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A Narrative Review of the Control of Mosquitoes by Larvivorous Fish in Iran and the World

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A Narrative Review of the Control of Mosquitoes by Larvivorous Fish in Iran and the World Iranian Journal of Health Sciences 2019; 7(2): 49-60 http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir Original Article A narrative review of the control of mosquitoes by Larvivorous fish in Iran and the world Ali Jafari1,2 Ahmadali Enayati3 Fatemeh Jafari1 Farzad Motevalli Haghi4 Nasibeh Hosseini-Vasoukolaei4 Reza Sadeghnezhad5 Mostafa Azarnoosh1 Mahmoud Fazeli-Dinan4* 1.MSc Student in Medical Entomology, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Student Research Committee, Faculty of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran 2. Health expert of Administration of Mazandaran Province Prisons, Sari. Iran. 3. Professor of Medical Entomology, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Health Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, Faculty of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran 4.Assistant Professor of Medical Entomology, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Health Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, Faculty of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran 5. Engineer in Environmental Health, Student Research Committee, Faculty of Health, Health Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran university of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran *Correspondence to: Mahmoud Fazeli-Dinan [email protected] (Received: 13 Feb. 2019; Revised: 24 Mar. 2019; Accepted: 8 Jun. 2019) Abstract Background and purpose: Mosquitoes are responsible for the transmission of many pathogens such as malaria, yellow fever, dengue fever, and so on. The control of mosquitoes using chemical insecticides is not always a sensible approach, so, alternative biological control methods, especially the use of larvivorous fishes, can play a significant role in controlling of mosquito larvae. Materials and Methods: In this narrative review study, papers and dissertations were collected without time and language limits from international electronic databases in Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Ovid, Medline and WHO site, and Iranian scientific databases including: Barakatkns, SID, Civilica, Magiran, and Medlib using appropriate keywords from 1937 to 2018. Finally, 55 sources were selected and criticized, interpreted, and analyzed. Results: In the study, some of larvivorous fishes including Aphanius dispar, Carassius auratus (goldfish), Gambusia affinis, and Poecilia reticulate (guppy) have been investigated as important predators of mosquito larvae. Among these fish, Gambusia, Aphanius dispar, Colisa Lalia, Danio rerio, Goldfish, Guppy and Oreochromis mossambica are present in different regions of Iran. Conclusion: Given the fact that malaria carriers are present in many regions of Iran and the climate of Iran is also potentially suitable for the transmission of malaria, it is recommended to use larvivorous fishes that are compatible with the environmental conditions of each area. Downloaded from jhs.mazums.ac.ir at 23:30 +0330 on Saturday September 25th 2021 [ DOI: 10.18502/jhs.v7i2.1064 ] Key words: Mosquitoes; Biological Control; Larvivorous Fishes; Iran Citation: Jafari A, Enayati AA, Jafari F, Motevalli Haghi F, Hosseini-Vasoukolaei N, Sadeghnezhad R, Azarnoosh M, Fazeli- Dinan M*. Air born bacteria evaluation in the kitchen air of restaurants in Babol City. Iran J Health Sci. 2019; 7 (2): 49-60. DOI: 10.18502/jhs.v7i2.1064 Copyright © 2019, Published by Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences on behalf of Iranian Journal of Health Sciences and Health Sciences Research Center. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/which permits copy and redistribute the material just in noncommercial usages, provided the original work is properly cited. Iran J Health Sci 2019; 7(2): 49 Biological Control of Mosquitoes’ larva A. Jafari et al. 1. Introduction especially in urban and rural areas, has Yearly more than one billion persons are been well-developed in different countries infected or die from vector-borne diseases, (5), because this method has the potential of which mosquito-borne diseases make up to be used with other control methods in a significant proportion (1). So, such the mosquito's integrative campaign (6). diseases transmitted by mosquitoes in There is a wide range of living organisms (almost) all tropical and subtropical that help regulate the population of countries are a major problem. Because mosquitoes through hunting, parasitism, these species are responsible for the and competition. transmission of important diseases Natural organisms that kill mosquitoes including malaria, yellow fever, dengue have a various range including predators, fever, zika, chikungunya, filariasis, parasitoids, entomopathogens, etc. (2). In encephalitis, etc. It should be noted that the the biological control of mosquitoes using vector control plans have traditionally predators, the role of larvivorous fish that focused on killing mosquitoes using consume the larval stage of mosquitoes is various pesticides including very important (2). Larvivorous fishes are organophosphates, carbamates, and one of the most important biological pyrethroids (2). Although the application control agents for mosquitos’ control, of chemical pesticides is considered as an which began to be used widely in the world effective method, because of the adverse since the early 1900s and before the use of effects of chemical pesticides, especially DDT (7). Many species of fishes have been on human health, non-target organisms, used for the control of mosquito larvae as increasing the resistance of mosquitoes a biological control agent and the results against these compounds and, indicated that they could be introduced as consequently, the resumption of one of the best candidates for mosquitos' transmitted diseases has led to the biological control programs (8, 9). prohibition of using most insecticides for One of the most important species of larval mosquitoes or at least imposing severe fishes is Gambusia affinis, which has a restrictions on many of them by high potential for larvae. This fish, as a environmental protection agencies (3). native species in the southern regions of On the other hand, the financial burden of the United States, was transferred to the insecticide for the vector control programs Hawaiian Islands, then to Spain, Italy, and is a fundamental constraint to widespread 60 other countries to control malaria (10). use (2). Therefore, the study and Also from early 1908, the species of Downloaded from jhs.mazums.ac.ir at 23:30 +0330 on Saturday September 25th 2021 [ DOI: 10.18502/jhs.v7i2.1064 ] application of sustainable and safe Poecilia reticulata, a native of South methods, such as biological control is America, was introduced so as to control noteworthy in mosquito controlling (4). malaria in India, Britain, and many other Biological control methods as a friendly countries (10). But the use of biological way for the environment can be a suitable control methods was limited with the alternative to decrease the problems introduction of DDT to control malaria in arising from the use of pesticides, such as the mid-1940s. Later, eradicating selection pressure for insecticide mosquitoes continued with other artificial resistance (2). Today, the use of biological insecticides, until the first resistances methods in malaria control programs, occurred against the insecticides, and Iran J Health Sci 2019; 7(2): 50 Biological Control of Mosquitoes’ larva A. Jafari et al. again the use of biological methods was larval fishes is usually based on their introduced (7). It should be said that feeding from the larval habitat. Some natural enemies of mosquitoes, especially fishes, such as Aplocheilus and Gambusia, in aquatic ecosystems, can play an feed on the surface of water, and some of important role in reducing culicidae them such as Amblypharyngodon mola, populations without making selective Danio and Rasbora, feed on lower levels pressure (2). of water and some also feed on water In choosing biological control programs, it depths, such as Puntius and Colisa. In the is important to select the biological agents. eradication program of malaria in Iran, the Although larvivorous fish has been use of larvivorous fish varieties, especially demonstrated to be very effective at Gambusia, was introduced as an auxiliary decreasing mosquito larval density in a strategy along with other control methods variety of habitats (2), in the application of of mosquito larvae (14). As in 1969, more larvivorous fishes, considerations such as than 1.5 million of the fish types were searching efficiency, hunting power, distributed in more than 3000 permanent adapting to different climatic conditions, water collections in Kermanshah (15). For and interacting with predators is very example, after the release of fish in important (11). As a result, this method is mosquito breeding sites, no population of feasible if there is a proper knowledge of larvae of Anopheles mosquitoes was found ecology and behavior of the larvivorous in stagnant waters around Kermanshah fishes and mosquito larvae (12). For (15). Similarly, there was a significant example, larvivorous fishes feeding on decrease in larvae in Fars Province. In the immature mosquitoes should be small and village of Bahram Abad, Bushehr, in larval resistant to drought. Also, they should habitats where fish varieties were present, have ability to live in shallow water among the larvae were not found, but there were thick grasses,
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