ATIONAL TRAININGAGE NCV some of the urgent problems facing the education system and the increas­ ing unemployment which threatened produc­ tion and development. He announced that one of the major areas, to which his govern­ ment would pay special attention would be ·"the problem of the forgotten youth who had left school, and had nowhere else to go." The action that followed was The Human · Employment and Resource Training, Act, 1982, which established the HEART Trust. Its purpose was to assist in providing skills train­ ing, in upgrading and maintaining training standards and in providing relevant employ­ ment opportunities for the youth of Jamaica.

Partnership with the Private Sector Mr Seaga developed a successful formula for the private sector to provide Some o f the manv vocational activities offered at Turn to 29 HEART Training Institutes across the island. Page

9 Forty Years of commitment to cultural development HON DR. OLIVE LEWIN, O.J. BY There is no other politician in our history who has brought to national development a more profound understanding of Jamaica's culture and social organization.

r Seaga's graduate studies in sociology during the 1950s were on African reli­ gious retentions and traditional child­ rearing principles and practices among Mthe peasantry of Jamaica. His research uncovered a wealth of music crucial to both areas, bringing him into contact with primary sources versed in this music, as well as supporting lore and belief systems. This sparked Mr Seaga's deep and abiding interest, which remains to this day, in ethno-musicological aspects of Jamaican and heritage. His was the first collection of tape-recorded Jamaican folk and traditional music gleaned by a Jamaican familiar with subtle local nuances and various language styles. His election in 1962 as the representative in par­ liament· of one of the country's most crowded urban areas allowed him to further cultivate his interest in our folkculture and to put that interest to the service of the Jamaican people. As Minister for Development and Welfare in the sixties, his vision brought to the fore in theoretical as well as practical ways the importance of research into and documen­ tation of the country's cultural traditions and of keep­ ing these traditions alive through the performing arts. For forty years Edward Seaga has remained faith­ ful to this process, encouraging and providing every facility within liis power to promote the study, shar­ ing and performance of Jamaica's traditional music. He has always regarded our music as a vehicle for the social, cultural and human development of Jamaicans both at home and abroad, as a means of gaining understanding of and respect for our small nation and as an agent of peace. IF I HAD THE WINGS OF A DOVE: Malika Turn 26 to Page Reynolds(Kapo), performing Pocomania Ritual. ' EDWARD SEAGA... - ·l Edward Seaga's role in the - establishment �I. of UNESCO's International Fund for the Promotion of Culture BY HON. HECTOR WYNTER, O.J. 1974, at the 18th session of the General Conference, the International Fund for the (Mr Wynter was Chairman of UNESCO's Promotion of Culture (IFPC) was established. In Executive Board in 1975 and 1976 and the April 1975, members of the First Council were is only West Indian to have held this office. He is appointed. Mr Seaga was one of them. also a former Editor of the Daily Gleaner and Seaga made good use of the Fund to help Mr Director of Extra Mural Studies at the UWI.) Jamaican projects. One of the first things he did was to plead for the establishment of a recording N July 1970, Edward Seaga introduced the studio m the Jamaica School of Music which idea of setting up an international body forthe forms part of the country's Cultural Training Ifinancing of culture (Culture Bank) at the Centre. Because of the importance attached to the Regional Conferenceon Culture in the Caribbean. creation and dissemination of music in the coun­ The Conference was taking place at the try's cultural and economic life, the Fund decided University of the West Indies under the auspices to ccntribute to the fitting-out of a recording stu­ of UNESCO. dio which was inaugurated by Mr Seaga when he At the opening meeting of the Conference Mr became the Prime Minister of Jamaica in 1980. Seaga, who was then Minister of Finance and This studio, with high quality equipment, made Planning, noted that there existed no institution in it possible for the School of Music to increase the the world capable of furnishing an adequate vol­ number of programmes, lectures and workshops it ume of resources to promote to any significant produces, to improve the training of musicians degree, cultural development and the work of and technicians, and to step up the production of conservation in developing countries. live recordings of both classical and folk music. The Kingston Conference subsequently decid­ Seaga also encouraged the establishment of Mr ed to submit a recommendation to the first world a cultural data bank in Jamaica. This was eventu­ conference on cultural policy held in Venice in ally established as part of the Cultural Training August-September 1970. Centre and is responsible for filming, recording The Venice Conference adopted a Resolution in and photographing the country's surviving which it recommended that "UNESCO explore dances, music and oral traditions. the feasibility of setting up a cultural The National Library has been put in charge of Development Bank and/or Fund, as a financial the conservation of these documents, which are agency assisting UNESCO, to be run on lines made available to educators, researchers, artists fairly similar to the international banks." and the public. The ideas voiced at the Venice Conference In April 1979, at the third extraordinary ses­ were further advanced at the 16th General sion of the Administrative Council of the IFPC, Conference of UNESCO held in Paris in 1970. Mr Seaga pleaded for funds for the sanction of Between 197 1 and 197 4 preparatory work a mobile theatre for rural areas in Jamaica. The for a cultural bank was under way. In October­ amount requested was approved and equipment November 1972, at the 17th session of the thus obtained allows the decentralization of General Conference, a Working Party was artistic activities in rural areas. Other institu­ established under the chairmanship of Felipe tions in Jamaica in charge of activities in the Herrera and Mr Seaga played an important role fields of education and culture are also associat­ as adviser. ed with the project. Finally in October-November The Rt. Hon. Edward Seaga 1.P..P.c.

On 40 vears 01 unbroken Parliamentarv Services

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BY DELROY CHUCK, M.P. ATTORNEY-AT-LAW

HE rich legacy of Edward Seaga's con­ tribution to Jamaica's social, economic and political life will be fur­ ther enhanced from his acknowledgedT input into the develop­ ment and shaping of our constitution­ al arrangement. As one of the fathers of the present constitution, Seaga has had the opportunity to see the consti­ tution at work, and has participated in its operation, from its inception. He has confessed that the constitution was meant to govern leaders who would act within the spirit and intent of its provisions and within the con­ ventions of the unwritten constitution of England. It was certainly enacted by and meant for gentlemen and for a kind and gentle people. Indeed, Seaga's total commitment to constitutional reform and gover­ nance within the limits of the consti­ tution can easily be discerned when in 1983-89 his party had all sixty seats in Parliament and could do almost anything, yet Seaga appointed well-known and strong opponents of his policies to the unelected Senate and, without a parliamentary opposi­ tion, conducted the affairs of govern­ ment with dignity, decency and merit. In the seventies and nineties, the weaknesses of many of our constitu­ tional provisions became evident as the government of the day sought to exercise power in a manner not antic­ ipated by the founding fathers. The Prime Ministers made major and sen­ sitive government appointments, even after strong and vocal opposi­ tion, which was simply bad form, and not expected by the framers of the

Turn to Page 16 Rt. Hon Edward Seaga addresses Parliament as Prime Minister. Hon. Alva Ross, Speaker of the House looks on. with his incalculable assistance and that of my Cabinet and Parliamentary colleagues we left a her­ Some observations itage of low inflation, high economic growth, low on Edward Seaga unemployment and healthy quality of life. Edward Seaga is highly respected inside Jamaica, within the Region, and Internationally. Commonwealth Prime Ministers were deeply A man of brilliance impressed with his wide knowledge of international affairs and it was his brilliant expose at the By Rt. Hon. Comm�nwealth Heads of Government conference in Former Prime Minister and 1986, which won approval for continued and stronger President General of the sanctions against the Apartheid Government in South .Africa. He showed convincingly that sanct10ns were BITU working and could bring the racist white minority Government to its heels. History has proved him right. 1959, our great and gallant Founder Sir N This man of integrity - acclaimed for this even by welcomed Edward Seaga his political enemies - has exhibited a tremendous into the JLP; he made him the youngest Member I grasp, and breadth of knowledge, and a sympathetic of the Legislative Council. Soon Seaga's negotiating concern for the welfare of the people of his con­ skills, his intense dedication to the poor, the homeless, stituency, of Jamaica, the Region and the the neglected, the deprived became super-evident to . Commonwealth. The range of financial institutions us all. How can we forget that brilliant speech when which he pioneered, the Jamaicanization of some he shocked Jamaica into realizing that there were two prominent financial bodies, the innovation of t�e sharply divided sectors - the "Haves" and "the Have­ single .Income Tax rate in 1986 - new not only m nots". It was his determined decision which we all Jamaica, but the whole Commonwealth - the institu­ shared in the JLP, and still do, to reduce the yawning tion of the Student Loan Fund in 1969, the I 00 gap between the two Jam cas, so that they may al Village Community Centre Scheme, the Youth camp become one Jamaica with equal opportunity for all, expansion, the National Heritage Trust Act, the and with adequate protection for the vulnerable, the establishment of Things Jamaican, the Devon House elderly, the indigent, the children, the sick, the disad­ Restoration, the Port Royal discoveries, the vantaged youth and the poor. H.E.A.R.T. Trust, , Self-Start - and so During my Prime Ministership in to he 1967 1972, many other schemes, which have served Jamaica so was a hardworking and far-sighted Ministerial well, are but a few examples of Edward Seaga's Colleague. He was a brilliant Finance Minister and great contribution. How he became involved in Politics ' ' really didn't plan to become involved !in politics. What happened was that I started to express opinions on prob­ lems in the press and as a result I received calls frompolitical leaders who wanted to meet me. It was at that time, around 1958, that I had fonnal contact with the Labour Party although when I was a young boy I had always had a predisposition towards this Party. "I never had any contact with the PNP. The only contact I had was wjth Mrs. Edna Manley because I was interested in cultural matters and I had contact with her with regards to influenc­ ing the PNP government at the time in establish­ Holding aloft his instrument of authority as ing a museum of indigenous cultural material in Prim(o Minister of Jamaica, Noventber 1980. the city. Presently, a number of such museums "In 1959 I was appointed to the Legislative have been set up by this government. I never Council by Sir Alexander Buslamante. During knew any PNP members by name or otherwise until ln entered political life. Turn to Page 22 EDWARD SEAGA••• his Constitutional Contribution Cont'd from Page 14 constitution. Moreover, Parliament passed laws of doubtful constitutional validity, such as the Suppression of Crime Act and the rights and freedoms of citizens were abridged and abrogated without a proper machinery to pro­ vide redress. It was lo Seaga's credit that he called for a Constitutwnal Commission to review and revise the present Com.titution When the Corn.misswn sought to repoit to Parliament without mduding a revised bill of rights and freedoms, Seaga and hts party refused to sign the first report. The Commission had to regroup to ;:-onsider the new Charter of Rights and Seaga played a leading role in the final report to Parliament. The new Charter of Rights and F1eedoms before Parliament can rightly bf' 1.redited to the bold stand taken by Seaga and !us role m ensurmg that ,t modern bill of nghts ;lmuld hen:aftel, bi; available to p10- tect the people of modem Jamaicu. Still, Seaga did more. He called for an Advot.;ate General to act for and on behalf of aggrieved citizens whose rights and freedoms were breached, and who r:ould not afford legal fees. That is now provided for in an interim act that extended the role of the Parliamentary Ombudsman and hopefully will become an integral part of the Con�t1tution, when it is fully CARRERAS revised. Hts call for a constitutional provis10n to impead1 members ol the political and civil bureaucracies for behaviour unbecoming of their office is still to be enacted. Moreo' er. Seaga's trong belief that the ·onouP o country's currency sh uld be. constitut1onally protected "bows a deei- understanding of politi­ cal behav1ou:- and the possible manipulation of the economy for pohli<;al gains. His three money bills have not found favour with the LIMITED government, and in spite of their merit in pro­ tecting the cUJTent.;y, have not been debated in Parliament. Seaga is a strong supporter of the parliamen­ tary form of government as against the presi­ dential form. He encapsulated his views in sev­ eral papers and has gone much further by sug­ gesting ways and means to improve the present parliamentary model. It is to his everlasting credit tha1 mauy of the present parliamentary subcommittees. which have given much dynamism to the parliamentary process, were a result of the stroug agitation and resolution in

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Copy right secured (ascap/bmi) FAMILY MAN

Mr. Seaga with former wife, Mitsy (back ri ght), and children Andrew, Annabella and Chri stopher. 18 Wrth intematiooal star;' Shabha Ranks and (imet) with Dionne Warwick, international With Rev. Jesse Jackson in the then Prime recordingartiste and perlormec Minister's study at Jamaica House Seaga meets celebrities. world leaders

With former British Prime Minister , at No. 10 Downing With Cuban President, Fidel Castro, during the latter's Street, London visit to Jamaica. 19 With former u t h s 0 Afr ican President, Nelson Mandela in 1992.

With His Ho \ines s, Pope John Paul II at the Va tican. With Muhammad Ali and his son Andrew, 1988.

Leading his MPs as Prime Minister into Gordon House at the opening of the new Parliament after the elections. \ l?-0 1.· How he became involved J !?.,.d��!�!�� the Referendum and I requested � West Kingston. When the elections were over I was then approached about taking a seat. Up until that time I had not really thought of it as something I wanted to do. However, I was especially influencedto accept by my good friend at the time, the Late Clem Tavares, and I again asked for West Kingston. The Party leadership thought I was crazy. Some of them wanted me to go to West Rural St. Andrew - some nice quiet little place. I must say this, that Sir Alexander backed me from the very beginning on the West Kingston selection. he of course had been a former Member of Parliament here. I wanted West Revival table. Kingston because I had a lot of pre­ vious experience here; I had done considerable research work and when I was a little child I visited my grandfather's business place in the area. However, basically, it was my interest in the people and the area �ncouraged, gave qfficial blessing, and facilitated Respect forour Inheri tance History & field-observations into pocomania and zion Contrary to a view commonly held, such efforts revivalism by the, entire Company. He even were consciously undertaken by Mr Seaga with a showed the dancers a step or two, which those genuine respect for early dancers with wicked wit christened the the inheritance of "Seaga Steps". Those steps were indeed done in a that sense of place distinctively Seagite and memorable fashion. But and purpose more importantly, he brought to Jamaican dance­ bequeathed to his theatre tremendous understanding; and along with generation by the Edna l\1anley, Louise Bennett, l\1artha Graham one that went and Robert Verity became a Founding Patron of before carrying the the now internationally acclaimed Jamaican names of leaders dance-theatre ensemble. He also gave to Olive like Norman Lewin and the Jamaican Folk-singers, not only l\1anley,A.lexander similar patronage, but also his substantial collec­ Bustamante and tion of deep-roots music, which he had collected l\1arcus l\1osiah in his formal investigation into Jamaican cults. Garvey. If the His vision for the Folk l\1usic Research Unit, later energy of youth incorporated into the School of l\1usic and still which a young later into the African-Caribbean Institute of Edward Seaga had Jamaica, remains memorable for its clarity and the in abundance farsightedness of the objectives he stated in addi­ seemed at times to tion to his own grasp of the process of developing "dis" the wisdom classic Jamaican artistic expressions drawing on of age in much ' the creativity of the folk as a source of energy. that he qid, it may well have been Visionary Institution Builder because of the His greatest accomplishment, however, may well be his success as an institution�builder. He understood the· importance of organization, and he recognized that nothing could have any lasting value if there was no structure within which it could be planted, and allowed to flourish. The Jamaica Festival Commission and National Heritage Week are examples of that vision. His own West Indies Records Ltd (later Dynamic sounds) albeit privately entrepreneurial, was also part of that vision. He recognized the importance of a new nation having heroes with which the people could identi­ fy. It was through his efforts that the body of l\1arcus l\1osiah Garvey was returned to Jamaica, and reinterned in a place of honour in . He, of course, saw the psychic importance of a National Heroes Park, and was party to the orchestration and establishment of the Order of National Hero, which honour was con­ Mr. Seaga laying a wreath at the Marcus, Garvey ferred on both Norman l\1anley and Sir Alexander Memorial - National Heroes Park. Bustamante and, before them, on l\1arcus Garvey. �-. He understood the sense of history which this unpatience that the young rightly afid characteris- move could mean to a nation that had existed in tically have in pushing history forward. But his the shadow of British Heroes for all of three cen­ own understanding of the limits to all this was turies; and he was opportunely and strategically clearly demonstrated in his passionate appeal for placed, as l\1inister of Development and Culture, tolerance and patience to young at the time the National Anthem was written and activists at the end of his Budget speech in the late dramatic works like "Ballad for a Rebellion" com­ Sixties. missioned. This particular work dramatized the Engagement with the field of culture teaches l\1orant Bay Rebellion making it come alive to a such wisdom and I have always preferred to people who knew little of the historical facts. An appeal to that sense and sensibility of Edward entire generation of young Jamaicans, schooled in Seaga which has certainly served the teething the 60's, grew up with a pride in the achievements years of this still groping nation well, and which of people who looked like them, and who had con­ is likely to number him among the truly signifi­ tributed to the birthing of a new nation. cant contributors to the growth and development of a Jamaica which he, like all others of us, still like to call home"...... 23 ,. ii! Cont'd from Page 5

nies like Life of Jamaica and Island Life. It led to train all the planning for the introduction of a the emergence of a new class of young Jamaican General Consumption Tax to replace the multitude entrepreneurs and enlarged our sense of our capac­ of excise and other ad hoc imposts, which made ity to function with confidence and success in new business in Jamaica a nightmare of paperwork and arenas of corporate leadership. counter-productive costs, without benefiting the During that first decade of Independence Mr. revenues in any sub�tantial way. Seaga understood more than perhaps anyone else, Overall, I think that Mr. Seaga's performance in the importance of the systems required for the the eighties has to be regarded as monumental, tak­ orderly development of the rapidly expanding ing into consideration the state of affairs of the coun­ Jamaican economy. Thus he promoted the Jamaica try's finances he confronted when he took office. Stock Exchange which opened its doors in February At the end of 1980 the country had no money. 19 69 - incidentally the first stock exchange in the Private sector arrears at the Bank of Jamaica were English speaking Caribbean. This formalized the in the hundreds of millions of dollars. There was existing over-the-counter trading in stocks and a shortage of goods. People had totally lost confi­ shares and opened another dence in the local currency and money was kept out avenue for financing the of the country. Property 6% annual growth that was values had collapsed. making Jamaica one of the The stock market had fasting growing economies lost two thirds of its in the world. value. The country had It is interesting to note lost one fifth of its gross that among the 34 original domestic product with a stocks listed on the 21% decline in GDP Exchange were the Bank of over eight years. In Nova Scotia Jamaica addition, early in his u administration, the Limited (the first ------11111 country had to cope Jamaicanized subsidiary of with a severe international recession and a fall out a foreign bank), and the firstJamaican owned bank in the bauxite industry - one of our major sources - the Jamaica Citizens Bank, which had been of foreign exchange. formed by a group of leading Jamaican business­ In order to deal with these crises money was bor­ men (names such as Russell Graham, Danny rowed and there was a substantial increase in exter­ Wllliarns, Eric Abrahams Snr, Douglas Fletcher) nal debt. But the results achieved by the stabiliza­ and their Atlanta partners, Citizens & Southern in tion strategies were, by any measure, significant: 1968. The establishment of the Jamaica Unit Trust in * By 1987 the economy bad rebounded with 1970 was another development to enable wider �rowth so strong that it had to be cooled down participation in the capital market as, on another · The tourist industry was rebuilt with arrivals level, was the introduction of the Jamaica rapidly expanding Development Bank to provide a source of capital * Negatives in the major economic indices were for ventures that fell outside the credit horizons of reversed commercial banks. The IDB and its successors - * The stock market had rebounded and had resumed (the National Development Bank and the National its role as a vehicle for raising capital. The mass pri­ Investment Bank of Jamaica together with the vatization of NCB in 1986 greatly expanded the Agricultural Credit Bank) have financed important number of Jamaican investors from 3,000 to 33,000 projects in, forexample, tourism and non-­ * The central bank had begun to tame inflation al agriculture. While a few of these projects may bringing it down, by the end of the eighties, to sin­ not have done well, I believe their cost effective­ gle digits and also bringing money supply under ness, taken as a whole, has been considerably on control beforeHurricane Gilbert hit in 1988.· the plus side. * The currency was stabilized I also recall the decinlalization of our currency, * The value of real estate assets recovered which he presided over in 1969- a complex exer­ cise carried out without a hitch. In short, by the end of 1988, the funda­ mentals of the economy were largely on The Eighties their way to good health and the economy In assessing Mr. Seaga's achievement during the was growing steadily. eighties when he was responsible for managing the country's financial affairs for the second time To sum up, then, if what you expect of a Minister around, as well as being Prime Minister, a number of Finance is efficientmanagement of the country's of things stand out. One of them is the comprehen­ resources, policies that result in economic growth sive package of tax reforms he introduced -effec­ and the creation of wealth for the eountry, protec­ tively overhauling the entire tax system. tion of the value of the currency and a climate Perhaps the most fundamental were his reforms which promotes enterprise, then I would conclude of income tax. With an income tax rate that had that, as a Minister of Finance, Edward Seaga deliv-. reached, with surtax charges, as high as 90% in the ered on all counts. 19 70s, and was at its lowest 57%, taxation had Whatever mistakes be made, and there were become a seriom disincentive to production. Mr. some, were far outweighed by his achievements, not . Seaga's tax reform programme lowered both com­ the least of which was to get talented financial man­ pany and individual tax to a flat 33%. He put in agers to interpret his vision and carry out his policies. 24 1111m111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111m11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111• Urban OeveloPment and f ��.��� p��sasiaEtf3

first real change in the structure of our city in almost 300 years. New growth counter­ points to Kingston and Montego Bay were cre­ ated out of the rural towns of Ocho Rios and Negril. This attempt to stem rural to urban drift was developed further in the later Comprehensive Rural Townships Project which began in the 1980s. In that project, the social and physical infrastructure of rural towns were upgraded to The National Arena decrease the necessity square on Little Port Royal Street, roadside to migrate to the city. landscaping on Port Royal Street and gave a A complementary achievement of that �e focus to Nethersole Place. It attempted to fill the was the beginriing of our attempts to deal with gap in development between the_ Bank of the urban problems associated with the rural­ Jamaica and King Street and to thcre1ore realize. urban migration, which has been feature of all � _ the original pedestrian oriented aim of the societies over this century. It ts a tnbute to Waterfront Plan. Jamaica that faced with the mass of new urban The Victoria Park, which had deteriorated into poor, we have felt that we can and should so�ve The Victoria- JOS Bus Park was redeveloped their problem. As parliamentary representative and the buses moved from its centre, which was for one of the largest such groups of Jamaicans, thereby freed for the enjoyment of us citizens. Edward Seaga developed for the first time, an Shortly after, the squa ·es at Half Way Tree ! . urban community which included not only hous­ (Mandela Park) and Papme were s1m1larly rede­ ing, but the social infrastructure, which would veloped and a new urban park wa� created on help the people to grow up out of the trap of Trafalgar Road between Ruthven and Holbom poverty. A model of integrated . development Roads, first by an independent �amai1.a). (a . . was created in Tivoli Gardens and tt remams the The matter of general beaut1f1cat10n was base of growth for many Jamaicans and a mon­ begun with the landscaping of main_ roads and a ument to hope. programme of development and mamtenance of At the same time, we dared to look to the the many derelict lots of "public open space" future and dream of enough development to see which had been sprinkled around our res1dent1al. _ a need for a new sister city, which we began as a areas. This attitude extended from the creation totally planned "City Beautiful" at Hellshire. of the beautiful public amenity at Devon House C:VVe had finally brought the best of British town to the re-ferning of Fern Gu lly. Unfortunately, planning here to help us plan for our future.) _ most of this was greeted by controversy as our Later, in the 1980s we saw a different level of provincial mentality wab dragged, kicking and concern. Attention was paid to the development screaming, toward urbanism. Even Kingston's of the quality of the city; the idea that the city caterpillars fought back by attacking the red can­ could and should be beautiful became widely, if nas which were planted everywhere. obviously not universally, accepted. These developments were led by Ed:vard Unknown to much of Jamaica, at the very Seaga in service to Jamaica. Although to differ­ heart of Kingston, a redevelopment o the entire � ent degrees, we have others to thank, he can . market area into a humane and efficient centre claim the credit of vision and leadership for a of commerce was started. (The unfinished car­ proactive approach to planning and develop­ casses of the main markets stand today as a bit­ . _ ment in Jamaica generally and Kmg�ton m pa�­ ter '·monument to lost hope.") ticular. Those of us who love our city appreci­ On an architectural level, the promise of the ate his determination to make it a humane and Kingston waterfront was re-stated by the con­ constructive environment for living for all of the struction of the Jamaica Conference Centre. people - somewhere befitting the pride and love From an urban design point of which we have for our country and ourselves. view this project created a new Forty Years of commitment to cultural development Cont'd from Page 10 Mr Seaga's contributions to the development of our cultural institutions are many. They * Sharing infomlation and cultural expres­ include: sions, mainly music and dance, regionally and * The introduction in 1963 of the annual internationally through the Smithsonian Jamaica Festival of Arts. Emphasis was placed Institution in Washington, D.C., the on encouraging traditional specialists and Commonwealth Institute in London, the groups to enlighten the nation about little­ Edinburgh Festival, and Carifesta, (the known music and dance practices, as well as Caribbean Arts and Culture Festival). belief systems and folk ceremonies. * Monitoring and nurturing grassroots cultur­ * Sponsorship of youth groups seeking to al and spiritual leaders and experts in the create a popular music style rooted in their own African, African-European or African-Oriental culture. This coincided with Independence in retentions that underlie on-going practices and 1962, and in the birth of Ska, from which special events. These people are now fast dis­ evolved Rock Steady and Reggae, and the appearing through death, poverty and disability, development of local recording studios. as well as the effects of urbanization and the intrusion of the mass communications media. * Appointment of a Jamaica Folk Music Research Officer, at the Jamaica School of * Promoting and sponsoring links between Music. Mr Seaga's gift to the school of his traditional and contemporary groups and indi­ own field tapes formed the basis of the viduals through institutions such as the Jamaica school's audio-visual library, which was later Memory Bank, which was established with the enriched by fi eld documentation and research. help of private individuals in 1981, later copied The library has been a source of inspiration for by other Caribbean countries, and extended to many projects in schools, churches, theatres Jamaicans in the U.K., USA and Canada. and tourism.

1 *Edw«rdP9mtns. 9 W"St.E.Mulllu,qs {PNP)-S.f.St.ifnn: Mar.6?·bet,�}&smcel?A\99_ .._ 25 ips.,6mtns. 10 'tfl6.Newlantl?JLP)-£ertStkd.Per.!14·{)ec:.f.P;ES t.7J10mas:Dee.t;6�0et.'76_2;;:;rs. stillservin,qi' n fhtHou�. © *J>e�DteJ ma.mbe� S�wce i!f!!!t!!!:� 1999 eata Cont'd from Page 9

the financial base for the establishment and maintenance of HEART through a 3% payroll levy to create a pool of skilled workers. Employers responded spontaneously and joined a lasting partnership with government, which has been very fruitful in enhancing the develop­ ment of HEART as Jamaica's national training agency.

Benefits to Unemployed Yo uth The programme was placed under the office of the Prime Minister and Mr Seaga personally chaired regular meetings which enabled the Board, Managing Director and senior staff to be in constant dialogue about development. Mr Seaga united the various existing training projects under the HEART standard for an enriched curriculum and quality graduate. With missionary zeal he led the battle to dispel the prejudice against learning"trades" and the fa lse pride of those parents who left that only acade­ mic placements could bring economic and social Ja maica Conference Centre success. He launched a campaign to enhance the image of blue collar workers and to widen the The target group was unemployed. literate and horizon of white collar workers. certified vear olds. 17-20 . The HEART slogan ''Learn to Earn" originated • The establishment of special Academics. with Mr Seaga and he helped convince young peo­ Skills training institutions were constructed and ple with limited academic qualifications that the former youth camp sites were upgraded to pro­ acquisition and development of technical and voca­ vide suitable classrooms and workshops. tional skills to acceptable standards would start The academies were for the use not only of the them on a ladder of meaningful employment, eco­ trainees but to fill the recreational and social nomic advancement, self worth and self develop­ needs of the communities within which they ment. were located. Their facilities have been used by local youth and communit} groups, church and HEART began with two areas ()femphasis: other community based organizations in the • The School Leavers' Programme to provide seven parishes in which the) were IOl:a1cd. on-the job training with fim1s as well as formal continuing education in designated institutions. Turn to Page 30 Priorities for training were deter­ mined by job market demand. The Trust also participated in a National Craft Development Programme aimed at tapping the creative talents of Jamaicans and upgrading local craft production.

The Solidarity Programme HEART & The Solidarity Programme was estab­ lished as a complement to HEART. It was designed to provide self-employ­ ment opportunities in small business operations who, owing to their domestic situation, had fallen between the cracks and could not access any of the HEART training programmes. �he programme used group collabo­ ra�on and p�cipation plus the good­ will and assistance of sponsors in the cor�urmnities to manage, guide and assist target groups to attain entrepre­ n�urial s��ls. HEART conducted spe­ cial t�a.mmg programmes to give potential_ ope�a�ors of Solidarity pro­ jects basic trammg in the principles of small business operations. This helped to make them eligible to access loans from the Self-Start Fund and other lending agencies. HEART further assisted in monitor­ providing i g the operators and guiding them to maintain � installers, high levels of loan repayments. Projects funded painters. were chiefly in agriculture, handicraft and vend­ • �he Garmex Academy for Apparel ing. 1985: Industry (Kingston). Producing sewing machine Within a periodof two years thousands of former operators, · garment constructors machine ho less and unemployed adults had successfully ' rx: embroiderers, factory. workers obtamed loans and become independent earners 807 • The Runaway Bay Resort Skills �ble to repay their loans and to support their fami­ 1986: Academy (St Ann). Producing receptionists, lies through the new businesses they operated. _ _ cooks, waiters, cashier, accounting clerks, bar­ tenders, housekeepers and other skills for the A Record of Accomplishment tourist industry To get an idea of the extent of the work of • The Christiana Solidarity Academy HEART under Mr Seaga's guidance during its 1986: (Manchester). Producing small business man­ fil"St seven years, one only has to look at the fol­ agers lowing summary: • 1987: The Ebony Park Agricultural Acade�y (Clarendon). Producing farmers, farm • 1983: The School Leavers' Programme. On ch rucs, farm and small business managers, the job training in various areas �� � rrngat10n and soil conservation workers • 1984: T�e School of Cosmetology (St . • 1988: The Kenilworth Multi Disciplinary Andrew). Trammg Beauticians, hair stylists ' Acad my (Hanover). Producing sewing manicurists salon managers � & machine operators, data entry clerks, electronic • 198 : The Stony Hill Academy for � _ workers, furniture markers, agricultural farm Commercial Skills (St Andrew). Producing sec­ workers. retaries, clerical assistants, book-keepers and _ The graduates of these programmes form a accountmg clerks; sales and marketing person­ most productive part of the Jamaican workforce nel, data entry clerks and computer operators today and nearly two decades after it was found­ • 1985: The Portmore Academy ed, HEART continues to provide for Jamaica's for Building Skills (St. Catherine). national training needs. that led me to this particular constituency. I had had learnt from these people a motto that I have known people and I had found it an area in need carried throughout life that if you treat people of special attention. kindly and with respect they return the same. I have lost my own identity. I have had 10 years His colour and previously of testing the fact that providing your West Kingston identification is a sincere one with the people and the problems it really doesn't matter what colour you are. I never faced any serious problems in West Kingston because of my colour. Mind you, Of course I have my own African roots. My grandfather, George Henry Maxwell was born in everybody else thought would, but from 1952 I when decided to live alone in a small commu­ Westmoreland. He went to Panama as an engi­ I nity of little over 300 people in St. Catherine, I neer when the canal was being constructed."

" CK-0-WALL: The way he found it

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A relaxed Eddie Seaga at home in the 70s.

LIT110GGENRAPHERSTLE - LETTER PRIN PRESSTERS PRINTERS LTD.& STATIONERS.

47c Old Hope Road, Kingston 5, Jamaica, W.1. Telephone: 927-4021, 73483, 70603, 76765 PROFI LE The Rt. Hon. Edward Seaga, PC, MP Leader of the Opposition

he Right Honourable Edward Philip George Seaga, P.C., M.P., B.A., LL.D. (Hon.) Leader of the Opposition since 1989, was born on May 28, 1930 to the lateT Philip George Seaga and Erna (nee Maxwell). He was educated at Wolmer's Boys' School in Jamaica and graduated from in 1952 with a Bachelor of Arts Degree in the Social Sciences.

Political Career Cabinet as Minister of Development and Welfare. Following the 1967 General Elections Mr. Seaga's political career began in 1959 he was made Minister of Finance and Planning when Sir Alexander Bustamante, the founder of and in 1974 he became Leader of the JLP and the (JLP), nominated him the Parliamentary Opposition until the 1980 to serve in the Upper House of the Jamaica General Elections. Legislature (which later became the Senate). Edward P. G. Seaga became Prime Minister of His appointment at age 29 made him the Jamaica following the General Elections of youngest architect of the Constitution, which October 30, 1980 when the Jamaica Labour established the frameworkfor national indepen­ Party won a landslide victory over the incum­ dence in August 1962. bent Peoples' National Pauty (PNP). The man- In April 1962 Mr. Seaga was elected Member of Parliament for Western Kingston and he has Tu rn to Page 34 held that seat for 35 consecutive years. He is the only person who has been re-elect­ ed as Member of Parliament for that constituency for more than one term and is the longest serving Member of Parliament in the . Immediately after winning his seat in 1962, Mr. Seaga was appointed to the FIRST SWEARING-IN: Yo ung Edward Seaga (6th from left) is sworn in with col­ leagues (left-right) , Bob Lightbourne, J. P. Gyles, , D. C. Tavares, Herbie Eldemire, Hugh Shearer and Ken Jones, at Kings House in 1962. Seasa�s Profile ... Cont'd from Page 34

date of Mr. Seaga and the Jamaica Labour Party was renewed in the uncontest­ ed 1983 General Elections. He remained Prime Minister until February 1989. Mr. Seaga was also Minister of Finance and Planning, and his portfo­ lio incltided responsibili­ ties for Information and Culture. Several economic and social programmes, which have had significant impact on Jamaica's growth and development, were conceived and initi­ ated by Mr. Seaga.

Contribution to National Development With Donald Sangster and constituents of West Kingston. Financial Development Mr. Seaga has estab- · a single General Consumption Tax (GCT). lished, encouraged, promoted or introduced sev­ As Minister of Finance, Mr. Seaga represented eral institutions, which have contributed to t e � Jamaica as a governor of the International modernization and development of the financial Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the Inter­ sector. These include the Jamaica Stock American Development Bank, and the Exchange 969), Jamaica Unit Trust (1 70), (J ? Caribbean Development Bank. Jamaica Mortgage Bank (1973), Nat10nal Development Bank (1981), the Agncultural Credit Bank 198 , the Ex-Im Bank 1986), and ( l ) ( COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT the Students' Loan Bureau. He promoted the modernization of commer­ Urban and Rural Development and the cial agriculture by introducing agr cul�ural high_ � Environment technology and stimulating the spmt of commer­ In the J 960's Mr. Seaga transformed the coun­ cial enterprise in agriculture. He put unused and try's then worst slum - "Back-o�Wal l" - into a under-used publicly-owned lands to work. The . modern, low-income residential commumty, re­ highly successful Jamaica National Investment named Tivoli Gardens. Tivoli Gardens has a full Promotion Ltd (JNIP now JAMPRO) was creat­ rancre of cultural and social amenities for all age ed by him in 198 J as a one-stop investment gro ps. and remains a model of successful urban organisation to promote local and overseas � community development. investment in Jamaica. Mr. Seaga established the Urban Development Under his administration, in the l 980's the Corporation ( UDC) in 1968. Through t e UDC Income and Corporate Tax system was compre­ � the waterfronts of K11. 1gston, Ocho Rios and hensively reformed to make it more modern. Monteoo Bay have been developed into major equitable and efficient. The rate was sub tai t1 l­ 0 � � � resort, rcsidential, port and offk:e complexes. ly reduced to a flat 33 per cent for both m 1v1d­ � Amono other accomplishments. the UDC has uals and corporate entities. Mr. Seaga also mtro­ spearh aded the developm nt of Negri! as a duced modern computerized technology into the � � . resort area. 1\Jotahly two-thtrds ol. the available administration and orgamsation of revenue col­ land for development was ac<.1uired by the UDC lection in which each taxpayer would be at M1. Seaga's initiative This has formed the assioned a Taxpayer Registration Number. He "' basis for planned development. overhauled the indirect tax system by combining a number of taxes into Tu rn to Page 35 l Seaea�s Profile ... Cont'd from Page 34 Perhaps the largest of all urban development projects will be the 30,000 acre Hellshire Area on the out­ skirts of the over-populated capital city. Mr. Seaga initi­ ated the purchase of this prized area, together with nearby Caymanas lands, for the creation of a new city, through the UDC. In 1985, Mr. Seaga estab­ lished the Metropolitan Parks and Markets (MPM) as a subsidiary of the UDC to be responsible for public cleansing, beautification and the maintenance of the parks and markets in the city of Kingston and other specified urban areas. MPM has liter­ ally transformed this aspect of city management by delivering an effective and cost-efficient service.

HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT

Mr. Seaga's most satisfy­ ing area of creative endeav­ our has been the creation of several outstanding social programmes especially for young people. Among them 1 1 are: the Human • "·" , , HE MAN FOR THE HAVE NOTS: Seaga at a meeting in West Em l yment and Resource T p ? King ston in 1962. Trammg Programme (HEART), which began in abled and elderly receive food stamps to assist 1983 and provides job-related training for them to improve dietary needs. school leavers and drop-outs on a wide scale throughout Jamaica. This has had a most posi­ Go lden Age Homes tive impact on the expansion of skills and job Golden Age Homes, a new concept in modern capabilities of young people. community care for the aged, was launched by In 1985, he launched Solidarity, a programme Mr. Seaga in the 1960's and expanded in the to finance and stimulate entrepreneurship among 1980s, with the construction of modem, planned young people by giving them loans and guidance homes for the aged. in establishing their own micro-businesses. CULT URAL DEVELOPMENT Food Aid Programme The Food Aid Programme was established by Mr. Seaga has often said that his first love is Mr. Seaga in 1983 to assist the poorest groups in Culture, and his monumental achievements in the society by supplementing their food supply. this field stand as a testament to this. The most significant beneficiaries under this programme are primary school children, who He created and established the Jamaica receive a high protein lunch daily. In addition, _ Festival, (in which institutions, groups and indi- pregnant and nursing mothers, chil- viduals compete annually in the literary, per­ dren under three, the indigent, dis- t.. age37 . ' .. . , .. , •: .

35 PA•CI ON ,.,I LIMIHD SI • PrRPRISU Precision Furniture ec1s1on Cold Storoge

THE NATIONAL TRAINING AGENCY Sea!!a �s Profile .•. Cont'd from 35 Page

forming, plastic and graphic arts, as well as culinary skills, leading up to the Independence celebrations). He also introduced National Heritage Week. The Jamaican Festival has become the show­ case of Jamaican talent and the cradle of our traditional cultural expressions. In the 1960's while he was Minister of Development and Welfare, Mr. Seaga gave Jamaican popular music (Ska) its first exposure to the international scene by promoting overseas tours of Jamaican artistes. This laid the foundations for the international emergence of Reggae, now popular worldwide. He established a craft development company - Things Jamaican - in 1961 to nurture the devel­ opment of Jamaica's handicraft, made Devon House a national monument to showcase our heritage and completed plans for the re-development of P?rt Royal, Seville and Spanish To wn as his­ torical monuments of international sig­ nificance. He conceived and designed the Cultural Trainillg Centre for all the Arts (drama, music, painting/sculpture and dance), donated his own extensive col­ lection of folk to the The Tivoli Gardens award winning drum corps. School of Music. Mr. Seaga influenced the careers of Bank"), later adopted by the United nations several internationally acclaimed Jamaican pop­ Development Programme (UNDP) as �e Short ular artistes and played a major role in introduc­ Term Advisory Service (STAS) to provide low­ ing the work of the world-famous Jamaican intu­ cost short-term expertise from the international itive artist Mallica 'Kapo' Reynolds. private sector for developing countries. He also inaugurated the respected Jamaica . He has also been in the forefront of the mter­ Journal, published quarterly by the Institute of national campaign to intensify and expand eco­ Jamaica, which is devoted to promoting the arts, nomic sanctions against as a means natural history, sociology and science through of bringing apartheid to an end. Mr. Seaga publications. addressed the General Assembly of the United return Mr. Seaga played a principal part in the of Nations in 1985 and made his memorable call for to Jamaica and in e tab­ the body of � an intensified attack on the South African rank. lishing the nation's highest order, that of Nallonal And in October 1987, at the Commonwealth of which Garvey was the first recipient. Hero, Heads of Government Meeting in Vancouver, he demonstrated statically that sanctions were INTERNATIONAL INITIATIVES working against South Africa.

Mr. Seaga promoted the concept of an inter- Honours and Awards bank" leading to the es tab- national "culture In 1981 Mr. Seagawas appointedby QueenElizabeth lishment of the International Fund for the IIas a memberof Her Majesty'sPrivy Council. Promotion of Culture (IFPC) by UNESCO in Mr. Seaga has also beenhonoured by several coun- the 1970's. tries: l In the 980's, he played a leading role in the Republic of Venezuela - Grand Collar establishment of the Caribbean Basin Initiative de Libertador (198 1) (CBI) conceived as a "Marshall Plan" for the - Republic of Ve nezuela - Gold Mercury Caribbean and promoted the concept of a Human InternationalAward (198 1) 38 �gre

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' 37 ••• Cont'd from 37 Seaga•s .Profile Page - Republic of Korea - Grand Gwangwa Medal, University of the West Indies. Order of Diplomatic Service "R�vival Spirit Cults" (Jamaica Journal), pub­ Merit (1981) lished by the . Folk Music of - Federal Republic of - Grand Cross of Jamaica (album of music recorded by Ethnl.c the Order of Merit (1982) Folkways Library). - - Order of the Aztec Eagle (1987) Personal He is the recipient of several prestigious interna­ Seaga was born in the Evangeline Boothe tional awards: Mr. Memorial Salvation Army Hospital in while his * Gleaner Honour Awards: Man of the Ye ar, 1980, parents were travelling in the U.S.A., was also a 1981 Jamaican citizen by virtue of his parentage, but he made * Avenue of the Americas Association, N.Y. - Gold the momentous decision in his life to formally give up Key Award (1981) his American citizenship. * Pan American Development Foundation . Inter­ On August he married Marie Elizabeth American Man of the Ye ar Development Award (1983) 22, 1965 * Dr. MartinLuther King Humanitarian Award (1984) "Mitsy" Constantine, Miss Jamaica 1965. They have * United Nations Environment Programme - the two sons, Christopher 30, Andrew 20, and a daughter Environmental Leadership Award (1987) Anabella 27. This marriage dissolved in 1995 and the following year, June 14, 1996 he married Carla Honorary Degrees Frances Ve ndryes, M.P.A. * University of , LLD. (1981) He plays tennis, hunts and collects Jamaican * Tampa University, LLD. (1982) folk music. * University of South Carolina, LLD. (1983) A keen gardener and amateur landscaper, Mr. * , LLD. (1983) Seaga has translated his love for plants and flowers * Hartford University, LLD. (1987) into the beautiful Enchanted Garden Resort, which has become a unique attraction in Jamaica. Publications He is a member of the Kingston Cricket Club, "Parent Te acher Relationship'', published by the various hunting clubs and the Jamaica Skeet Club. Institute of Social and Economic Research,

Manufa*911 In JamaicaSherwln·Wllllams llJ IW.l.J Lid. ...!'inti n (8ne JMn1lcaBmn at Standards E-Mail: [email protected] Wlllll SLCalherlne. 111'1. A WORLD LEADER IN THE WORLD OF PAINT EDWARD SEAGA... - -� ' ANOTHER FA CE Edward Seaga as Poet Extract from "RIVER MAID, RIVER MAID" Ah! Now ah see yu foot a stumble Stamp it! For is dere ah strike; ' ah BY EDWARD SEAGA Down to groun' watch yu tumble Yu eyes dem shut, yu head upright. A bear r shout: "She gone, she cut-'way ! !he poem (the first ten verses of which are � De Mruden drop ! She get lick down! pnnte here) elates the possession experiences � � Move dere people, don' crowd de body ?f a River Maid. one f the principal functionar­ � Spirit is a t'ing dat roll 'pon groun'." ' ies of Pocomama, Revival; under possession she confr?nts and deals with hostile water spirits Roll! Ro l! Regardless, daughter, who impede the spiritual joumyy of possessed � Is me an yu m. motion now; brethren through a river, her spiritual territory. . Come ! Raise yuself! Assist her Bearer! The ntu� dance of the River Maid is per­ R-R-R-R-Rock yu body groan an' blow· formed against the he vy rhythmic breathing, . . � Jump in de line wide Revival children ' gut�ural groanmg, smgmg and chanting (cym­ ' Don' labour wid a toss balmg) of possessed brethren. Raise me tune now, hu�dred voices: The oem, written in the 1950s, was first pub- p "One More River to Cross." li. shed m 1969 in Jamaica Journal, Vo l. 3, No. 2 To de rockin' of de body .... . Call me name oh! Mother Nation To de bowin' of de head .... . Alarm oh! sound de alarm! ' To de rhythm of de groanin' ..... Mo'nin' Shepherd 'Bendigo De livin' dancin' wid de de'd. Peace-an' Love! Salaam! ' Two hundred voices in upliftment Sound dat music Cymbal Myriam, Raise de music loud an' strong, ' Mek me hear yu blow: Fifty. brethren groanin' bowin' "Mo'nin', River Mother, To de rhythm of de so�g. ' Me tell yu Mo'nin', oh!" "Uh-HUH .... Uh-HUH ...... ' Yo ung gal stan' up in de comer Hear de mighty groanin' now Don't know her Spirit near Together as a single groan, ' Tu 'n an' face me river daughter! Together in de bow. Is u Spirit name yu hear. r "Uh-HUH .... Uh-HUH ...... " Pomt her to me Spirit Pointer, Hear de rhythm of de band She out to shy de blow ' De voice of Pocomania jou'meyin' A'n ah come to mek her labour in In de spirit Land. De stream wid de cleansing flow. Every traveller wid a spirit "River Maid! River Maid!'', In de Pocomania band, Hear de Warnin'Dove ah scream: Every one to guide de brethren "Lawd-me-God-ah-whey-she-deh In de portion day command: Destruction-in-de-stream." ' Shepherd follow Journeyman· Mek haste daughter, brethren call yu Engineer in front; ' Evil spirits bar de way; ' Centre Wheelin' Compass Man; Dem call for yu to read de water Hunter to de hunt. For de message: move or stay. Through de City of Destruction, New dress and hat won't save yu To de Desert of Despair, From roll an' wash a groun'; Across de mountain of Corruption Forget yu clothes an' ban yu belly, Into Vanity Fair; ' Wrap yu head an' don yu gown. An' from de Cemetry in de Valley Drink a little 'daru', child, Hear de warnin' of de Dove, Fe rinse away de cold; To �e Poco �and in trouble River Maid! Don' hide yu face

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