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Diplomski Rad: RIJEKA SAVA I PROTURJEČJA HABSBURŠKE IMPERIJALNE PERIFERIJE U 18. STOLJEĆU

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Diplomski Rad: RIJEKA SAVA I PROTURJEČJA HABSBURŠKE IMPERIJALNE PERIFERIJE U 18. STOLJEĆU Luka Jakopčić: Sava i proturječja habsburške imperijalne periferije u 18. st. Sveučilište u Zagrebu Filozofski fakultet Odsjek za povijest Ivana Lučića 3 Diplomski rad: RIJEKA SAVA I PROTURJEČJA HABSBURŠKE IMPERIJALNE PERIFERIJE U 18. STOLJEĆU Kandidat: Mentor: Luka Jakopčić dr. sc. Hrvoje Petrić, izv. prof. Komentor: dr. sc. Drago Roksandić, red. prof. Zagreb, srpnja 2014. 1 Luka Jakopčić: Sava i proturječja habsburške imperijalne periferije u 18. st. 2 Luka Jakopčić: Sava i proturječja habsburške imperijalne periferije u 18. st. SADRŽAJ I. IDEJNI OKVIR . 6 II. UVOD. 10 2.1. Suvremeni prostor kao temeljno polazište . 10 2.2.Temeljno istraživačko pitanje – rađanje suvremene socioekološke paradigme . 12 2.3. Pojašnjenje ključnih pojmova. 13 III. SAVA, TEMELJNA ODREDNICA PROSTORA ANALIZE. 17 3.1. Razine značaja rijeke Save . 17 3.1.1. Rijeka Sava u regionalnom okviru . 17 3.1.2. Rijeka Sava u prostoru brodske Posavine . 18 3.2. Razine vrednovanja rijeke Save . 20 3.2.1. „Katalogizirani“ interes za Savu . 20 3.2.2. „Življeni“ interes za Savu . 22 3.2.3. Produkcija društveno-humanističkih znanosti o Savi i brodskoj Posavini . 23 IV. KORIJENI I DOSEZI TRADICIJE: SOCIOEKOLOŠKI SISTEM BRODSKE POSAVINE OKO GODINE 1700. 25 4.1. Strukturna ishodišta socioekološkog sistema brodske Posavine 18. stoljeća . 25 4.1.1. Ekstenzivno poljodjelska ravnica i vlaška transhumanca . 25 4.1.2. Predmoderni Osmanlije i suvremeni Austrijanci – historizacija klišeja . 28 4.2. Pregled socioekoloških odnosa u predmodernoj brodskoj Posavini . 29 4.3. Može li rat slomiti socioekološki sistem? . 35 4.3.1. Popudbina prostora brodske Posavine s prijeloma stoljećâ . 35 4.3.2. Nekoliko misli povodom tablice 2 (šume, pustinje i zemljišne izmjere) . 41 4.4. Prostor brodske Posavine u makropolitičkom kontekstu Europe kraja 17. stoljeća . 44 4.5. Brodska Posavina i granica 1699. godine . 46 4.5.1. Relativna modernost habsburško-osmanskog razgraničenja g. 1699. 46 4.5.2. Prostor brodske Posavine i razgraničenje 1699. g . 49 V. NADOVEZIVANJE ILI NEDORASLOST? SOCIOEKOLOŠKI SISTEM BRODSKE POSAVINE 1700-1740 . 53 5.1. Nove potrebe, stare metode . 53 5.1.1. Uspostava Vojne granice u prostoru južne Panonije . 53 5.1.2. Suvremena država i predmoderni socioekološki modeli . 57 5.2. Opća obilježja prostora brodske Posavine u prvoj polovici 18. st. 59 5.2.1. Brod – urbanitet (re)kreiran „odozgo“ . 59 5.2.2. Specifičnosti prostora brodske Posavine u okviru općih socioekoloških kretanja . 61 5.3. Razine formiranja socioekološkog sistema brodske Posavine do oko 1740. godine . 64 5.3.1. Specifičnost ne znači iznimku . 64 5.3.2. Rat kao faktor izboja I: nuspojave sukoba 1716-1718 u imperijalnom kontekstu . 64 3 Luka Jakopčić: Sava i proturječja habsburške imperijalne periferije u 18. st. 5.3.3. Rat kao faktor izboja II: prostor brodske Posavine nakon Požarevačkog mira . 67 5.3.4. Društvena pozadina ekstenzivno agrarnog prostora 1718-1739 . 75 VI. PARADIGMATSKI IZRAZI SOCIOEKOLOŠKOG SISTEMA BRODSKE POSAVINE U 18. STOLJEĆU . 79 6.1. Brodsko-posavski socioekološki sistem u svjetlu demografskih kretanja . 79 6.2. Poplave i nasipi . 82 6.2.1. Suvremenost u povijesnoj perspektivi: poplava u porječju Save, svibnja 2014. 82 6.2.2. Savske poplave u 18. st.: između relativnosti i prijetnje . 85 6.2.3. Obrana od poplava u socioekološkom sistemu brodske Posavine 18. stoljeća . 87 6.3. Odnos društvene i prirodne dinamike u prostoru brodske Posavine 18. stoljeća . 95 6.3.1. Klima, rijeka, društvo – do koje mjere jedna dinamika? . 95 6.3.2. Klimatski ciklusi u Slavoniji 18. stoljeća . 99 6.4. Posavina kao prometni koridor . .101 6.4.1. Kopneni posavski prometni koridor . .101 6.4.2. Razvoj Save kao prometnice te socioekonomske implikacije tog procesa . .103 VII. PREMA STANJU KLASIFICIRANE DIVLJINE: SOCIJALIZACIJA PROSTORA BRODSKE POSAVINE U DRUGOJ POLOVICI 18. STOLJEĆA . .111 7.1. Konfesionalizacija prostora brodske Posavine . .111 7.1.1. Strukturne postavke . .111 7.1.2. Konfesionalizacija i prostor brodske Posavine II: tijek procesa . .115 7.2. Od „vratiju Bosne“ prema „graničarima starim“ . .121 7.2.1. Rekonfiguracije prostora brodske Posavine u regionalnom kontekstu 18. st. .121 7.2.2. Muke po franjevcima . .122 7.2.3. Geopolitičko ishodište: razgraničenje prema Beogradskom miru g. 1739. .124 7.2.4. Sanitarni kordon . .126 7.3. Sela „pod koncem“, šikare u katastru, razbojnici u rezervatu . .131 7.3.1. Opći kontekst vojnograničarskog Sattelzeita . .131 7.3.2. Vojnograničarski Sattelzeit I: vojno-upravna organizacija . .134 7.3.3. Vojnograničarski Sattelzeit II: homeopatski dozirana krajina . .136 7.3.4. Vojnograničarski Sattelzeit III: ušoravanje selâ . .142 7.3.5. Vojnograničarski Sattelzeit IV: intenziviranje agrikulture u globalnom kontekstu . .147 7.4. Agrikultura Slavonije na pragu modernog doba . .153 7.4.1. Jozefinske zemljišne izmjere 1780-ih . .153 7.4.2. Slavonski agrar u vrijeme vojnograničarskih (austrijskih) „pet minuta slave“ . .155 VIII. ZAKLJUČAK . .166 IX. PRILOZI . .169 X. IZVORI I LITERATURA . .179 4 Luka Jakopčić: Sava i proturječja habsburške imperijalne periferije u 18. st. 5 Luka Jakopčić: Sava i proturječja habsburške imperijalne periferije u 18. st. I. IDEJNI OKVIR Tomislav je prvi hrvatski kralj. Kravata i penkala najslavniji su hrvatski izumi. Dinara je najviši hrvatski vrh, a Hvar najsunčaniji otok. Sava je pak najdulja hrvatska rijeka. Njene obale oplakuju Zagreb, hrvatsku milijunsku metropolu, dok veliki brodovi njome plove do Siska, pedesetak kilometara nizvodno. Ukupne dužine 946 km, Sava hrvatskim kolektivnim imaginarijem protječe u dužini od 518 km (Jukić, 2008, 82; HE – „Sava“) Biti pojavom koja je po nečemu „naj“, često znači biti pojavom čija se društvena relevantnost umjesto kroz analitičku raščlambu dane istaknutosti, gradi kroz njenu mitologizaciju i izuzimanje iz realnog prostora i vremena. U društvenom kontekstu sistemske periferije (Hrvatska kao dio periferije Zapada), ovaj se postupak čini još neminovnijim. Budući da se ne možemo identificirati kroz kulturne, privredne i političke dosege naše društvene proizvodnje, preostaju nam tek iluzije i tzv. velike pripovijesti (grand narratives). Pokušati interpretirati okoliš jedne rijeke kao historijsko-društveni faktor, okvirna je tema ovog rada. Međutim, prije no što je definiramo u užem smislu, valja se osvrnuti na pitanje koje se otvara u rascjepu između nje te gore opisanih okolnosti. Zanima nas, za početak, do koje je mjere pojedinac, ponikao u okruženju "Hektorâ i Ahilâ", mentalno i izvedbeno spreman kao rukovodeću prihvatiti ekohistorijsku paradigmu, čiji glavni neposredni predmet interesa nisu ličnosti, pa ni procesi, društveni odnosi ili institucije, nego "komarci, mazge i rijeke" (John R. McNeill), tj. akteri iz povijesti isključeniji od isključenih (tzv. sub-subalterns)?1 Radi li se o retoričkom pitanju? Naime, ekohistorija se definira kao subdisciplina historijske znanosti koja istražuje interakcije čovjeka i okoliša kroz povijest, smještajući pritom "povijest u kontekst koji je zapravo obuhvaća: u kontekst fizičke stvarnosti prirodnoga svijeta, te materijalnih osnova i ograničenja civilizacije", posežuči za metodama "koje se rabe u svim zakucima znanstvenoga svijeta" (Hughes, 2011, 125, 143; usp. Petrić, 2012, 15-18). Kao ključne riječi ekohistorijske analize izvodimo, dakle: 1 Giving Agency to Nonhuman Actors in History, www.youtube.com/watch?v=NBKwn83DC8, pristup: 21. XI. 2011. 6 Luka Jakopčić: Sava i proturječja habsburške imperijalne periferije u 18. st. 1) Sveobuhvatnost: kako bi razmatranje historijske uloge spomenutih sub-subalterns uopće bilo moguće, nužno je historijske činjenice pojmiti ne kao jednostavne, isključivo događajne datosti, nego kao rezultat spleta različitih procesa i okolnosti te njihovih dinamika (usp. Stoianovich, 1976, 103-104) 2) Deantropiziranost: povijest shvaćena kao kronološki niz događajnih fakata (najčešće političko-biografskih) je autistična i najčešće servilna – u konačnici, njenom jedinom svrhom ispada apoteoza čovjeka vladajuće ideologije (Althusser, Balibar, 1975, 66, 101-102). Na pitanje tko je platio cijenu da bi junak mogao biti junakom – ona ne odgovara.2 Pokušaj pronalaženja i naglašavanja povijesne uloge različitih marginaliziranih pojava ima, stoga, težinu ne samo u smislu kritičkog propitivanja dominantne uloge (bijelog) čovjeka u povijesnoj dinamici svijeta, već i u smislu održavanja moralne higijene povjesničara. 3) Transepohalnost: prethodno dvoje usko je povezano sa sviješću o cjelini povijesti kao kompozitu različitih trajanja i njihovih ritmova (čuvena brodelijanska shema struktura – konjunktura – događaj pritom je „tek“ plastična ilustracija složenosti ovog problema). Ono o čemu, dakle, ekohistorijska analiza mora voditi računa, jest, primjerice, u slučaju Save, ukrštavanje čovjeku teško pojmljivog vrlo dugog trajanja (Jean Guilaine, u: Delort, Walter, 2002, xiv) Save kao geomorfološkog fenomena, ponavljanja Save kao cikličkog, poplavnog fenomena, konjunkturalne Save kao tranzitnog koridora i sl. 4) Transdiciplinarnost: sve gore rečeno praktično se ostvaruje transdisciplinarno orijentiranom metodom rada. Kaže Braudel (1980, 64): „ne postoji jedna povijest, jedna profesija povjesničara, već mnoge profesije i mnoge vrste povijesti, čitav niz istraživanja, perspektiva, mogućnosti, niz kojem će sutra biti dodano još više istraživanja, perspektiva i mogućnosti.“ Jasno, potrebno je naglasiti da je ovdje ponajprije riječ o idealtipskoj slici rada, te da, štoviše, ovdje itekako važi ona: „lako je reći...“ Jer plodotvorna transdisciplinarna metoda,
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