CAMCOS - Impact Assessment No. 2 - Bio-physical Working Paper Queensland Transport 2. Bio-physical Environment Working Paper
1.0 Introduction 2.0 Study Area 3.0 Data Collection 3.1 Terrestrial Flora 3.2 Terrestrial Fauna 3.3 Aquatic Flora/Fauna 3.4 Flood Hydraulics 3.5 Water Quality 3.6 Noise/Air Quality 4.0 Public Consultation 5.0 Geology, Soils and Geotechnics 5.1 Overview Of Geology And Soils In The Study Area 5.2 Geotechnical Constraints 5.3 Potentially Contaminated Land 5.4 Unexploded Ordinances 5.5 Construction Material Sources 6.0 Agriculture 6.1 Background 6.2 Methodology 6.3 Physical Influences On Agriculture In The Study Area 6.4 Good Quality Agricultural Land 6.5 Historical Trends And Influences/ Occurrences 6.6 Key Agricultural Practices 7.0 Forestry 7.1 Area And Species 7.2 History 7.3 Planting, Growing And Harvesting Of Exotic Pine Plantations 7.4 Processing 7.5 Regional Forestry Agreement 8.0 Ecology 8.1 Terrestrial Flora 8.2 Aquatic Flora 8.3 Terrestrial Fauna 8.4 Aquatic Fauna 8.5 Commercial/Recreational Fisheries 8.6 Biting Insect Habitats 9.0 Water Quality 9.1 Sensitive Waterways 9.2 Existing Surface Water Quality 9.3 Existing Surface And Groundwater Uses 10.0 Flood Hydraulics 10.1 Major Catchments And Floodplain Areas 11.0 Key Data Deficiencies CAMCOS - Impact Assessment No. 2 - Bio-physical Working Paper Queensland Transport
12.0 References 12.1 Textual References 12.2 Map References
Tables
Table 6.3a Soils Classification Table 6.3b Summary Of Factors Influencing Crop Growth Efficiency Table 6.3c Crop Requirements Table 6.4b Land Suitability Classification System Table 8.1a Priority Ratings for Vegetation Types Table 8.1b Rare and Threatened Plant Species Table 8.3a Status and General Habitat Requirements of Terrestrial Fauna of Conservation Significance within Study Region Table 8.4a Scientific, Common Names and Economic Value of Typical Fish Occurring in Estuaries Table 9.2a Summary of Existing Water Quality from Department of Environment Monitoring Sites
Figures
Figure 2.0 CAMCOS Study Area Figure 4.4a District Working Group Areas Figure 4.4b Memorandum of Understanding Figure 4.4c Project Framework Figure 5.1a 1:100 000 map sheet "Moreton Geology" Figure 6.3a Rural Zones Map Figure 6.4a SEQ2001 Study Good Quality Agricultural Land Figure 7.1a State Forest Areas Figure 8.1a Vegetation Map Figure 8.1b Rare And Threatened Plant Collection Locations Figure 8.1c Conservation Areas Figure 8.2a Designated QDPI Habitat Areas For The Maroochy River Figure 8.2b Designated QDPI Fish Habitat Areas For Bribie Island Figure 8.2c Mangrove And Saltmarsh Distribution Associated With the Maroochy River And Surrounds Figure 8.2d Seagrass Distribution Associated With The Maroochy River And Surrounds Figure 8.2e Mangrove And Saltmarsh Distribution Associated With The Mooloolah River District Figure 8.2f Mangrove, Saltmarsh And Seagrass Distribution Associated With Pumicestone Passage Figure 9.1a Waterways within the study area CAMCOS - Impact Assessment No. 2 - Bio-physical Working Paper Queensland Transport Appendix A A1.0 Government Policy On Agricultural Land
Appendix B Table B1.0 State Forest In SEQ
Appendix C C1.0 The Plantation Cycle
Appendix D D1.0 Fauna Species In The Study Area CAMCOS - Impact Assessment No. 2 - Bio-physical Working Paper Queensland Transport 1.0 Introduction
The Queensland Government has proposed a major initiative to investigate an integrated land use and transportation system for the Caboolture- Sunshine Coast region with the cooperation of the Caboolture, Caloundra and Maroochy Shire Councils. The development of an integrated transportation system challenges traditional approaches to urban management and to quality of life enhancements.
New balances between the concentration of urban functions to achieve economics and the dispersion of human services to facilitate local ease of access need to be formulated and implemented. New ways of linking areas where people live and where they work have to be found to rein in the escalating costs of transport infrastructure currently needed for urban areas to operate.
In response to these types of outcomes, there has been a clear recognition of the need to plan in an integrated way for transport and land use so that the distribution of human activity occurs in a manner which makes most efficient use of transport investment, and in turn, increase levels of accessibility and provide more livable communities.
The former Commonwealth Better Cities Program has assisted in the clear identification of these objectives and priorities. This study provides an opportunity to apply these principles in the Sunshine Coast area, not only to achieve better outcomes for that specific area, but to demonstrate the benefits of an integrated approach to land use and transport planning for communities elsewhere.
The CAMCOS Study recognises the fundamental importance of the complex interrelationship between transport networks and land use distribution. This has been increasingly acknowledged in recent years as central to achieving more livable and sustainable communities. This recognition has occurred both in the community generally and within levels of government, as well as within the professional groups involved in planning for transport and land use.
Consequently, the traditional approach adopted in many transport planning initiatives which relied on catering for projected increased transport needs based on a continuation of land use and development trends is now widely acknowledged as an inappropriate way of planning for the future of our communities. This approach tends to perpetuate inefficient land use patterns, dependency on the private vehicle, and urban areas which are characterised by high energy usage (and therefore low sustainability), as well as a range of substantive social concerns.
These social concerns result, in part, from a deterioration in the ability of particular groups of people in the community to sustain a lifestyle in which their need for access to supportive human services, employment opportunities, cultural and leisure activities is adequately met. Inefficient systems not only add to costs but also exacerbate disadvantages including environmental disadvantage. CAMCOS - Impact Assessment No. 2 - Bio-physical Working Paper Queensland Transport
1.1 Background to this Working Paper
In order to address all potential issues and concerns related to CAMCOS the project team has created four working papers for public comment addressing:
ö Planning And Land Use; ö The Bio-physical Environment; ö Social Environment; and ö Land Use/ Transport Strategy Projections.
Following consultation these papers will form the basis of a Review of Environmental Factors Report. This document will update any deficiencies highlighted in the Working Papers and incorporate appropriate public comment. During this time it is also anticipated that potential corridors will be defined and disseminated for public comment.
This Working Paper has been created in recognition of the need to consider factors related to the bio-physical environment. It is intended to provide an overall, comprehensive overview of the natural environment and the elements that characterise its’ bio-diversity, physical features and functions.
A better understanding of the existing conditions will facilitate discussion of related issues and concerns during the CAMCOS study process. The project team recognises this as a key to an informed decision making process affecting people and the communities they live in within the study area.
To achieve this goal the paper has been organised to focus on eight key areas of discussion including information on:
ö Data Collection; ö Public Consultation; ö Geology, Soils and Geotechnics; ö Agriculture; ö Forestry; ö Ecology; ö Water Quality; and ö Flood Hydraulics;
At this stage of the study these areas have primarily been approached from a regional or shire perspective. The information collected will assist in the refinement of the corridor analysis at a later point in the study process. CAMCOS - Impact Assessment No. 2 - Bio-physical Working Paper Queensland Transport 2.0 Study Area
The Study Area for the first stage of the study process can be roughly defined as incorporating the Shire Councils of Caboolture, Caloundra and Maroochy. The boundaries of CAMCOS is provided graphically in Figure 2.0.
For this stage of the CAMCOS project, the study area will primarily cover a region ranging from Landsborough eastwards to Bell’s Creek, northwards along the coastal plain from Caloundra to Maroochydore, and west to include the communities of Eudlo, Woombye and Nambour. As part of the corridor study process the study will also consider the implications of upgrading the existing north coast rail line to the south through Beerwah, Beerburrum to just north of Caboolture.
As the study progresses, potential transportation corridors will be identified and then assessed in the second stage of the project. At this stage impacts, specific to the potential corridors will be considered and the study area will also be refined to reflect the more intensive investigation.
This Working Paper will consider bio-physical issues which fall within the Study Area and significantly relate to the first stage of CAMCOS. CAMCOS - Impact Assessment No. 2 - Bio-physical Working Paper Queensland Transport 3.0 Data Collection
3.1 Terrestrial Flora
Information on the flora of the study area was gathered from published and unpublished existing reports, studies and GIS information, drawn from a wide range of sources. The principal documents included:
ö Vegetation Survey and Assessment of Landscapes within the Boundaries of the Maroochy Shire (Turnbull & Olsen 1992); ö The Vegetation Mosaic of Lands within the Boundaries of Caloundra City Council (Olsen & Drane 1993); ö Conservation status of Queensland's Bio-regional Ecosystems: Summary (QDEH 1995); ö Remnant Bushland of South East Queensland in the 1990's (Catterall & Kingston 1993); and ö Various digital (GIS layer) maps received from Caloundra City, Maroochy Shire, Cabooluture Shire and the SEQ 2001 Unit that include vegetation and conservation areas.
Additional information on the locations of rare and threatened plant species of the study region was obtained via a search of the collection records from the Queensland Herbarium (HERBRECS 1997). This search included all records of rare or threatened plant species collected within an area bounded from 152E55' E to 153E10'E and 26E35' S to 26E55' S.
All available information regarding the flora of the study region was then collated and reviewed. Features of ecological and conservation significance were then identified and documented which would be potential constraints within the study area.
3.2 Terrestrial Fauna
3.2.1 Collation of Existing Material
Information on the fauna of the study region was obtained via a search of the records from the Queensland Museum commissioned for all vertebrate groups and the Royal Australasian Ornithological Union (RAOU) atlas of Australian birds. These searches included records held within an area bounded from 152E55' E to 153E09' E and 26E35' S to 26E54' S. Furthermore, information was gathered from published and unpublished existing reports and studies. All available information regarding the fauna of the study region was then collated and reviewed. Comprehensive species lists of each vertebrate group are presented in Appendices D (mammals), B (birds), C (reptiles) and D (frogs). The nomenclature (ie. scientific and common names) used for these appendices follows Christidis and Boles (1995) for birds, Cogger (1994) and Barker et al. (1996) for reptiles and amphibians, and Strahan (1995) for mammals.
3.2.2 Likely Fauna Present
The existing information obtained provides an indication that fauna of the region is highly diverse for all vertebrate fauna groups. The number of bird species that have previously been recorded or probably occur within the study region is high with 283 species from 70 families representing approximately 45% of all Australian terrestrial bird species.
CAMCOS - Impact Assessment No. 2 - Bio-physical Working Paper Queensland Transport
The diversity of mammalian fauna within the study region was also high with a total of 55 species previously recorded or known to occur within the region. These species include 2 monotremes, 24 marsupials from 10 families, 13 flying placental mammals (ie. bats) from 4 families, and 16 non-flying placental mammals from 5 families (including 7 introduced species).
The reptilian (44 species from 9 families) and amphibian fauna (24 species from 3 families) are also well represented within the study region.
3.3 Aquatic Flora/Fauna
An extensive review of literature was carried out with respect to the following aspects:
ö Distribution of mangroves, saltmarsh and seagrass within the study area; ö Typical types of fauna present in marine, estuarine and freshwater habitats within the study area; ö Locations of key conservation areas (eg. Fish Habitat Areas).
3.4 Water Quality
Waterways in the study area were identified and water quality data were sought for each of the waterways. Data from published reports and the Department of Environment were reviewed. Department of Environment water quality data from 1991 was obtained, which provided information regarding most of the major waterways within the study area. This data was collated and summarised for each waterway. The data were then compared with Australian Water Quality Guidelines for fresh and Marine Waters (ANZECC, 1992).
Representatives from both Caloundra City Council and Maroochy Shire Council were consulted regarding the locations of potentially sensitive waterways within these Council boundaries.
3.5 Flood Hydraulics
Information on the flood hydraulics of the study area has been gathered from published and unpublished existing reports, studies and GIS data. This information was sourced through research and liaison with the Local Authorities as well as local knowledge of the study team. Information sources included :
ö Flood and Tidal Hydraulic Studies of Mooloolah River (Water Research Laboratory 1982); ö Flood Study Mooloolah River Meridan Plains (Data Plan 1987); ö Sippy Downs Planning Study (Kinhill Cameron McNamara 1996); ö Various digital (GIS layer) maps of flood prone areas; ö Various discussions with Government agencies; ö WBM Oceanics Australia reports on flooding processes of the Maroochy River and its tributaries, (WBM Oceanics Australia, 1992 and 1994); and ö Physical Model Study of the Maroochy River Floodplain, (Department of Harbours and Marine, 1987). 4.0 Public Consultation
4.1 What Public Consultation Seeks To Do CAMCOS - Impact Assessment No. 2 - Bio-physical Working Paper Queensland Transport
The role of public consultation in planning decisions is to improve the quality and public acceptability of those decisions by taking into account the needs, aspirations and views of people who are/will be directly and indirectly affected by the decision(s). To accomplish this end, the CAMCOS public consultation strategies will:
ö Provide a range of opportunities whereby all interested persons are able to input into the project process leading to decision-making; ö Seek to raise the awareness of, and educate, the community stakeholders on project issues as much as to gather information from them; and ö Ensure information dissemination and information gathering opportunities occur at all stages of the project process.
4.2 What Are The Guiding Principles?
The key values behind the CAMCOS public consultation strategy are:
ö Open and accountable processes; ö Recognition of diversity of interests and publics; and ö A commitment to voicing all the issues associated with the identification and protection of the transport corridor and its supportive land use.
4.3 What Can Be Expected From Public Consultation?
Community stakeholders can expect the following from the CAMCOS public consultation process:
ö Public involvement from the outset to aid in developing the choice of transport corridors and associated land uses, defining the terms of reference for the Impact Assessment Study (IAS) and, ultimately, in the choice of transport route and land use planning strategy; ö Provision to the community of all the baseline data necessary to encourage input into the IAS ; ö Collection of a full range of views from the community; ö Employment of a variety of consultation techniques to facilitate the two-way flow of information between community and consultants taking into account: the nature (detail/complexity) of the information involved; the numbers of stakeholders involved and their preferences for type of involvement; and social justice principles of equity and accessibility; ö Sensitivity by the study team to the needs and concerns of those directly and indirectly affected when undertaking the corridor/route option selection and evaluation; ö Provision of opportunities for community input in a constructive and coherent manner; ö Provision of opportunities for community input into the improvement of the chosen option and enhancement of its positive impacts; and ö Encouragement of community ownership of the final outcome.
4.4 How Will Consultation Actually Work?
The community input into the CAMCOS project will occur at two levels:
ö The study management level; and CAMCOS - Impact Assessment No. 2 - Bio-physical Working Paper Queensland Transport
ö The study processes.
4.4.1 The Study Management Level Or The Big Picture
Five community members will complement the membership of the Corridor Reference Group (CRG). The CRG provides guidance and advice to the CAMCOS Steering Committee on issues associated with impacts in the study area, for example, environment, employment, tourism, industry, landscape, cultural heritage, to name a few.
The five community members on the CRG will be drawn from five community working groups (District Working Groups) which have been established by the Ove Arup team. The study area has been delineated into five district areas to better manage the broad regional consultation process (Figure 4.4a). The five District Working Groups (DWGs) correspond to those five areas. These DWGs assist the consultants in the public consultation process by acting as a conduit for the two-way flow of information between consultants and the broader community. Furthermore, DWG members provide the consultants with local knowledge regarding the range and diversity of interests within the community. In assisting the consultants to conduct public consultation, the DWGs will conduct a range of information dissemination and information collection activities throughout the course of the study.
Calls for expressions of interest for DWG membership were advertised over a two week period through local newspapers and radio in the study area and by leaflet distribution through community organisations. In nominating for DWG membership, it was emphasised that applicants meet the following criteria:
ö Be willing to work as a team member; ö Have a strong awareness of local issues; ö Have a strong awareness of local community networks; ö Be able to balance local and broader interests in team discussions, and ö Have a strong commitment to good community consultation practice.
Seven to nine members were sought for each DWG. The DWGs and Ove Arup Team have developed a Memorandum of Understanding (Figure 4.4b) which will set out the essential ground rules for working with each other and the community and for methods of reporting and accountability.
4.4.2 The Study Processes Or Day-to-day Consultation
Throughout the consultation process, the community will have a number of opportunities to provide their comment and become aware of issues within the study. Many of these opportunities will be initiated and conducted by the DWGs. For example, to date, the DWGs have conducted a number of public meetings, distributed flyers through the letter box and contacted community organisations to publicise the study. DWGs are currently planning information displays for shopping centres, further public meetings and a letter box survey.
There will also be opportunities for involvement which will be initiated and conducted by the Ove Arup team. The latter will include examples such as a shop front, a dedicated CAMCOS telephone line (1800 number), a public launch of working papers, briefings, press releases, meetings with politicians, market surveys and workshops.
A plan for the timing and integration of public consultation activities into the project framework is outlined on Figure 4.4c as the Public Consultation Strategy. We are in the early stages CAMCOS - Impact Assessment No. 2 - Bio-physical Working Paper Queensland Transport
of the study process and, at this point, the DWGs and Ove Arup team are seeking community input on issues of value. That is, information is sought about the (i) positive features of living in the Sunshine Coast region, (ii) those features which detract from living in the region and (iii) what people do not want to lose in any future planning for the region.
As the project progresses and DWGs become more involved with their communities on CAMCOS, they will be in a position to add more detail to, and give advance notice of, consultation activities. At every stage of the project, it is the consultants' intention to ensure all draft materials emanating from the study will be provided to the DWGs for circulation and broad public comment and feedback.
Throughout the course of the study, the DWG’s and the Ove Arup & Partners team will be identifying as many community networks and stakeholders as possible to encourage involvement. For example, currently, a network of indigenous community organisations is being identified to assist the consultants in information dissemination activities and encouraging community inputs.
4.5 Assessing The Effectiveness Of Public Consultation
Consistent with what is considered best practice in public consultation (refer to the draft Public Consultation Policy and Guidelines developed by Queensland Transport and Main Roads), the Ove Arup team will continually monitor the effectiveness of study activities in both raising the community's awareness of the study and its issues and in facilitating the involvement of the community.
To this end, feedback will be sought from the community, including local politicians, through community surveys and interviews to establish how many people know about the study and the DWGs and have become involved in some way. Media monitoring will also occur to gauge the public profile of the study. In addition, the Corridor Reference Group (including its five community members) will monitor the breadth of consultation achieved and the appropriateness of consultation activities. CAMCOS - Impact Assessment No. 2 - Bio-physical Working Paper Queensland Transport 5.0 Geology, Soils and Geotechnics
5.1 Overview Of Geology And Soils In The Study Area
The study area includes a narrow corridor along the main railway line between Caboolture and Landsborough. The study area then extends north to Yandina, and east along the coast between Caloundra and Coolum. The geology and soils of this area have been described in reports produced by M.A. Capelin (1982,1987).
The 1:100 000 map sheet “Moreton Geology”, indicates that much of the existing rail corridor between Caboolture and Landsborough is underlain by laterised Landsborough Sandstone of the Jurassic period of the Mesozoic era. Landsborough Sandstone can comprise sandstone, siltstone, shale, conglomerate, oolitic ironstone and coal (Figure 5.1a).
Characteristic terrain units within the study area north of Landsborough include the foothills and ridges of the Blackall Range, river valleys, plateaux, coastal highlands and coastal lowlands. The foothills of the Blackall Range rise up to 150m elevation. In the south of the study area, the foothills of are formed largely of sandstone. In the north, the foothills comprise North Arm Volcanics.
The foothills and ridges are divided by the flood plains of a number of coastal streams and rivers originating in the ranges. Two distinct types of river valley are found in the study area. Rivers draining the North Arm Volcanics display the features of river terraces and a well defined single meandering channel (eg. North Maroochy River). Rivers and streams in sandstone catchments give rise to flat valley floors with sharp boundaries and braided stream patterns. The channels are regularly silted up causing the cutting of new channels during peak flows.
Two distinct plateaux occur within the study area. Mt Buderim rises out of the foothills and lowlands to the west of Mooloolaba whilst a second plateau is located at Dulong/Kureelpa west of Nambour. Both plateaux are formed by erosion and weathering. They are characterised by strongly undulating surfaces of up to 20% slope. The edges are surrounded by steep, rough, rocky scarps. The plateaux are between 150m and 250m above sea level.
Mt Coolum and Mt Ninderry form rough, rocky coastal peaks with near vertical sides. Mt Coolum consists of trachyte formations and rises to 208m. Mt Ninderry is formed from North Arm Volcanics and rises to 306m.
A major part of the study area comprises coastal lowlands. The coastal lowlands extend roughly 7km inland from the coastal sand dunes to the low lying foothills. The western edge of the lowlands is formed by gently undulating slopes of sandstone with elevation below 30m. The majority of the coastal lowlands comprise estuarine deposits with elevation below 15m. Two broad depositional basins occur within the study area. These are south of Caloundra adjacent to Pumicestone Channel and between Caloundra and Mooloolaba. The depositional basins are divided by the coastal headland at Caloundra.
Throughout the study area, there is an association of soil type and land form with geological parent material. The oldest soils in the region are texture contrast soils of the sandstone foothills. Long periods of weathering, erosion and leaching have produced subsoils with a high content of heavy yellow clay with poor internal drainage. The topsoils in this area are between 0.2m to over 1m in depth and vary from sandy to silty loam. CAMCOS - Impact Assessment No. 2 - Bio-physical Working Paper Queensland Transport
Soils of intermediate age occur throughout the Blackall range and on the plateaux surfaces. These soils consist of gradational profiles of varying clay content and depth. Soils in the Blackall Range and Dulong Plateau are commonly shallow, dark brown, structured clay loams overlying a firm blocky clay subsoil. Deeper, well structured, red clay soils have formed on Mt Buderim.
Other gradational soils include friable earths that have formed in the coastal depositional area of Valdora and along the middle reaches of the North Maroochy River. These soils have loam to clay loam friable surfaces overlying a mottled pale coloured heavy clay subsoil. Well drained sandy earth soils have also formed along the middle reaches of coastal streams and on laterised sandstone of the Woombye/Palmwoods area.
The youngest soils in the region are the organic and uniform sandy soils of the coastal low- lands, stream alluvia and the seashore. The soils are characterised by uniformity of texture throughout the profile. Soils in this group vary from shallow clays and stoney soils formed on the coastal highlands, to deep sands of the coastal sandhills and organic sandy soils of the low-land areas.
5.2 Geotechnical Constraints
5.2.1 Slope Stability
Buderim Mountain and the Maleny Plateau are the two main areas within the study area that are prone to slope failure. Both areas consist of plateau surfaces of planated basalt lava flows underlain by weak beds of poorly consolidated Tertiary sediments or deeply weathered older rocks. The plateaus are surrounded by steep erosion scarps with deposits of unconsolidated slopewash materials on the fringing slopes. Level benches are commonly cut into the fringing slopes to create residential building platforms with views of the surrounding areas.
Major causes of instability include:
ö Loading the top of a slip through building or dumping fill.
ö Widespread clearing of trees and the associated rise in groundwater level.
ö Removing support at the toe of the slip through excavating benches for house sites or road cuttings.
The footslopes of Mt Ninderry, east of Yandina, would probably be unstable if major excavation was carried out in the steep footslope deposits.
5.2.2 Acid Sulphate Soils
Acid sulphate soils (ASS) contain pyrite (iron sulfide). Sulfuric acid is generated when the pyrite in the soil is exposed to water and oxygen. Oxidation of the soils occurs when the soils are excavated or disturbed, when the water table is lowered or when they are used as construction material. The acidic leachate degrades soil and water quality. Acid that enters into waterways affects fish and aquatic life.
As the location of a rail corridor could pose an environmental risk, areas potentially containing acid sulphate soils are being carefully examined. Areas containing ASS’s are usually CAMCOS - Impact Assessment No. 2 - Bio-physical Working Paper Queensland Transport
characterised by:
ö Sediments of recent (Holocene) geological age; ö Soil horizons not more than 5m above high tide level; ö Marine or estuarine settings; and ö A very high susceptibility to ASS between 5 and 10 AHD.
The 1:25 000 ortho-photo map of Caloundra City and Maroochy Shire indicates that there are large areas of low lying land between Caloundra and Maroochydore. Specific areas of low land include the regions of Birtinya, Meridan Plains, the Mooloolah River National Park. Other low lying areas include Bells Creek and Coochin Creek to the south of Caloundra. The land falls to levels as low as 2.5m in these areas. A 1:100 000 map of Land Resource Areas (D.P.I ref. No. 86-69-P2577) indicates that Quaternary Alluvium has been deposited over most of these regions.
The Quaternary Alluvium can consist of lagoonal and tidal mud and silt deposits, Pleistocene tidal sand deposits and Holocene windblown deposits. It is likely that potential acid sulphate soils occur within the areas of Meridan Plains, Birtinya, Mooloolah River National Park, Bells Creek and Coochin Creek.
5.2.3 Excavations in Rock.
The area to the north of Landsborough and to the west of the Ewen Maddock Dam rises steeply into the southern extent of the Blackall range. It is expected that hard rock would be encountered in any major excavations within this region. Hard rock would also be expected in excavations around the Sugar Bag Road area to the west of Caloundra.
5.2.4 Soils
Areas of poorly drained and boggy soils are likely to be encountered throughout the coastal flats and along river channels in the study area. The coastal flats may also contain reactive soils, and construction processes may be influenced by such materials.
5.3 Potentially Contaminated Land
Both Caloundra City Council and the Maroochy Shire Council maintain a register of contaminated properties. The information kept by the councils is derived from the Department of Environment’s contaminated land register, which contains the most current information on contaminated sites. The registers list contaminated sites by their individual property number. Information on contaminated areas can therefore only be obtained on a property by property basis. Due to the size of the study area, and the number of properties contained within the region, no efforts have so far been made to consult any of the contaminated land registers. It is anticipated that the registers will be consulted during later stages of the study, after specific corridor options have been defined.
5.4 Unexploded Ordinances
Maps were obtained from the Department of Environment, detailing the extent of risk areas for unexploded ordinances. A large region along the coast between Battery Hill and Bokarina is included within an area recommended for search clearance prior to development. This area CAMCOS - Impact Assessment No. 2 - Bio-physical Working Paper Queensland Transport
also includes the suburbs of Currimundi and Wurtulla. Other search areas are located in the north of the Maroochy Shire, outside of the CAMCOS study area. A more through examination will be possible once potential corridors are located in the second stage of the study.
5.5 Construction Material Resources
5.5.1 General
Both Caloundra City and the Maroochy Shire contain useful deposits of quarry rock, sands and gravel. Such deposits often become sterilised by incompatible residential and tourist oriented developments. For this reason, reports detailing the location and type of extractive resources deposits within the region have been produced by the relevant councils.
Further issues related to the extractive resources industry but not considered in this report include:
ö Accessibility of deposits and possible haulage routes ö Dust and pollution generated by haulage trucks ö The impact of haulage trucks on the local traffic network ö The need to ensure that the extracted materials are free from pests and disease.
5.5.2 Construction Material Sources in Caloundra City
Reports have been prepared by both the Caloundra City Council (November, 1995) and Main Roads (June, 1996b) detailing the location of existing and possible future sources for imported embankment fill. Other considerations such as haulage routes, and associated social and environmental issues are also discussed in the reports.
A range of material resources exist within Caloundra City, including deposits of quarry rock, natural aggregates and sand.
Deposits of rhyolite, trachyandesite and rhyolitic tuff of Triassic North Arm Volcanics occur to the west of The Glass House Mountains. Extraction of these deposits at the Glass House Quarry mainly produce road bases in addition to some concrete aggregate, crusher dust, quarry spalls and boulders.
Dioritic intrusives, Tertiary intrusive trachyte, and alkali rhyolite deposits occur in the Glass House Mountains area north of Beerburrum. The Stoney Knob Quarry, located west of the Bruce Highway near Beerburrum (Caloundra City Council, Extractive Industry Resources Inventory Paper), extracts this material for use as concrete aggregate, road pavement gravels and crusher dust.
The present and abandoned channels of the Mary River contain supplies of alluvial sands and gravels. Well graded fine to medium sand has been obtained from alluvial deposits in rivers and streams draining the Landsborough Sandstone. Many of the existing resources are currently depleted and it is expected that the Mary River and the Mooloolah Rivers will become important sources of such material.
Although note should be made that currently, instream extraction is not supported by the Department of Environment. In cases such as the Brisbane River, instream extraction is currently being phased out in favour of other sources. CAMCOS - Impact Assessment No. 2 - Bio-physical Working Paper Queensland Transport
5.5.3 Construction Material Sources in the Maroochy Shire
A report entitled Geology and Soils of the Maroochy Shire was produced by Dames and Moore for the Maroochy Shire Council in April 1993. Contained within the report is information detailing type and location of extractive resources within the Shire.
Maroochy Shire is currently well supplied with all types of quarry rock, with the exception if bitumen screenings. Important deposits of road screenings are located at Dulong and Yandina Creek. Other deposits of quarry rock occur around Nambour, Image Flat and Toolborough Road.
Sand and gravel deposits occur in several locations along the Mary River. Important deposits of fine to medium sand occur along Eudlo Creek, Sippy Creek and at Chevallum. CAMCOS - Impact Assessment No. 2 - Bio-physical Working Paper Queensland Transport 6.0 Agriculture
6.1 Background
The economic benefits from agriculture over the years have helped to encourage industrial and urban development. This development now competes directly with the agricultural industry for resources including land/space. Competition often results in the agricultural industry or activity being pushed to the periphery, or eliminated if suitable alternative sites cannot be established. The peripheral land usually has a sub-optimal mix of resources (soil fertility, accessibility, or climatic conditions) which means a higher (or more intensive farming) level of agricultural inputs is necessary.
This section focuses upon agricultural land use in the CAMCOS study area, which includes part of Caboolture Shire, Maroochy Shire, and Caloundra City (Figure 2.0).
Past and current agricultural practices in the area will be briefly examined, to help establish a baseline upon which to project future trends, demands and effects from potential infrastructure and residential developments.
6.2 Methodology
Consultation was undertaken with local government authorities (Maroochy Shire, Caloundra City and Caboolture Shire), staff at the Department of Primary Industries, the Bureau of Meteorology, the Department of Environment, the Department of Local Government and Planning, and the Australian Bureau of Statistics.
The following reports relevant to agricultural land use were reviewed:
ö Horticulture - Land Suitability Study, Sunshine Coast, 1987; ö Moreton Mill Area - A Sugar Cane Land Suitability Study by M.A. Capelin 1979; ö Maroochy Shire Strategic Plan and Map; ö Nature Conservation Assessment Management and Planning Issues in the South East Region: NORSROC Sub Region: Final Draft Report, Department of Environment and Heritage, April 1995; ö The Vegetation Mosaic Within the Boundaries of Caloundra City Council, Olsen and Drane, 1993; ö Nature Conservation Assessment, Management and Planning - Issues in the South- east Region- NORSROC Subregion- SEQ Planning Unit; ö Geology and Soils of Maroochy Shire (Dames and Moore); ö Regional Statistics for Queensland -1996 (ABS); ö Planning Guidelines: The Identification of Good Quality Agricultural Land- DPI and DHLGP 1993; ö Guidelines for Agricultural Land Evaluation In Queensland DPI - Land Resources Branch Staff- 1990; ö State Planning Policy- 1/92 DPI 1993; ö Agricultural Land Use and Selected Inputs ABS 1981-1988; and ö Agriculture Queensland 1994/95 ABS.
Much of the following information was obtained from local councils, planning studies for nearby areas, the Department of Environment, the Department of Primary Industries, and the Australian Bureau of Statistics. In addition, GIS mapping information was obtained from local CAMCOS - Impact Assessment No. 2 - Bio-physical Working Paper Queensland Transport
councils, the Department of Local Government and Planning, and the SEQ2001 study.
The information presented in this section is intended to provide a regional overview of the study area. It is intended that in Stages 2 and 3 more detailed information will be sought. The statistics upon which the graphs in section 6.0 are based are incomplete. More current information is expected to be available for the Review of Environmental Factors (REF) in subsequent stages of the study.
6.3 Physical Influences On Agriculture In The Study Area
6.3.1 Geology And Soils
There are many different soil types dispersed within the Sunshine Coast and suitability for agriculture varies within the region. Table 6.3a details the soils information in Horticultural Land Suitability Study- Sunshine Coast Southeast Queensland classifies the soils of the Sunshine Coast according to the Great Soils Group System. See Section 5.1 for more information on soils and geology within the study area.
6.3.2 Climate
Information in this section was gathered from various sources, including the Horticultural Land Suitability Study-Sunshine Coast Southeast Qld, and the Bureau of Meteorology information paper Climate of Queensland’s Sunshine Coast.
Generally, the Sunshine Coast has been described by the Bureau of Meteorology as “experiencing a humid climate with moderate temperatures and a concentration of rainfall in the warmer half of the year”.
Rainfall
Rain is received all year round, although there is a clear summer dominance. The highest recorded rainfall events occur between January and March, and between November to April, when approximately 65-70 percent of annual rainfall is received. The lowest monthly rainfall totals occur between August to September.
There is a slight variation between the inland and the coastal localities. Nambour’s wettest months are November to March, whilst Caloundra’s wettest are January to May.
Evaporation
Evaporation rates are greater than rainfall between August to December.
Temperature
The warmer months (December to March) have an average maximum temperature of 27 - 29o C, and the cooler months have a minimum average of 10 -12o C along the coast and 6- 9oo C inland. Minimum temperatures of 2.2 C or less (which are associated with light frosts) usually occur less than ten times per year. Maximum temperatures greater than 35o C rarely occur more than five times per year. The highest recorded temperature (as of December 1992) was 40.8o C, recorded at Nambour.
Frosts CAMCOS - Impact Assessment No. 2 - Bio-physical Working Paper Queensland Transport
The Horticulture Land Suitability study states “low lying sheltered valleys generally experience light frosts, and a low frequency of severe frosts during the colder months”. Data from Coolum indicates that low lying areas even close to the coast may experience light frosts. The average frost period is June to August.
Relative Humidity
Generally, higher relative humidity levels occur on the coast. Relative humidity is a measure on air temperature and moisture content, as warmer air can contain a higher level of water vapour. During the summer months, mean relative humidity in the morning averages 66-82 per cent, and a wider range of 59-84 per cent occurs during the winter months. The lowest relative humidities occur in the afternoon, with averages in summer of 62-73 per cent , and in winter of 46-62 per cent.
Wind
East to south-east winds predominate on coastal and exposed sites from October to March, and southwest to south winds from April to September. Coastal areas are under the influence of on-shore and off-shore breezes, depending on the time of day.
According to the Horticultural Land suitability study,” Inland sites such as Nambour receive predominantly south-east to easterly winds all year.”
Gale force winds (>63km/hr) occur along the coast on an average of 1.3 days per month, during summer. Gale force westerlies and south easterlies occur along the coast during the winter months approximately once every three years.
Bureau of Meteorology data states: “the common wind speed at Caloundra and Nambour at 9am is 11 to 20 km/hour. Afternoon wind speeds at Nambour are similar to the morning, but at Caloundra, wind speeds of over 21km hour are common all year”.
Tropical Cyclones
The Sunshine Coast area is located in a region prone to seasonal cyclonic activity. On average, the area is seriously affected by cyclones once every two or three years. This includes strong winds, heavy rains, storm damage, flooding, tidal surges, coastal and inland erosion. Cyclones that do not cross the coast in the area, either crossing further north or remaining out at sea, also influence Sunshine Coast weather patterns. Often rain depressions are formed, which brings rain and flooding without the strong winds. If a cyclone remains out to sea, strong south easterly winds, big surf, high tides and beach erosion will be experienced. According to data obtained from the Bureau of Meteorology, this occurs approximately 3 times per cyclone season.
Sunshine And Cloud
The Bureau of Meteorology also measures the amount of sunshine and cloud periods during daylight hours. The Sunshine Coast area receives on average 7.0 hours of “bright sunshine” per day. This varies from 7.7 hours from July to November, and 6.2 hours from January to March. Cloud cover from November to April is 50-60 per cent and 35-45 per cent between May to October. CAMCOS - Impact Assessment No. 2 - Bio-physical Working Paper Queensland Transport
Climatic factors have a major influence on crop productivity, as temperature, moisture levels (rainfall and relative humidity), wind speed and sunshine periods must fall in between certain levels for the plants to germinate and grow. When these factors fall outside the acceptable range, crop damage will occur. During the winter months, when evaporation is higher than rainfall, additional irrigation would be needed, which not only increases run-off rates, but would also raise the water table.
The Sunshine Coast, with it’s sub-tropical climate, is especially suited to crop growth with the majority of climatic factors falling in the range which makes effective crop growth possible.
6.3.3 Limitation Factors To Crop Growth
Table 6.3b Summary Of Factors Influencing Crop Growth Efficiency
Land Use Requirements Limitation Factors
Plant Growth Requirements:
Adequate nutrient supply Soil nutrient availability
Adequate soil aeration Wetness
Adequate moisture supply Moisture availability
Adequate conditions for root proliferation and Soil depth support
Favourable temperature conditions Climate- temperature
Cold period to stimulate yield Climate-frost
Absence of frost Climate-frost
Absence of damaging winds Climate-wind
Absence of excessive flooding Flooding
Adequate conditions for plant establishment Soil physical conditions
Requirements affecting machinery usage:
Absence of rock Rockiness
Absence of constraints to cultivation Soil workability
Absence of topographical constraints Topography
Stable access to cropping areas Slope
Requirements affecting land degradation:
Minimum soil erosion Slope
Please see Table 6.3c for a full summary of crop requirements.
6.3.4 Zoning CAMCOS - Impact Assessment No. 2 - Bio-physical Working Paper Queensland Transport
The major factor controlling the location and area of agricultural activity is the designated zoning set up by local councils. According to Maroochy Shire’s Town Plan:
“Rural A designates areas of lower intensity rural activity.....and Rural B accommodates higher intensity rural activities.”
Both of these zonings have minimum sub-division requirements- so as to allow for maximum flexibility in use, and to protect the “viability of established farming”. (Extract from Maroochy Shire Town Plan)
Figure 6.3a shows the area designated in Maroochy Shire and Caloundra City for rural activities. The Caboolture Shire zoning information is as yet unavailable.
6.4 Good Quality Agricultural Land
6.4.1 Introduction
On the Sunshine Coast, only a certain amount of land is suited to agricultural use. Limitations to the use of this land are set by:
ö Land which naturally lacks the necessary factors for crop production including low moisture content, low nutrient levels, unsuitable climatic conditions;
ö Land which through previous uses now lacks the necessary factors for crop productions including over use and unsustainable farming practices that contribute to erosion, soil degradation, contamination from pesticides and run-off and water tables that are too high;
ö Land which is unsuitable because it has been marginalised, or has incompatible land uses infringing on it which fragment or border the agricultural land;
(Good Quality Agricultural land does not necessarily have to be zoned Rural, but once a development has occurred on that portion of land, it would be considered no longer Good Quality Agricultural Land).
As so much suitable land has recently been consumed by urban and other developments, the need to introduce agricultural conservation measures has been recognised in order to make certain future agricultural industries are not endangered through lack of resources. To this end, the State Government has defined ”Good Quality Agricultural land” and set out a policy for local authorities to follow when rezoning, creating DCP’s, strategic plans and granting development applications.
It is necessary at this stage to define what and where Good Quality Agricultural Land on the Sunshine Coast is, so as to fully understand the constraints and opportunities for development in the area.
6.4.2 The Definition of Good Quality Agricultural Land
Good Quality Agricultural Land is defined by the Department of Primary Industries as:
“Land which is capable of sustainable use for agriculture, with a reasonable level of inputs, and without causing degradation of land or other natural resources. In this context, CAMCOS - Impact Assessment No. 2 - Bio-physical Working Paper Queensland Transport
agricultural land is defined as land used for crop or animal production, but excluding intensive animal uses such as feedlots, piggeries, poultry farms, and plant nurseries based on either hydroponics or imported growth media.” (Planning Guidelines, 1:1993)
Appendix A sets out the State Government’s policy on the protection of Good Quality Agricultural Land. The policy document then goes on the specifically define different grades of GQAL into the following categories:
A: Crop Land- land which is suitable for current and potential crops. This land “is permanently arable, and has no known impediments to it’s continuous cultivation and cropping provided soil conservation measures are taken”. This category of land either has no limitations to production, or moderate limitations to production. All land in this category is considered to be Good Quality Agricultural Land.
B: Limited Crop Land. This land is suitable for pastures, and is either marginal or unsuitable for current or potential crop production, due to severe limitations. This category of land requires a stabilising phase to remain arable. “These are lands where continuous cultivation, even with the soil conservation practices in Class A lead to erosion or structural decline. Further soil and fertility improvements are necessary before any crop production may be attempted.” This type of land is best used for pasture.
C: This land is categorised as non-arable except for sown pasture. There are a number of physical impediments which hinder the use of this land for crop purposes such as slope, soil depth, stoniness, gilgai, and flooding which prevent permanent cultivation. This land could also be called pasture land- land which is only suitable for native or sown (improved) pasture.
D: This land is classified as non-agricultural land- this means it is not suitable for cultivation and can include urban land areas, or land which has significant habitat, conservation and/or catchment values. “The latter areas are either extremely rocky, mountainous, inaccessible, and or excessively wet areas.“ Class D land is not suitable for agricultural practices.
According to the DPI Planning Guidelines for Good Quality Agricultural Land, “the four classes indicate a decreasing range of land use choice, an increasing range of land use limitations, and an increasing land degradation hazard.”
6.4.3 SEQ2001 Study and other Classifications
Classes A and B, and the pastoral parts of C, can be classified as Good Quality Agricultural Land, whilst the remainder of C and D are then considered to be not Good Quality Agricultural Land.
In the SEQ2001 study Good Quality Agricultural Land was divided into Good Quality A, Good Quality B and Other. This can be seen in Figure 6.4a. This information dates back to 1995.
There have been other classification systems used when dealing with agricultural land, one of these is “The Land Suitability Classification System”. (Table 6.4b). This is applicable only when a specific crop type is planned, that is, when assessing a plot of land for a particular crop type, not just agriculture in general. CAMCOS - Impact Assessment No. 2 - Bio-physical Working Paper Queensland Transport
Table 6.4b Land Suitability Classification System
Suitability Class Description
Class 1 Suitable land with negligible limitations. This is highly productive land requiring only simple management practices to maintain economic production
Class 2 Suitable land with minor limitations which wither reduce production or require more than the simple management practices (ie land preparation, irrigation management, the addition of soil ameliorants and the use of additional measures to prevent land degradation) of Class 1 land to maintain economic production.
Class 3 Suitable land with moderate limitations which either further lower production or require more than those management practices of Class 2 land to maintain economic production.
Class 4 Marginal land which is presently considered unsuitable due to severe limitations. The long term significance of these limitations on the proposed land use is unknown. The use of this land is dependent upon undertaking additional studies to determine whether the effects of the limitations can be reduced to achieve sustained economic production.
Class 5 Unsuitable land with extreme limitations that preclude its use.
6.5 Historical Trends And Influences/ Occurrences
This section is based upon information gathered from Nature conservation in the south eastern section of NORSROC, and Moreton Mill Sugar Cane Suitability Study. It outlines key events in the history of agriculture in the Sunshine Coast region:
1842 The Gibbs Proclamation protected forest resources in the area.
1860 The Unoccupied Crown Lands Act replaced the Gibbs proclamation, opening the land up to squatters, timber collectors and graziers.
1865 William Peter Clark first grew sugar cane at Bli Bli, at the mouth of Petrie Creek.
1867 Sugar cane was planted near the Mooloolah River by Pettigrew. The first sugar mill in the area was established near Yandina on the Maroochy River, which served a large area.
1868 The Land Act separated areas into selections “with the requirement the lessee clear and fence land prior to granting of freehold”. Development at this stage was limited to the areas around river and creek systems, due to the lack of land-based transport. “Many took up selections only for timber resources and moved off selections once millable timber was exhausted”. (NORSROC Study)
1870's According to the NORSROC study, an increased rate of clearing and focus upon selections meant that a lot of timber was “clear felled and left to rot.....Early estimates suggest 250 tons of cabinet timber were destroyed to clear one acre of rainforest”. CAMCOS - Impact Assessment No. 2 - Bio-physical Working Paper Queensland Transport
The Moreton Mill study states that “sugar production through crushing cane by horse driven vertical rollers boiled in half ship tanks and the molasses allowed to drain out of casks full of holes” was set up in Mountain Creek, and was later moved to Buderim, where another mill was established a few years later.
1875 The Hinterland was opened up for selections. Selections were parcels of land available for timber cultivation and collection, agriculture and pastures.
1896 Moreton Mill began operations, and was first supplied by Buderim and Mapleton growers. A tramway was laid to make transport of the cane more accessible and viable.
1900's Ginger and citrus began to replace sugar cane as the major crop type in the Buderim area. Cane growing was then pushed out to the Maroochy River valley and Petrie Creek areas.
1905 Dairy farms were “spotting the hinterland” whilst in the lower regions cleared areas were “being grazed or planted with a diverse range of crops”. (NORSROC study). In an attempt to “improve” the productivity of the land, large doses of fertiliser and poisons were applied, and foreign species of grass were introduced. The clearing and removal of timber caused erosion problems, especially on slopes or areas of topographical diversity.
1910 The local council (the Moreton Mill Study does not specify which local council) purchased the Moreton Mill tramway and maintained it until 1944.
1920's The Department of Forestry was established. According to the NORSROC study, “large areas of native forest were clear felled for pine plantations, smaller areas were kept intact for harvesting of native hardwoods. The government strongly supported the operations of this industry, as they feared a timber shortage in the “developing state”.
Forested land was leased and converted to banana and pine plantations under the Nicholls plan. “Once the soil was too depleted for banana crops, the lease was returned to the government for pine plantation”.
Late Motorised vehicles made haulage and removal of timber more viable, and thus 1920's a much needed boost to the “floundering native timber industry” was found. Due to the - early economic conditions of this period (ie the depression) many conservation areas were 1930's lost due to the need for production. A lot of forest reserves were allocated to other uses such as agriculture and dairying.
1930's The effects of soil erosion and depletion were already visible. Most of the wetlands along the coast had been altered and drained by this stage for urban development and agriculture.
1950's The demand on forested areas for clearing peaked, as the demands for new urban developments along the coast rose. This demand, along with the uncertain economic outlook for farmers led to the increase in subdivision of farmland into residential developments. CAMCOS - Impact Assessment No. 2 - Bio-physical Working Paper Queensland Transport
1960's Waterways in the area show high levels of pollutants from agricultural chemicals in run-off from the last 70 or so years. (Strict guidelines are now in place to manage this problem).
1980 The demand for residential land in the area increased, placing greater pressure on the remaining native forests and agricultural land.
1985 “The demand for residential, tourism, and industrial developments resulted in dramatic modifications to land use patterns in the area and significant fragmentation of remaining native forest”. (NORSROC study)
6.6 Key Agricultural Practices
The Sunshine Coast, due to it’s sub-tropical conditions, is ideal for many crop types. Sugar cane is widely grown, as are pineapples, avocadoes, macadamia nuts, and other fruit crops. All three local Government Areas (Caboolture, Caloundra and Maroochy) currently exist within the Moreton Statistical Division.
According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, for the year 1994-1995 the Moreton Statistical Division accounted for approximately 14.7% of Queensland’s Agricultural establishments, and contributed 10.2% of the gross value of agricultural commodities produced in Queensland. The region was Queensland’s largest producer of a wide range of agricultural produce, including potatoes, beetroot, cabbages, carrots, lettuces, mushrooms, white and Brown onions, green peas, pumpkins, avocadoes and kiwifruit.
Moreton Statistical Division also has the largest area of vegetables, nurseries, flowers and cultivated turf in Queensland. The Division also has the largest number of dairy cattle in Queensland. (ABS Regional Statistics, QLD-1314.3-1996)
The Moreton Statistical Division includes the following local government areas:
ö Gold Coast City (partial); ö Beaudesert Shire (partial); ö Boonah Shire; ö Caboolture Shire (partial); ö Caloundra City; ö Esk Shire; ö Gatton Shire; ö Ipswich City (partial); ö Kilcoy Shire; ö Laidley Shire; ö Maroochy Shire; and ö Noosa Shire.
Some of the following statistics also incorporate Brisbane Statistical Division. The local government areas in this division are:
ö Brisbane City; ö Logan City; ö Redland Shire; ö Gold Coast City (partial); ö Beaudesert Shire (partial); CAMCOS - Impact Assessment No. 2 - Bio-physical Working Paper Queensland Transport
ö Caboolture Shire (partial); ö Ipswich City (partial); ö Pine Rivers Shire; ö Redcliffe City;
The following information has been derived from three sources. These are:
ö Regional Statistics Queensland - ABS 1996 ö Agricultural Land Use and Selected Inputs - ABS reports from 1981/82 up to and including 1987/88 ö Agriculture Queensland - ABS 1994/95
The information from Regional Statistics Queensland was limited as it only reported the number, area and value of agricultural establishments. Data was available at the State level, Statistical Division Level, and Local Authority Level. Information gathered from this source was used to construct Graph A. The information contained in this report on agriculture was current as of 31 March, 1995.
It is further noted that Caboolture Shire is in two statistical divisions. The figures from Brisbane statistical Division and Moreton Statistical Division for Caboolture Shire have been combined so they can be compared with the whole of Maroochy Shire and the whole of Caloundra City).
Graph A shows the area and number of agricultural establishments in Maroochy Shire, Caboolture Shire and Caloundra City, as of 31 March, 1995.
The following graphs are derived from Agriculture Queensland 1994/95, and Agricultural Land Use and Selected Inputs. Note there are some years missing from this data. More recent data will be included in subsequent reports.
This places constraints on the following information- only trends can be established, or “snapshots” of the industry at a particular time can be established.
Graph B this shows the total area of land being used for agricultural practices in Queensland. Information for the missing years (1989, 1990, 1991, and 1992) is currently being sought.
Graph B shows a decline in the overall area of land being used for agricultural activities, especially after 1985. It could be assumed that this decline will continue at a less dramatic rate, as the competition between development and preservation escalates. Hopefully, the measures taken by both State and Local Governments will stop the decline from dropping below the minimum level for agricultural viability.
Graphs C and D show that Maroochy Shire has more agricultural establishments than Caloundra City or Caboolture Shire. Principle crops grown in these local authorities include barley, wheat, sugar cane, cotton, grain sorghum, maize, peanuts soy beans, sunflowers, tobacco and potatoes. Total number of agricultural establishments includes any type of agricultural activity, including pastoral industries (livestock and grazing).
Graph E and F show the number of livestock establishments, including beef and dairy cattle, pigs, horses, sheep and poultry, for the three local government areas under examination. This shows that whilst Maroochy Shire may have the highest number of agricultural establishments, Caloundra City consistently has the higher number of livestock CAMCOS - Impact Assessment No. 2 - Bio-physical Working Paper Queensland Transport
establishments, followed by Caboolture. As agriculture includes livestock, it could be then said that the number of establishments devoted to horticulture (ie crops, orchards) is comparatively higher in Maroochy.
Graph G shows the number of sugar cane establishments in Maroochy Shire against the whole of Queensland. The Queensland total has been steadily declining, which again could be due to amalgamation of farms, but this could also be due to loss of land for other purposes such as urban or industrial development. This graph also shows the contribution of Maroochy Shire’s sugar cane to the Queensland total.
Graph H shows the number of agricultural establishments growing sugar cane from 1981 up to 1988. (More recent data will be included at a later date). This also shows some decline and associated fluctuations in numbers around 1986 with some growth occurring in the late 1980's. However, the total area under sugar cane may have remained the same.
Graph I compares the area of agricultural activity in Moreton and Brisbane Statistical Divisions in 1995 to the Queensland total, and also includes for comparative purposes the areas for 1994 and 1993. This shows the area of Moreton and Brisbane Statistical Divisions devoted to agriculture, and when this is compared to the amount of agricultural land in Queensland as a whole, this is quite small.
Graphs J and K show the areas devoted to growing different types of crops. The graphs indicate that sugar cane is the leading crop in Moreton and Brisbane Division, when going by area, whilst the leading crop for the whole of Queensland is wheat.
Graphs L and M show the leading crops in terms of numbers of trees. Some discrepancies may arise including trees that are not yet of “bearing age”. Macadamia nuts seem to be the leading crop type in both the Moreton and Brisbane Statistical division, and in Queensland as a whole.
Graph N shows that once again, Maroochy Shire has consistently a higher number of establishments devoted to growing fruit. The drop off in 1986 is also recognisable.
Graph O shows the Queensland total for growing fruit. The drop off in 1986 is also visible.
Graph P shows the area of agricultural activity by local government area for the whole of Brisbane and Moreton Statistical Division for the years 1981/82 and 1987/88. This allows for the contribution to agriculture by each local government area to be shown in relation to other local government areas. This graph also shows the drop in area over the period 1981/82 to 1987/88.
Graph Q shows the total area of Moreton and Brisbane statistical Division devoted to agricultural activity for the years 1981/82 and 1987/88.
This information is intended to provide an sketch of the existing situation. As the study progresses more detailed statistics will be obtained which will give a more accurate picture of the areas, numbers and production rates within the potential corridor areas.
Personal communication with staff at the Department of Primary industries revealed that the decline in numbers and area of agricultural activity was due to the economic conditions at that time of the last survey in 1986. It was further indicated that data from 1988-1996 would show a further decline. Other factors contributing to the decline in numbers of agricultural CAMCOS - Impact Assessment No. 2 - Bio-physical Working Paper Queensland Transport
establishments involved the amalgamation of less economically viable farms encouraged through government financial assistance. This process of amalgamation dates back to the mid 1960's. CAMCOS - Impact Assessment No. 2 - Bio-physical Working Paper Queensland Transport 7.0 Forestry
“The south-east corner of Queensland is the State’s premier timber production region, with some 90% of DPI Forestry’s 178 000 hectare estate located between Maryborough and the NSW border. This resource base is the mainstay of a billion dollar industry”. (Between the Leaves- Winter 1996: DPI and DNR journal)
Within Queensland, DPI Forestry operates as a commercialised business group within the DPI with a defined business goal to maximise the market value of DPI Forestry assets while observing all regulatory (including environmental) requirements to which it is subject. In addition to management of the Crown plantations and nurseries, DPI Forestry is also involved in other activities including marketing, joint venture activities and value added activities such as research.
This section focuses on forestry or “silviculture” in the designated study area. This section will be dealing exclusively with State Forests. There are some privately owned forests cultivated for timber production, but these are not included at this stage.
7.1 Area And Species
As Figure 7.1a shows, the majority of State forest in the region lies within Caloundra City and Caboolture Shire. There is also a section in the north-east of Maroochy Shire, and a pocket just north of Nambour.
These State forests are both native forests and plantation forests. According to the DPI Information Sheet no. 21 (Forest Resources) the native species occurring in State Forests in the region that includes the study area are “predominantly of the genus eucalyptus: blackbutt, tallowwood, rose gum, Gympie messmate, red mahogany, spotted gums and stringy barks. Other species include brush box, satiny and turpentine, all of the family myrtaceae.”
Species in the plantation forests include slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. Elliottii), loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), caribbean pine (Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis) and the F1 Hybrid (P. Elliottii x P. Caribaea var. hondurensis).
These species, both native and exotic, are suited to regions with an “annual rainfall greater than 1000mm”. (DNR Tree Facts- Exotic Pines for Wood Production)
According to the DPI Information Sheet no 16 (Managing Exotic Pine Plantations) the only species of pine to be planted in the south-east corner after 1993 will be the F1 Hybrid- P. Elliottii x P. Caribaea var. hondurensis.
Appendix B lists the names, area, parish, assigned number, year gazetted, and local authority for each State forest in the study area. The total area of State forest in the study area is 56 110 hectares (derived from Table B-1 in Appendix B). CAMCOS - Impact Assessment No. 2 - Bio-physical Working Paper Queensland Transport
7.2 History
See section 5.0 for a more general history.
1873 Fears of local timber shortages were first publicly expressed. 1905 The Director of Forests was appointed, and legislation followed in 1906 for the permanent dedication of state forest. 1910 The area of state forest in Queensland amounted to 347 000 hectares, timber reserves equalled 1,206,000 hectares. 1915-1925 First successful trial plantings of slash and loblolly pine were carried out. 1918 Area of State forests now covered 448,000 hectares and timber reserves 1,135,000 hectares. 1930 Trial planting of more exotics including Caribbean (3 varieties). Planting of natives included hoop and kauri pine. 1920's Two crucial forest management principles were adopted- “The first was determination of the annual cut from Crown forest based on the forest’s ability to produce timber, rather than on the demands of the industry. Second was the regeneration of forest areas on a scale that would perpetuate forest resources”. 1918-1930 Reforestation due to concern over depletion of native hoop pine carried out.
(Queensland forest service information sheet: Forest Resources No 21.)
ö Changes in technological and socioeconomic circumstances resulted in changes to the timber getting industry. Roads and more efficient transport were opening up remoter areas for harvesting. ö During the second world war, Queensland State forests had to supply 68 % of Australia’s entire war cut, including 94% of the pine required. ö Just prior to the war, the forestry department attempted to regulate logging and milling by establishing state-run saw mills, but these mills suffered such a severe loss that all activities were suspended until the introduction of the sawmills licensing act of 1936. Since then all sawmills in Queensland have to be licensed to ensure processing capacity of the sawmill industry (which now operates independently of DPI forestry) does not exceed resources available.
(Between the Leaves; DPI and DNR Journal, Winter 1996)
7.3 Planting, Growing And Harvesting Of Exotic Pine Plantations.
The following information has been summarised from the DPI Information Sheet no 16 (Managing Exotic Pine Plantations).
“Each plantation has certain unique characteristics, however there are some constraints and procedures which apply to all sites and species.....”
ö Topography: Plantation sites should “be reasonable flat and well drained”. If the area does not meet this requirement, planting and tending will take longer and cost more. Also, more intensive soil management practices will need to be applied, in order to limit the impact of erosion.
ö Species: As previously mentioned, the only species to be planted after 1993 was to have been the F1 Hybrid, which has been selected because it is “a vigorous straight- CAMCOS - Impact Assessment No. 2 - Bio-physical Working Paper Queensland Transport
stemmed tree”. Generally, species is selected in accordance with a number of factors including climate (rainfall) and soil drainage.
ö Environment: The information sheet states that “Foresters and engineers examine each site to determine if there are any environmentally sensitive areas that should be left undisturbed. Additionally, about 13% of each area is reserved in native forest for wildlife habitat.”
ö Location: Plantation forests should be located near major population centres, so service providers such as sawmills, particle board plants can provide products to the local markets with lower transportation costs.
ö Tending and Protection: During the first few years of growth, pine plantations require “tending and protection” as they face competition with weeds, and regeneration of the original vegetation of a site. Pines are planted 2.4 to 3 metres apart, in rows 4.5-5 metres apart, but are later thinned to guard against overcrowding.
Fires are a major hazard to timber plantations and precautions such as fire breaks, prescribed burning, and the employ of fire spotters in fire towers are taken order to minimise risks.
ö Economics: Pine plantations can grow for up to 60 years, but reach maturity at 35-40 years. In order to gain the most profit, they are harvested after 35 years.
See Appendix C for the plantation cycle.
7.4 Processing
The following information was obtained from the DPI Forestry, Beerburrum.
All timber grown in State forests is bought, felled and processed by private (or other) enterprise. The names and general location of licensed sawmills in the study area are as follows:
ö CSR Timber Products, Caboolture; ö RH & E Schiffke, Caboolture; ö CA Joseph & Sons, Mooloolah; ö Palmview Sawmill, Palmview; ö Woodford Timbers, Woodford; ö GW Davidson, North Arm; ö Peachester Sawmilling Co, Peachester; ö A Olsen & Co, Eudlo.
There may be other smaller operations in the study area, but these are not subject to licensing. CAMCOS - Impact Assessment No. 2 - Bio-physical Working Paper Queensland Transport
7.5 Regional Forestry Agreement
The following information was obtained verbally from staff at the DNR.
The Regional Forestry Agreement (RFA), is a State and Commonwealth agreement, which aims to identify forested areas to be permanently protected, and areas that can be designated for multiple use. It is “a commitment to manage protected forests and plantations sustainably”. Victoria and Tasmania already have some form of it in place, and in Queensland, the study process is expected to be completed in 1998.
There is a two-fold process occurring at present. The first involves a Comprehensive Regional Assessment (CRA) which is a comprehensive study of resources, values, social and economic values, wilderness and natural values and implications of different uses of forested areas at the regional level. This has also been called a “Gross Land Allocation Study”. At the start of the study, “Intra Management Arrangements” (IMA) were established. This protects certain areas for the duration of the study, ensuring that any future options for protection or use are not “foreclosed” by any infringing land uses whilst the study takes place.
The second part of the study is the implementation of sustainable management practices to both the protected forests, and the multiple use forests.
The Regional Forestry Agreement, and it’s predecessor, the Intra Management Arrangements, will have an impact upon what areas are available for use, and what areas are to be protected. Until the Final Regional Forestry Agreement is completed, some time in 1998, the constraints in the Intra management Arrangements will be adhered to.
It is acknowledged that the information to date on the Regional Forestry Agreement is limited, however, further information is being sourced and is expected to be included in subsequent reports. CAMCOS - Impact Assessment No. 2 - Bio-physical Working Paper Queensland Transport 8.0 Ecology
8.1 Terrestrial Flora
8.1.1 Vegetation Types
Native vegetation has been cleared from many parts of the study area. Areas of conservation significance do still remain, however, and a broad range of vegetation types have been identified in various reports across the study area. There was some variation in the types identified by different studies, but most were comparable to some extent.
The principal broad vegetation types identified were:
ö Rainforest; ö Ecotonal Forest; ö Eucalypt Open Forest; ö Melaleuca Forest and Woodland; ö Heathland; ö Littoral Communities; ö Dunal/Headland Communities; ö Remnant Riverine communities; ö Pine Plantations; and ö Cleared areas.
Within each of these, variations have been described according to the dominant species present, the structural form of the vegetation and the locality where the vegetation was located.
8.1.2 Significant Vegetation Types
The two main vegetation mapping and assessment studies undertaken in the area (Turnbull & Olsen 1992, Olsen & Drane 1993) assessed the vegetation types identified in terms of their priority for conservation. The assessments were based on a range of conservation criteria:
ö Occurrence of narrow endemic species; ö Occurrence of rare and threatened species; ö Occurrence of noteworthy species; ö Locally or regionally restricted vegetation type; ö Vegetation type now restricted as a result of human activities; ö Habitat of rare and threatened fauna; ö Important habitats for fauna; and ö Important habitats for landscape protection/integrity.
On the basis of these assessments, the vegetation types were categorised as:
Priority 1 - areas worthy of conservation because of their state, regional and/or local significance; Priority 2 - areas worthy of maintenance as natural resource communities but which certain developments may occur; and
Priority 3- areas which are either disturbed or contain natural vegetation which is of lesser conservation significance. Some areas of other vegetation types may CAMCOS - Impact Assessment No. 2 - Bio-physical Working Paper Queensland Transport
be degraded to the extent that their modification for development purposes would not result in significant impacts on the environment.
Table 8.1a lists the vegetation types classified into each priority ranking, and the city/shire in which they are known to occur. Figure 8.1a shows the distribution of these areas across the study area.
Table 8.1a Priority Ratings for Vegetation Types
RATING VEGETATION TYPE CITY/SHIR E
Priority 1 Rainforest Riparian Rainforest on alluvium Caloundra Rainforest on coastal sand plains Caloundra Gully rainforest on predominantly metamorphic substrates Caloundra Rainforest on scree slopes Caloundra Rainforest on the basalts of the Blackall and Conondale Ranges Caloundra Complex Notophyll Vine Forest/Notophyll Vine Forest Maroochy Araucarian Notophyll Vine Forest - Microphyll Vine Thicket Maroochy
Ecotonal Forest Eucalyptus grandis associations Caloundra Lophostemon confertus and Eucalyptus pilularis associations Caloundra Eucalyptus grandis ecotonal community Maroochy
Eucalypt Open Forest and Woodland Eucalyptus racemosa forests and woodlands Caloundra Casuarina cunninghamiana communities Caloundra E. racemosa - Corybmia intermedia open forest and woodland Maroochy
Melaleuca Forest and Woodland Melaleuca forests and woodlands with wetland understorey Caloundra Melaleuca forest with open forest and/or heathland understorey Caloundra Melaleuca quinquenervia open forest and woodland Maroochy
Heathland Banksia aemula and E. bancroftii communities on coastal sand plains Caloundra Heathland communities of the coastal plain Caloundra Sedgelands Caloundra Rocky Heathland communities Caloundra Coastal Heathland Maroochy Wet Heathland/Sedgeland Maroochy Mountain Heathland Maroochy
Littoral communities Mangrove communities Caloundra Saltmarsh and herbfield Caloundra Casuarina glauca communities Caloundra Mangroves - Littoral Marsh/Saline Herbfield Maroochy
Dunal/Headland communities Caloundra Complex of Dunal Communities Maroochy
Riverine Communities Caloundra Remnant Rainforest Elements Maroochy CAMCOS - Impact Assessment No. 2 - Bio-physical Working Paper Queensland Transport
RATING VEGETATION TYPE CITY/SHIR E
Priority 2 Eucalypt Open Forest Mixed Eucalypt forests and woodlands Caloundra Eucalyptus pilularis forests Caloundra Eucalyptus pilularis - C. intermedia - E. microcorys Open Forest Maroochy C. intermedia - E. acmenoides and/or E. microcorys - Lophostemon Maroochy confertus Open Forest
Remnant Riverine Communities Remnant Eucalyptus Open Forest elements Maroochy
Priority 3 Eucalypt Open Forest Eucalytpus acmenoides - E. propinqua - E. siderophloia Maroochy
Remnant Riverine Communities Remnants dominated by exotic species e.g. Cinnamomum camphora Maroochy
Pine plantations Caloundra
Cleared areas Rural Clearings Caloundra Urban Clearings Caloundra Disturbed Areas Maroochy
8.1.3 Significant Plant Species
Twenty-two (22) plant species classified as being either rare, vulnerable or endangered at a state level were identified in the HERBRECS (1997) search of the study area. The approximate locations of these collections are indicated in Figure 8.1a. Ten (10) additional species were identified within the Maroochy Shire Council area in Turnbull & Olsen (1992), giving a total of thirty-two (32) rare, vulnerable or endangered plant species known or likely to occur within the study area.
Each of these species and their corresponding conservation codes are provided in Table 8.1b, along with brief descriptions of the habitats in which they are known to occur.
Table 8.1b Rare and Threatened Plant Species
Species Name Conservatio Data Habitat n Code Source
Acacia attenuata 3VC H, M Heathlands and ecotones with Eucalypt open forests and woodlands
Acacia baueri V H, M Heathlands
Acianthus amplexicaulis 3RC M Eucalypt communities
Allocasuarina emuina 2E H, M Rocky heaths
Alyxia ilicifolia ssp. Magnifolia RHRainforest CAMCOS - Impact Assessment No. 2 - Bio-physical Working Paper Queensland Transport
Species Name Conservatio Data Habitat n Code Source
Arthraxon hispidus 3EC+ H, M Eucalypt forests
Austromyrtus inophloia R H, M Rainforest
Austromyrtus sp. (Blackall Range) R H, M Rainforest
Blandfordia grandiflora R H Heathlands
Bosistoa selwynii 3V M Rainforest, along streamlines
Bosistoa transversa 3VC M Rainforest, along streamlines
Choricarpia subargentea 3VC H, M Rainforest
Corynocarpus rupestris 3RC H, M Rainforest (lowland subtropical)
Eucalyptus conglomerata VC H, M Heathlands and ecotonal communities with woodlands
Eucalyptus cardias 3RC H Eucalypt forest and woodland
Flighty praealta 3VC H, M Rainforest
Graptophyllum reticulatum 2E H, M Rainforest (lowland)
Helmholtzia glaberrima 2RC H Rainforest
Macadamia ternifolia 3V H, M Rainforest
Marsdenia coronata 3EC H, M Eucalypt open forest
Nothoalsomitra suberosa 3RC M Rainforest
Phaius australis 3VC H, M Coastal wallum swamps
Phaius tankervillae 3VC+ M Coastal wallum swamps
Plectranthus torrenticola E H (not known)
Prasophyllum trifidum 3R M Coastal heathlands
Prasophyllum wallum VC M Coastal heathlands
Rulingia salviifolia 2RC H Eucalypt open forest and montane heaths
Schoenus scabripes 3RC M Coastal heathlands
Syncarpia hillii 3RC H, M Open forest
Tecomanthe hillii 2RC H Rainforest
Thozetia racemosa 3VC M Rainforest
Triunia robusta 2E M Rainforest (Riparian lowland subtropical)
Turnbull and Olsen (1992) also identify some eighty-four (84) species considered to be CAMCOS - Impact Assessment No. 2 - Bio-physical Working Paper Queensland Transport
noteworthy within the region (listing statements of the significant values identified for each species), drawn from a range of sources. These species are mostly found within rainforests, ecotonal forests and heathlands, with a few from eucalypt and Melaleuca forests and woodlands within the area (see Turnbull & Olsen,1992 for details).
8.1.4 Areas of Significance
Within the study area there are a number of existing conservation areas which pose existing and immediate constraints to a proposed transport corridor. They include:
ö Dularcha National Park; ö Eudlo Creek National Park; ö Mooloolah River National Park; ö Triunia National Park; ö Caloundra Conservation Park; ö Currimundi Lake Conservation Park; ö Eudlo Creek Conservation Park; ö Maroochy River Conservation Park; ö Mooloolah (Marie Higgs) Conservation Park; and ö Palmview Conservation Park.
A number of additional nature conservation areas have been identified within the study area as part of the NORSROC Sub-Region Nature Conservation Assessment (Watt 1995). They have also been incorporated, as Critical and Broad Nature Conservation Areas of the South East Queensland Framework for Growth Management (DHLGP,1995), which has been endorsed by all levels of government.
Within the framework of the growth management plan, Critical Nature Conservation Areas are of very high priority for maintenance and protection of regional bi-diversity. Broad Nature Conservation Areas in turn are defined as multi-use areas that are important to the maintenance and protection of the region’s bio-diversity. These areas are shown in Figure 8.1b, including both Critical and Broad Nature Conservation Areas.
Those areas considered to be Critical Nature Conservation Areas (ie those that are essential to the maintenance and protection of biodiversity in the sub-region (Watt 1995) were:
ö RP101, Mooloolah River, eastern border of NP800 Mooloolah River ö Ca26 Bells Creek and adjacent blocks, Pumicestone Passage; ö Mill Land, northern side of Sunshine Motorway; and ö Rupari Hill, east of Coochin Hills.
8.2 Aquatic Flora
The Queensland Fisheries Act 1994 identifies the limit of tidal influence as Highest Astromical Tide (HAT), and protects all marine plants whether living or dead, standing or fallen below that level. It is an offence under the Act to remove, destroy or disturb marine plants unless specifically authorised by the Chief Executive Officer of the Department of Primary Resources.
8.2.1 Fish Habitat Areas CAMCOS - Impact Assessment No. 2 - Bio-physical Working Paper Queensland Transport
Fish Habitat Areas are declared by the Governor In Council on the recommendation of the Minister for Primary Industries to protect the habitat in areas considered to be important to regional fisheries. On gazettal they are identified in Schedule 7 of the Queensland Fisheries Regulations 1995. These areas include seagrass beds and mangrove forests which are essential for the maintenance of fish and prawn stocks. The destruction or disturbance of plant life, sedentary animals or substrate within these reserves is prohibited.
Declared Fish Habitat Areas also provide refuges for a great variety of aquatic and terrestrial wildlife and provide valuable opportunities for scientific research and community aquatic recreation. Rare species of shoreline wading birds use littoral areas including seagrass beds, sand and mud flats to feed, roost and breed.
Within the study area four Fish Habitat Areas have been declared. Two of these are located in the Maroochy River (Figure 8.2a) while the other two cover the Pumicestone Passage region (Figure 8.2b).
Developments involving disturbance of a declared Fish Habitat Area are restricted to those with minimal impact to ecological processes and those considered appropriate with the original intent of the Fish Habitat Area declaration. Where works or related activity are appropriate a specific permit may be issued under S.51(d) of the Fisheries Act 1994. On- going protection and management of marine, estuarine and freshwater fish habitats and careful assessment of appropriate works and related activity in declared Fish Habitat Areas is required to ensure that Queensland's productive recreational, commercial and indigenous fisheries continues for the benefit of existing and future generations.
8.2.2 Mangroves, Saltmarshes and Seagrasses
Mangroves and saltmarshes grow in intertidal areas and are the most visually conspicuous/ extensive wetland vegetation types. Mangroves occur from the Mean Tide Level to Mean High Water Spring Tide Level, while saltmarshes occur from Mean High Water Spring Level to Extreme High Water Level.
Mangroves and saltmarshes provide important habitat for a wide variety of fauna, particularly fish, crustaceans and birds. Very little information is available on the utilisation of sub-tropical Australia saltmarshes by aquatic fauna. Morton et al. (1987), Morton et al. (1988) concluded that tidal inlets to saltmarshes are used as feeding areas by fishes many of which are of direct fisheries value.
Although a similar paucity of knowledge and current research also makes it difficult to determine the economic benefit of littoral saltmarsh areas to fisheries, they are recognised as serving as important bird feeding and roosting areas. Further, the Department of Primary Industries have indicated that it considers them an integral and important component of marine ecotsystems.
Several studies have examined the importance of mangroves to fish and crustaceans (eg. Stephenson & Dredge 1976, Blaber & Blaber 1980, Bell et al. 1984, Hutchings & Saenger 1987, Morton 1990, Laegdsgaard & Johnson 1995). These studies have concluded that mangroves/saltmarshes provide habitat for aquatic animals, many of which are of direct economic importance.
Fish and crustaceans use mangroves as both a nursery area and a feeding area. The richness of the aquatic faunal communities which move into the mangroves on flooding tides CAMCOS - Impact Assessment No. 2 - Bio-physical Working Paper Queensland Transport
reflects the high productivity of such areas.
Seagrass beds provide food and shelter for a variety of fish and commercially valuable prawn species. McRoy and Helfferich (1977) reviewed the importance of seagrasses as substrate stabilisers, animal habitats, nursery grounds and substrates for epibiota. Young (1978) made a detailed study of juvenile prawn habitats in shallow water of Moreton Bay and reported that seagrass beds are important settlement areas for post-larval penaeid prawns. Juvenile stages of many fish species are abundant in seagrass beds which are widely recognised as important fish nursery areas (Pollard 1976; 1984).
8.2.3 Areas of Significance
(i) Maroochy River
A substantial area of mangroves (345.6 ha) (trees >4m tall) occurs along the Maroochy River and has been mapped by Hyland & Butler (1988). Figure 8.2c shows their distribution.
A mixture of Avicennia marina, Aegicerus corniculatum, Rhizophora stylosa and Brugiera gymnorhiza make up this fringing community. The dominant species is A. marina with the remaining three species being scattered but well represented. All mangroves are in good condition with the exception of isolated individuals at the landward edges which show some evidence of die-back.
This area of mangroves is protected as a Fisheries Habitat Area (See Section 8.2.1) and as such it is recognised that it is of significant ecological value, especially in providing habitat for a wide variety of faunal species. Areas of saltmarsh occur amongst the mangroves on the edge of the Maroochy River (17.9 ha Hyland & Butler 1988) with the associated species including Sporobolus virginicus, Sarcocornia quinqueflora, Sueda australis and Sesuvium portulacastrum. The saltmarsh forms a low ground cover that is in good condition. These saltmarsh areas contribute to the overall fisheries value of the wetland areas adjacent to the site by providing feeding grounds for many species of fish and crustaceans.
Dense patches of Zostera capricorni have been recorded in the Maroochy River approximately 3km upstream of the mouth (Hyland et al. 1989) and illustrated on Figure 8.2d. Seagrass has also been recorded since 1989 in areas on the southern side of the Maroochy river near Goat Island, however, these could not be located during a survey of the area in 1996 (WBM Oceanics Australia 1996).
(ii) Mooloolah River
The Mooloolah River has a high degree of development and has retained, only small portions of mangrove habitat (Figure 8.2e). A total of 13.8 ha of mangrove remain (Hyland & Butler 1988). The grey mangrove (A. marina) comprises the majority of this community. Saltmarsh and seagrass communities are essentially absent from this river system.
(iii) Pumicestone Passage
Extensive areas of intertidal mudflats, saltmarshes, mangroves and seagrasses are found in Pumicestone Passage (Figure 8.2f). In Pumicestone Passage (from Caboolture River to Caloundra) there are 1,648 ha of seagrass, 2,169 ha of mangroves, and 1,006 ha of saltmarsh/claypan. CAMCOS - Impact Assessment No. 2 - Bio-physical Working Paper Queensland Transport
Pumicestone Passage is of significant conservation value and is recognised as a Conservation Area under the Moreton Bay Marine Park Zoning Plan. Pumicestone Passage also includes areas listed as RAMSAR sites under international convention/treaties as important feeding and roosting sites for species of migratory birds listed under CAMBA (China Australia Migratory Bird Agreement) and JAMBA (Japan Australia Migratory Bird Agreement) in addition to being declared as Fish Habitat Areas under the Queensland Fisheries Act 1994.
The Pumicestone Passage wetlands include four of the six species of seagrass found in Moreton Bay, and all seven species of mangroves which occur in Moreton Bay (Hyland et al. 1989). The most common mangrove is Avicennia marina. Lumnitzera racemosa, the rarest of all the mangrove species in Moreton Bay, occurs as isolated plants or small groups in Pumicestone Passage. A tall shrubland of river mangrove Aegiceras corniculatum occurs adjacent to Hussey Creek; and there are extensive tracts of grey mangrove scrub Avicennia marina surrounding Thooloora Island and in the nearby bight on the Bribie Island shore. The spotted mangrove-shrubland Rhisophora stylosa occurs as a relatively narrow strip of vegetation in several areas.
The most significant area of mangroves is the forest of orange mangrove Bruguiera gymnorhiza on the mainland shore opposite Long Island. The only other sizeable community of this species in Moreton Bay is on the northern tip of Russell Island. This stand is particularly valuable because it is an almost pure stand of mature trees consisting of one species.
The saltmarsh community consists of predominantly Salicornia quinqueflora and Triglochin striata in open to sparse herblands and large areas of bare mud. Sporobulos virginicus closed-grasslands, occur often in pure dense swards or patches of land (McDonald and Elsol, 1979).
8.3 Terrestrial Fauna
8.3.1 Species of Conservation Significance
From the existing information, 36 species of terrestrial fauna are known to occur within the study region that are currently listed as Endangered, Vulnerable or Rare as defined by the Queensland Nature Conservation (Wildlife) Regulation 1994 of the Nature Conservation Act, 1992. These species, together with their conservation status and a brief description of their primary habitat requirements are listed in Table 8.3a.
From this table, most of these species have a low to moderate abundance within the study area and are generally located in large areas of habitat.
(i) Mammals
Three species of mammals identified on Table 8.3a are known to occur within the study area currently have conservation classification.
In addition to these three species there are a further six species that may have regional significance. These include the Northern Quoll (Dasyurus hallucatus), Brush-tailed Phascogale (Phascogale tapoatafa), Rufous Betong (Aepyprymnus rufescens), Long-nose Potoroo (Potorous tridactylus), Black-striped Wallaby (Macropus dorsalis) and the Red- necked Pademelon (Thylogale thetis). ble 8.3a Status and General Habitat Requirements of Terrestrial Fauna of Conservation Significance within Study Region (E = endangered, V = vulnerable, R = rare)
Species Queensland Distribution Habitat Requirements Occurrence withi Conservatio Study Region n Status ammals
otted-tailed Quoll (Dasyurus V South-east Australia from north-east Wide range of forest communities Low/moderate aculatus) Queensland (separate sub-species) including wet and dry sclerophyll forest through south-east Queensland, NSW to and rainforest. western Victoria and Tasmania. astings River Mouse V Very restricted distribution in northern NSW Variety of forest communities including Low/moderate seudomys oralis) and south-east Queensland. eucalypt forest with an open understorey and moist sites along creek lines and bogs. lse Water-rat (Xemgmys R Possibly north-eastern and northern coast Intertidal sedgeland zones adjacent to Moderate yoides) of Australia with suitable undisturbed mangrove forests. habitat. rds
tton Pygmy Goose R Coastal eastern Australia from Cape York Freshwater swamps, lagoons and Low ettapus coromandelionus) to Central Queensland. Vagrant south-east dams. Queensland to north-east NSW.
estnut Teal (Anas castanea) R Coastal south-east and south-west Uncommon in coastal northern NSW Low/moderate Australia. and south-east Queensland. Brackish and fresh coastal swamps, saltmarshes, tidal mudflats, inlets and islands. eat-crested Grebe (Podiceps R east, south-east and south-west Australia Generally uncommon in lakes, flooded Low status) and Tasmania. lagoons and swamps, reservoirs, bays and inlets. Species Queensland Distribution Habitat Requirements Occurrence withi Conservatio Study Region n Status
d-tailed Tropicbird (Phaeton V Off eastern Australia including Great Barrier Oceans, oceanic islands and coasts. Low bricavola) Reef. Vagrant Southern NSW, Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia. ack-necked Stork R Common and widespread in northern Swamps, mangroves and mudflats, Low/moderate phippiorhynchus astaticus) Australia. Sparse in south-east Queensland dry floodplains, irrigated lands, bare to NSW. Vagrant Victoria. drains and sub-artesian pools. ey Goshawk (Accipiter R North and eastern Australia from north-west Coastal rainforest. Low/moderate rhocephalus) WA to Tasmania.
d Goshawk (Erythrotriorchis E Coastal and sub-coastal north and north- Tree-lined watercourses, surrounding Low diatus) east Australia from north-west WA to open country and surrounding northern NSW. foothills. ack-breasted Button-quill V Coastal and near coastal areas of south- Closed forests with at least 70% cover Moderate urnix melanogaster) east Queensland and north-east NSW. such as vine scrubs.
ach Stone Curlew (Esacus V Coastal north and eastern Australia. Rare Open undisturbed beaches, tidal Low/moderate glectus) south or Cairns. mudflats and sandflats, and mangroves.
oty Oyster Catcher R Suitable coasts and coastal islands of Undisturbed tidal rocks on ocean Low/moderate aematopus fuliginosus) Australia and Tasmania. shores. Occasionally sand spits and mudflats. tle Tern (Sterna albifrons) V Coastal north, east and south-east Australia Coastal waters, bays, shallow inlets Moderate and Tasmania. and salt or brackish lakes. ossy Black V Eastern Australia, Central Qld to far east Usually associated with casuarinas in Moderate ockatoo(Calyptorhynchus Victoria. coastal forests and woodlands, and hami) timbered watercourses. Species Queensland Distribution Habitat Requirements Occurrence withi Conservatio Study Region n Status ound Parrot (Pezoporus V Coastal areas of south-east Australia (from Low ground cover, usually in swampy Moderate allicus) Gympie south), Tasmania and south-west heaths. Occasionally in grasslands WA. and pastures.
werful Owl (Ninox strenua) V Coastal ranges and forests of south-east Dense mountain gullies and coastal Low/moderate mainland Australia from Central Qld south. forests, woodlands and scrubs.
oty Owl (Tyto tenebricosa) R Coastal eastern Australia, south-east Tall, dense, wet forests including Low Queensland to Victoria rainforests and fern gullies. bert's Lyrebird (Menura R Confined to south-east Queensland and Dense subtropical rainforests and Low berti) northern New South Wales. scrubs.
llow-tufted Honeyeater R South-east Australia from Central Eucalypt forest and woodland usually Low/moderate chenostromus melanops) Queensland to SA. associated with good undergrowth, coastal scrubs & heaths. eptiles
llared Delma (Delma V South-east Queensland. Under rocks and in soil cracks in Low/moderate rquata) heavy, stony, lightly timbered soils.
rrowing Skink R North-eastern NSW and south-east Rainforests and adjacent wet Low/moderate oeranoscincus reticulatus) Queensland. sclerophyll forests.
Skink (Eroticoscincus R Extreme south-east corner of Queensland. Rainforests and adjacent wet Low/moderate aciloides) scherophyll forests. phroscincus truncatus) R South-east Queensland and northern NSW. In moist scrub in dry and wet Low/moderate sclerophyll forest, coastal heathland, rainforest. amphotyphlops silvia) R South-east Queensland. - Low Species Queensland Distribution Habitat Requirements Occurrence withi Conservatio Study Region n Status
mmon Death Adder R North, east and south coast of Australia. Various habitats amongst sand, soil or Low/moderate canthophis antarcticus) latter and often at bases of trees or scrubs. ephen's Banded Snake R Central-eastern coastal Australia. Mainly rainforest and wet sclerophyll Low oplocephalus stephensii) forest but also drier open forest and woodland. ogs een-thighed Frog(Litoria R Central-eastern coastal Australia. Mainly rainforest and wet sclerophyll Low evipalmata) forest but also drier open forest and woodland.
oloola Frog (Litoria R Few localities around south-east Sandy, freshwater lakes and in wallum Low oloolensis) Queensland. habitats and lowland rainforests. allum Rocket Frog V Coastal regions from central NSW to south- Wide variety of health and forest Low/moderate toria cooloolensis) east Queensland. habitats. allum Sedge Frog (Litoria V South-east Queensland and north-east Along creeks and in marshy or Low/moderate longburensis) NSW. swampy lowland habitats amongst emergent vegetation and reeds of the wallum.
-pocket Frog (Assa R Central-eastern coastal Australia. High elevation rainforests including Low rlingtoni) subtropical, warm and cool temperate types. Species Queensland Distribution Habitat Requirements Occurrence withi Conservatio Study Region n Status nkling Froglet V South-east Queensland to north-east NSW. Associated with paperbark swamps on Moderate rinia tinnula) coastal alluvial soils.
uthern Gastric Breeding Frog E Few localities in south-east Queensland. Found along rocky mountain streams Probably extinct heobatrachus silus) in wet sclerophyll forest.
uthern Day Frog E Few localities in south-east Queensland. Along mountain streams in rainforest. Probably extinct audactylus diurnus) CAMCOS - Impact Assessment No. 2 - Bio-physical Working Paper Queensland Transport
(ii) Birds
Eighteen species of birds (Table 8.3a), currently listed under the Queensland Nature Conservation (Wildlife) Regulation 1994 of the Nature Conservation Act, 1992, have been previously recorded within the study region. One species, the Red Goshawk (Erythrotiorchis radiatus), is classified as Endangered, and has been observed within the study region.
(iii) Reptiles
Seven species of reptiles, four lizards and three snakes (Table 8.3a), currently listed under the Queensland Nature Conservation (Wildlife) Regulation 1994 of the Nature Conservation Act, 1992, have been previously recorded within the study region.
(iv) Frogs
Eight species of frogs (Table 8.3a), currently listed under the Queensland Nature Conservation (Wildlife) Regulation 1994 of the Nature Conservation Act, 1992, have been previously recorded within the study region. Of these eight species, two, the Southern Gastric Brooding Frog (Rheobatrachus silus) and the Southern Day Frog (Taudactylus diurnis), are currently classified as Endangered.
8.3.2 Significant Fauna Habitat Types
The highest diversity of rare, vulnerable and endangered species is likely to occur in habitats classified as Priority 1, and to a lesser extent, Priority 2.
A more through analysis will be conducted of fauna habitat as the study progresses. Some habitat types that are likely to have relatively high diversity of fauna species, including rare, vulnerable and endangered species, include rainforest, heathland and riverine communities. Furthermore, for corridor options in proximity to coastal areas, consideration would need to be given to the presence of migratory birds and associated international agreements (eg. CAMBA, JAMBA, RAMSAR Convention) that cover such species.
8.4 Aquatic Fauna
8.4.1 Estuarine/Marine
The most ecologically significant areas are the mangrove-lined areas along the major estuarine waterways. Research in these habitats indicate that they would support a diverse and abundant array of fish fauna including many species of direct fisheries importance (WBM Oceanics Australia 1992, Laegdsgaard and Johnson 1995).
Areas that have been declared as Fish Habitat Areas (Section .8.2.1) by the Department of Primary Industries serve to protect habitat important to species with fisheries value.
Much of the Maroochy River and Pumicestone Passage area is essentially undisturbed with significant areas of fringing mangroves. Mangrove areas serve several purposes:
ö they are important nursery areas for juvenile fish and crustaceans; ö they are feeding grounds for adult fish, many of which are of direct fisheries value.
Typical species that have been recorded in rivers and estuaries and are considered likely to occur within the study area, are given in Table 8.4a. The majority of these are of direct value as CAMCOS - Impact Assessment No. 2 - Bio-physical Working Paper Queensland Transport
commercial/recreational species.
The fauna present in the rivers Maroochy River or Mooloolah River is likely to be similar to nearby reaches and similar coastal rivers in the region (eg. Brisbane River, Noosa River). No species of special ecological significance are likely to occur in either the Maroochy or Mooloolah River.
Table 8.4.a Scientific, Common Names and Economic Value of Typical Fish Occurring in Estuaries (C = commercial; R = recreational; - = no direct economic value; J = juvenile; A = adult)
SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME ECONOMIC VALUE
Acanthopagrus australis Silver Bream C/R Achlyopa nigra Black Sole - Ambassis jacksonensis Perchlet - Ambassis marianus Yellow Perchlet - Arothron hispidus Star & Stripes Toadfish - Arrhamphus sclerolepis Snub-nosed Garfish C/R Callionymus limeceps Dragonet - Cymbacephalus namatophthalmus Fringe-eyed Flathead R Dasyatis fluriorum Brown Stingray - Gerres ovatus Silver Biddy - Girella tricuspidata Black Bream (Luderick) C/R Harengula abbreviata Herring - Hyporhamphus australis Sea Garfish C/R Lisa argentea Tiger Mullet C Liza dussumeri Flat-tailed Mullet C Megalops cyprinoides Tarpon R Meuschenia trachylepis Yellow-finned Leatherjacket R Monodactylus argentea Butterfish - Mugil cephalus Sea Mullet C Mugil georgii Fantail Mullet C Myxus elongatus Sand Mullet C Pelates quadrilineatus Trumpter - Platycephalus arenanius Sand Flathead C/R Playcephalus fucus Dusky Flathead C/R Plotosus anguillaris Striped Catfish - Pomatomus saltatrix Tailor C/R Rhabdosargus sarba Tarwhine C/R Scomberoides lysan Queenfish R Sillago analis Golden-line Whiting C/R Pseudorhombus arsius large-mouth Flounder C/R Sillago ciliata Summer Whiting C/R Sillago maculata Winter Whiting C/R Tetractenos pleuogramma Weeping Toadfish - Tetractenos hamiltoni Common Toadfish - Tylosiurus macleayarus Stout Long-tom -
8.5 Freshwater
No published information is available on the macro-invertebrates in the waterways of the study area. However, studies in similar habitats have indicated that streams generally support a CAMCOS - Impact Assessment No. 2 - Bio-physical Working Paper Queensland Transport
diverse variety of animals such as micro-crustaceans, flatworms, earthworms, arthropods, crayfish, snails, insects and fish. Studies have indicated that waterways with similar characteristics to those in the study area may support over 50 different families of aquatic invertebrates with dominant groups being shrimps, molluscs, midges, mayflies, cattisflies, and true bugs. Macro-invertebrates play a major role in freshwater ecosystems, however, little is known of the conservation status of many of the species present.
No detailed data are available on the fish fauna likely to inhabit the freshwater waterways in the study area. However, studies elsewhere in the region have indicated dominant native species likely to be present include rainbowfish (Melanotaenia spp.), perchlets (Ambassis spp.) and gudgeons (F. Gobiidae). The exotic mosquito fish (Gambusia holbrooki) is also likely to be present. All creeks are likely to support short-finned eel (Anguilla australis) and long-finned eel (A. reinhardtii).
It is unlikely that any species currently listed as endangered or threatened are likely to occur in any of the creeks within the study area. It is possible that the Lungfish (Neoceratodus forsteri), a protected species occurs in the upstream freshwater reaches of rivers.
Platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) have been reported by several community residents, to occur in Ferntree Creek and possibly stretches of Browns Creek. This vulnerable but regionally common species, was also reported to occur in a freshwater tributary of the North Maroochy River although no recent sightings (within the past 3-5 years) have been recorded.
8.5 Commercial/Recreational Fisheries
8.5.1 Maroochy/Mooloolah Rivers
(i) Recreational Fishery
The Maroochy and Mooloolah Rivers are an important recreational fishery for both boat and shore based anglers. As in other locations throughout southern Queensland, the usage of these areas is increasing rapidly. The consultant responsible for the “Ecology” section, WBM Oceanics Australia, is unaware of any angler surveys conducted in the area. However, an indication as to the increase may be inferred from the 780% increase in private vessel registrations in the Sunshine Coast region from 1972 to 1992 (Hyland 1993).
Anglers target a variety of fish species throughout the estuarine portions of the Maroochy/Mooloolah Rivers. The major species sought include yellowfin bream (Acanthgopagrus australis), summer whiting (Sillago ciliata) and dusky flathead (Platycephalus fuscus). All species are caught year round with catches (and corresponding angler numbers) of bream peaking in the winter months while catches of whiting and flathead peak in the summer months.
Bait gathering by anglers is also an important activity in the lower Maroochy River. Anglers collect soldier crabs (Mictyris longicarpus) and yabbies (Callianassa australiensis) from intertidal sand shoals. Additionally, baitfish such as silver biddies (Gerres oyona) and hardyheads (Atherinomorus ogilbyi) are also collected.
(ii) Commercial Fisheries
Commercial fishing operations in the Maroochy River involve two fisheries; the net fishery and the beam trawl fishery. No commercial fishing is permitted in freshwater reaches of the Maroochy River or in the tidal portions of Mooloolah River. CAMCOS - Impact Assessment No. 2 - Bio-physical Working Paper Queensland Transport
The net fishery within the Maroochy River is based upon mesh netting operations targeting a range of estuarine species such as bream, whiting, flathead, and mullet (various Mugil species). The majority of the catch is comprised of mullet species, particularly sea mullet (M.cephalus). Some commercial fishers also hold endorsements to net the ocean beaches.
Net fishing is undertaken year round in the Maroochy River with whiting and flathead catches peaking in the summer months, whilst bream and sea mullet catches peak in the winter months.
Beam trawling operations target commercial prawn species such as school (Metapenaeus macleayi), king (Metapenaeus plebejus) and Greentail (Metapenaeus bennettae) prawns. Seasonal variations in abundance of each of the species influence the catch patterns with best catches generally occurring in the warmer months (Hyland 1993). Beam trawling operations also operate at the mouths of Eudlo and Petrie Creeks.
8.5.2 Pumicestone Passage
(i) Recreational Fishing
The Passage is a popular recreational fishing area for local and Brisbane residents and is renowned for its excellent Bream, Whiting, Flathead, Tailor and Mud Crab fishing. Bream and Whiting are the main target species of amateur anglers.
Bream and Whiting frequent the Passage due to its configuration of shallows, sand banks, deep channels, dense mangrove-lined foreshores and the Caloundra bar which provide ideal spawning grounds for transient adult populations and nursery areas for juvenile and sub-adults. A Whiting run occurs around the southern end of Bribie Island from September to November while a large spawning run of Bream occurs around the northern end of the Passage from June to August.
(ii) Commercial
Commercial fishing is being phased out in Pumicestone Passage. Currently the Passage is of economic value for the following fisheries :
ö Mud, and some limited sand crabbing; ö Beam trawling for prawns; ö Estuarine net fishing for Bream and Whiting. Beach seine netting mainly for Mullet, but also for Bream, Tailor and Whiting occurs of the eastern beach of Bribie Island.
8.6 Biting Insect Habitats
There are several known and potential biting insect habitats within the study area, particularly in the south of Caloundra and low lying areas associated with the Mooloolah and Maroochy Rivers. As any infrastructure provision associated with a transport corridor such as stations will have management implications for control of pest and vector species, potential concerns and constraints associated with biting insects are addressed in this section.
The mosquito species that have been identified to be of particular nuisance value in the region and the habitats with which they are associated are given below.
ö Anopheles annulipes. Larvae are found in a wide range of fresh water ground pools and large containers. Adults feed predominately on mammals at night. While the species will feed on man, cattle horses and macropods appear to be preferred. A number of viruses including Ross River have been CAMCOS - Impact Assessment No. 2 - Bio-physical Working Paper Queensland Transport
isolated from An annulipes, however it is not regarded as a significant vector of diseases of humans.
ö Aedes funereus. Breeds in ground pools, fresh to brackish, in shaded areas and is often found in mangrove and paper bark swamps. It does not travel far from the breeding site. It is a suspected vector of Ross River and Barmah Forest viruses and is found in coastal northern NSW, Queensland and Northern Territory.
ö Aedes alternans Larvae are predacious on other mosquito larvae and are found in brackish water, frequently in association with Ae vigilax and C. sitiens. Eggs can withstand drying and are laid at edges of drying pools, hatching when the pool is filled by tide or rain. Adults are large insects, the females feeding on man and other mammals and birds by day and night, both indoors and out. Known to disperse several kilometres from the breeding site. Not known as a vector of disease.
ö Ae notoscriptus In nature larvae are found in rot holes in trees and in rock pools, in domestic situations in artificial containers (tyres, roof gutters, rainwater tanks, tins, bottles and pot plant saucers) and plant axils, particularly Bromeliads. Pest range is not known but is it unlikely to exceed 400 metres. Insects attack humans in shade during the day but appear to have peaks of activity at dawn and dusk. One can expect the insect will be present all year round with peaks of population during the wet season. It is an important vector of dog heart worm and a suspected vector of Ross River and Barmah Forest viruses. It is widely distributed in coastal Australia.
ö Ae vigilax Larvae occur in temporary brackish to highly saline ground pools left after spring tides or heavy rain. They are often associated with Salicornia or Suaeda. Larvae are often found in semi permanent pools under the mangrove canopy. Eggs survive drying and hatch when flooded by the next spring tide. Hatching is synchronous, so large numbers of the insects appear 8-10 days after the spring tides. Adults are usually in plague proportions for 6-8 days after they first appear. The insect has been recorded in numbers 100 km from the nearest breeding site and regularly reaches pest levels 10-15 km from the breeding site. It feeds avidly day or night in both shaded and exposed situations, but reaches peak activity at dawn and dusk. It is regarded as an important vector of dog heartworm and is a confirmed vector of Ross River virus and a suspected vector of Barmah Forest. It is widespread in coastal Australia from Gippsland to Derby.
ö Coquillettidia linealis Larvae are unknown but almost certainly associated with emergent vegetation in permanent water bodies with marginal reeds. Adults are frequently taken in heath land close to the coast. Bite fiercely during the day. A number of isolations of Ross River virus have been made from this insect.
ö Coquillerridia xanthogaster Breeds in permanent fresh water bodies. The larvae attach themselves to vegetation in the water. Will attack humans and birds. Can be a major pest in some areas. Has not been incriminated in disease transmission but can be infected with Ross River virus in the laboratory. CAMCOS - Impact Assessment No. 2 - Bio-physical Working Paper Queensland Transport
ö Culex annulirostris Breeds in fresh water swamps, lagoons, ditches and flooded grasslands and also exploits effluent pools and sewage ponds. The pest range is generally considered to be 5-10 km. Its main feeding periods are dawn to dusk. It is most abundant from February to April and has been associated with a number of arboviruses known to affect humans (Murray Valley Encephalitis, Kunjin, Ross River and Barmah Forest) and also carries dog heart worm. It is found in most of Australia except Tasmania.
ö Culex quinquesfasciatus Widespread throughout the tropics, sub tropics and warm temperate regions of the world. It is a domesticated species always associated with man, breeding in a wide range of containers, both large and small, provided the water is polluted with organic material. Neglected septic tanks and their associated absorption trenches are common sites. It is a night biting mosquito tending to attack late at night both indoors and outdoors. Feeds readily on man but has a preference for avian hosts. It has been collected feeding on cattle.
ö Culex sitiens Breeds in brackish ground pools but prefers about 1/3 sea water. The flight range is at least 5 km. Feeding activity peaks in the early evening and again prior to dawn. Populations are largest late in the summer. It is a possible vector of Ross River and Barmah Forest viruses. It is found in NSW, Queensland, Northern Territory and Western Australia.
ö Mansonia Uniformis Larvae attach to both floating and emergent water plants in permanent waterholes and lagoons. The mosquito disperses widely from the breeding site at least 5 km. It feeds at any time but peak activity is registered after sunset and before dawn. It is most abundant in the February to April period. It is a suspected vector of Ross River virus and is widely distributed in Australia.
Biting midges are small insects (less than 2mm long) whose painful bite is out of proportion to their size. Many people react strongly to proteins in the midges’ saliva and most consider them more of a pest than mosquitoes. The marine species of Culicoides which are the ones of interest in the context of the present study are not known to transmit any human pathogens. It should be pointed out, however, that there have been no adequate studies of marine Culicoides as disease vectors and our present knowledge is at the same level as was our knowledge of Culicoides attacking livestock in 1968.
The species most likely to be pests in the present study area are Culicoides marmoratus and Culicoides subimmaculatus.
ö Culicoides marmoratus has a larval habitat which covers a wide band of intertidal lands from just below mean high water neap to just above mean high water spring. It is found in estuarine zones often in association with Sarcornia spp (ie. saltmarshes). Emergence peaks occur in several days before the new moon and full moon. Feeds avidly on man at dawn and dusk and has been recorded in pest proportions up to 16 km from the breeding site.
ö Culicoides sp.near subimmaculatus Reye (1992) has recorded this species as breeding in the surface feeding tunnels of the crab Mictyris livingstonei, a relative of the soldier crab. Reye (1992) lists the natural habitat as open sandy estuarine flats. They appear to breed in the zone between mean high water spring and mean high water neap with peaks of emergence coinciding with neap tides. High densities are recorded in artificial habitats created by sand pumping fill, by ditching in soils with a sandy underlay and by clearing mangroves. Pest range listed as approximately 400 CAMCOS - Impact Assessment No. 2 - Bio-physical Working Paper Queensland Transport
metres. Feeds readily on man, biting through the day with dawn and dusk peaks.
Areas of major mosquito and midge breeding may constitute a high constraint to the placement of infrastructure with respect to human health. The location of these breeding areas will need to be determined in consultation with Local Authority Head Offices once route options have been decided. CAMCOS - Impact Assessment No. 2 - Bio-physical Working Paper Queensland Transport 9.0 Water Quality
9.1 Sensitive Waterways
The study area contains numerous waterways including the Maroochy River, Mooloolah River, Ewen Maddock Dam, Lamerough Creek, Bells Creek, Mellum Creek and Pumicestone Passage (Figure 9.1a). Many of these waterways are significant for their recreational and visual value, in addition to their ecological values (refer Sections 8.2 and 8.4). Sensitive waterways which have been identified as including Ewen Maddock Dam and Pumicestone Passage.
Ewen Maddock Dam is a secondary water supply dam. That is, it would be used as a water supply if the primary water supply dam (Baroon Pocket Dam) was ever unavailable and is designated as a future water supply dam. It is critical that water supply dams be a reliable source of very high quality water and have a low risk of contamination or water quality degradation. Therefore, the activities which are permitted to occur in its catchment must not aversely impact the water quality of the dam. This can only be achieved by controlling and properly managing activities which are performed in the dam's catchment.
Presently the catchment of Ewen Maddock Dam is largely vegetated, contains several conservational reserves and remnant vegetation areas (refer Section 8.3) with urban development prohibited by Council within 500m of the dam. As such, any consideration of corridors which might potentially affect the Ewen Maddock Dam catchment and its’ function as a water supply will be carefully examined.
Pumicestone Passage is recognised as a sensitive waterbody with very high ecological values (refer Sections 8.2 and 8.4). As such, any consideration of corridors which might potentially affect the passage will be carefully examined as the analysis is refined.
9.2 Existing Surface Water Quality
The Department of Environment has some water quality monitoring sites in the many of the potentially affected creeks. Creeks monitored include:
ö Bells Creek; ö Coochin Creek; ö Coonowrin Creek; ö Elimbah Creek; ö Eudlo Creek; ö Glass Mountain Creek; ö Hussey Creek; ö Lamerough Creek; ö Maroochy River; ö Mellum Creek; ö Mooloolah River; ö Ningi Creek; ö Petrie Creek; and also in ö Pumicestone Passage. CAMCOS - Impact Assessment No. 2 - Bio-physical Working Paper Queensland Transport
A summary of the Department of Environment water quality data for the waterways in the study area are outlined in Table 9.2a. These data were collected between August and December 1991. In some waterways several sites were monitored along the length of the waterway and for these waterways Table 9.2a. presents averages of these sites along the waterway.
Table 9.2a also includes a summary of ANZECC Water Quality Guidelines (ANZECC, 1992) for the protection of aquatic ecosystems in fresh and marine waters. The water quality data outlined in Table 9.2a shows that many of the waterways show lower dissolved oxygen concentrations than the minimum ANZECC criterion of 6mg/L (80-90% saturation). These lower dissolved oxygen concentrations may be insufficient to support some types of aquatic organisms (ie. fish) and could therefore result in reduced aquatic bio-diversities in these waterways. ble 9.2a Summary of Existing Water Quality from Department of Environment Monitoring Sites (1991)
Temp.0 C D.O. D.O.% pH Secchi Turbidity T.S.S. NH3mg/ NOx Org. N T.N. D.R.P. T.P. E. C mg/L m NTU mg/L L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L No /100
20.1 6.0 80.0 7.60 1.1 - - 0.029 0.007 0.40 0.462 - 0.03 0
23.8 4.8 69.0 7.57 0.7 - - 0.033 0.061 0.40 0.543 - 0.05 5 ek 24.1 3.6 54.0 7.35 0.5 - - 0.078 0.023 0.20 0.344 - 0.03 2
24.6 5.8 85.5 7.95 1.2 - - 0.004 0.007 0.15 0.187 - 0.03 4
23.1 6.7 89.8 7.78 0.5 10.6 13.8 0.298 0.108 0.53 1.261 0.10 0.18 87
Creek 23.8 5.3 76.0 7.50 0.5 - - 0.002 0.004 0.20 0.231 - 0.03 0
23.8 4.9 74.3 7.65 0.5 - - 0.066 0.038 0.20 0.304 - 0.04 3
ek 21.4 8.9 125.0 7.90 - - 0.067 0.048 0.70 0.077 - 0.04 6
22.8 6.7 88.3 7.64 0.9 6.4 9.3 0.034 0.050 0.25 0.388 0.01 0.04 6
24.2 3.9 56.0 7.25 0.8 - - 0.057 0.065 0.20 0.334 - 0.03 11 r ------0.224 0.061 - 0.936 0.02 0.09 -
23.8 5.2 77.5 7.73 0.8 - - 0.004 0.004 0.50 0.504 - 0.05 1
22.6 6.3 77.3 7.38 0.9 6.7 10.0 0.753 0.510 0.43 1.713 0.11 0.60 55 assage 24.7 6.7 96.6 8.17 0.6 - - 0.002 0.002 0.23 0.171 - 0.03 0
water <20 c >6 >80- 6.5 - nc < 10% <10% nc nc nc <0.1 - nc <0.005 - nc increase 90%Satn 9.0 change* change 0.5 0.050 * e <20 C >6 >80- <0.2 nc < 10% <10% <0.005 <0.01 - nc nc <0.005 - nc nc increase 90%Satn chang change* change 0.10 0.015 e* CAMCOS - Impact Assessment No. 2 - Bio-physical Working Paper Queensland Transport
Several of the waterways also showed moderately elevated nutrient levels, particularly nitrogen levels. Highly elevated nutrient levels result in the eutrophication of the waterways and in some cases may be sufficient to cause algal blooms.
These outcomes will then adversely affect the recreational, visual and ecological values of the waterways. Waterways which presently exceed the ANZECC criteria are at risk of experiencing significantly degraded water quality if nutrient loads to the waterways are increased.
Suspended sediment and turbidity data were only measured in three of the waterway, and therefore further data collection would be required to characterise the clarity of the waterways in the study area.
Limited metal analyses for heavy metal concentrations were also performed by the Department of Environment for Bells Creek, Coochin Creek, Coonowrin Creek, Elimbah Creek, Glass Mountain Creek, Hussey Creek, Lamerough Creek, Mellum Creek, Ningi Creek and Pumicestone Passage. Metals tested included cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel and zinc. No significant metal contamination was recorded in the water quality data reviewed.
Although many of the waterways within the study area exceed some of the ANZECC criteria, all waterways generally maintain good water quality. Indications of degraded water quality, such as algal blooms, are not regularly reported for the waterways in the study area. However, large portions of the study area are experiencing catchment modifications, such as vegetation clearance and urbanisation, which typically results in water quality deterioration in downstream waterways.
It should be noted that the ecologically sustainable loadings of nutrients (total nitrogen and total phosphorus) and organic pollutants (particularly oxygen demanding material) to Pumicestone Passage have already been exceeded, according to the Integrated Management Strategy for Pumicestone Passage (Willing and Partners et al., 1993). Although no sustainable load for sustainable solids was determined in this study, it does note that “in many cases, transfers from the sediments to the water column determine the prevailing concentrations of pollutants (which are commonly absorbed onto sediment particles) to Pumicestone Passage are very critical. The Integrated Management Strategy recommended the following requirements to protect the environmental values of Pumicestone Passage:
ö Limit the discharge of nutrients; ö Limit the discharge of organic wastes; ö Control the use and discharge of pesticides; and ö Limit sediment exports.
9.3 Existing Surface And Groundwater Uses
The waterways in study area include many rivers and creeks which have high recreational, aesthetic and ecological values. Activities such as canoeing, fishing, boating and passive recreation are common on most of the waterways. Several of the waterways (Bells Creek and Lamerough Creek) are within the Pumicestone Passage catchment, which is an area with very high ecological values (refer Sections 8.2 and 8.4). CAMCOS - Impact Assessment No. 2 - Bio-physical Working Paper Queensland Transport
Ewen Maddock Dam is designated as a secondary water source. Therefore, although the dam is not presently used as a drinking water supply, it could be used for drinking water if the primary water source (Baroon Pocket Dam) became unavailable for any reason or if water demands exceed the supply available from the current primary water source.
There are numerous groundwater abstractions in the study area, predominantly for domestic use and small scale irrigation. The quality of the groundwater aquifer is poor in some areas, preventing its use for large scale irrigation or stock watering. CAMCOS - Impact Assessment No. 2 - Bio-physical Working Paper Queensland Transport 10.0 Flood Hydraulics
10.1 Major Catchments And Floodplain Areas
The study area covers a broad range of catchment types and sizes extending down from the base of the D'Agular and Blackall Ranges in the west to the coastal floodplains in the east. Figure 10.1a illustrates the major catchments. While there are a number of smaller creeks such as Mellum Creek in the south, the drainage and flooding characteristics of the study area are dominated by the Mooloolah and Maroochy Rivers with their connected tributaries.
The Mooloolah River and its tributaries rise in the Blackall Ranges approximately 24 km west of the coast. The upper catchment is largely rural with some forest areas. The main tributaries of the Mooloolah River are Mountain Creek, Sippy Creek and Addlington Creek. Addlington Creek is dammed near its junction with the river for water supply purposes (Ewen Maddock Dam). Mountain Creek and Sippy Creek have relatively narrow floodplains which connect into the broad floodplain area of the Mooloolah River (Figure 10.1b). Currimundi Creek also acts as a natural overflow channel from the Mooloolah River.
A number of flood studies for the Mooloolah River and its tributaries have been undertaken. While these are relatively old, they given an indication of the extent of inundation (Figure 10.1c).
The Maroochy River and its tributaries also rise in the Blackall Ranges to the west of the study area. The main tributaries include Petrie, Paynter and Eudlo Creeks in the south with Yandina and Doonan Creeks in the north. Cornmeal Creek also enters the river near its mouth at Maroochydore. The upper reaches of the river and creeks contain relatively well defined floodplains in the valleys which spill out into a broad coastal floodplain.
The Maroochy River system has relatively up to date flood information and has been the subject of a number of recent flood studies which define the extent of flood inundation. CAMCOS - Impact Assessment No. 2 - Bio-physical Working Paper Queensland Transport 11.0 Key Data Deficiencies
11.1 Terrestrial/Aquatic Flora
The flora information relied upon in Stage 1 of this study would need to be refined for Stage 2, to obtain more site specific information regarding the extent, condition and conservation value of the vegetation present in the vicinities of potential corridors being considered.
11.2 Terrestrial/Aquatic Fauna
The information on fauna collated for this phase of the project covers a broad area and does not provide details on fauna within specific habitat types. Much of the current available information on fauna of the region is not based on field data collection and therefore contains several generalisations of the potential fauna of the region. Site specific investigations would be required to assess impacts associated with individual corridor options.
11.3 Water Quality
The surface water quality data collated for Stage 1 was collected by the Department of Environment in 1991. More recent water quality data for waterways in the catchments of the proposed route alignments should be collected. A description of the water quality in potentially affected waterways following wet weather conditions would be valuable for determining the potential impact of any potential transport corridors, however such data could not be located. These issues, if resolved could enable quantification of water quality impacts associated with any corridor options.
11.4 Flood Hydraulics
For the catchments south of the Maroochy River system, flood hydraulic information is limited and/or relatively old. Certain data is available for the Mooloolah River catchment which can be used for broad considerations of opportunities and constraints. However, this would need to be updated for any detailed assessments. Many of the smaller creeks in the southern study area have little or no flood hydraulic information. CAMCOS - Impact Assessment No. 2 - Bio-physical Working Paper Queensland Transport 12.0 References
12.1 Textual References
ANZECC (1992). Australian Water Quality Guidelines for fresh and marine waters. Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council Publication.
Agricultural Land Use and Selected Inputs ABS 1981-1988
Agriculture Queensland 1994/95 ABS
Barker, J., Grigg, G.C. and Tyler, M.J. (1995). A Field Guide to Australian Frogs. Surrey Beatty and Sons, Sydney, Australia.
Bell, J.D., Pollard, D.A., Burchmore, J.J., Pease, B.C., and Middleton, M.J., (1984). Structure of a fish community in a temperate tidal mangrove creek in Botany Bay, New South Wales. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 35, 33-46.
Blaber, S.J.M. and Blaber, T.G. (1980). Factors affecting the distribution of juvenile estuarine and inshore fishes. Journal of Fish Biology 17, 143-162.
Catterall, C.P. and Kingston, M. (1993). Remnant Bushland of South East Queensland in the 1990's : its distribution, loss, ecological consequences, and future prospects. Institute of Applied Environmental Research, Griffith University.
Christidis, L. and Boles, W.E. (1995). The Taxonomy of Species of Birds of Australia and It's Territories. Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union, Monograph 2.
Cogger, H.G. (1994). Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia, 5th Edition. Reed Books, Sydney, Australia.
Caboolture Shire Strategic Plan Review- Inventory Papers (Extractive Industry Resources) Caboolture Shire Council, Sept 1995.
Data Plan Pty. Ltd. (1987). Flood Study Mooloolah River Meridan Plains. Prepared for the Emanuel Group of Companies
Department of Harbours and Marine (1987). Maroochy River Study Model Testing Report.
Department of Local Government and Planning (1995). South East Queensland Regional Framework for Growth Management. SEQ 2001, regional Resource Unit, DHLGP, Brisbane.
Department of Primary Industries (1992). Review of Environmental Protection Measures for Pumicestone Passage, its catchment and Bribie Island - Groundwater Resource Study, Vol1.
Department of Primary Industries (1992). Review of Environmental Protection Measures for Pumicestone Passage, its catchment and Bribie Island - Groundwater Resource Study, Vol1.
Dwyer, P., Hockings, M. and Willmer, J. (1979). Mammals of Cooloola and Beerwah Proc. Roy. Soc. Qld. 90 : 65-84. CAMCOS - Impact Assessment No. 2 - Bio-physical Working Paper Queensland Transport
Flora and Fauna Assessment Requirements for Development in Maroochy Shire Local Planning Policy, Strategic Planing Services, October 1996.
Geology and Soils of Maroochy Shire (Dames and Moore)
Guidelines for Agricultural Land Evaluation In Queensland DPI - Land Resources Branch Staff- 1990.
HERBRECS (1997). Records of plant collections from the area 26°35'S 152°55'E to Kinhill Cameron McNamara (1996). Sippy Downs Planning Study. 26°55'S 153°10'E. Queensland Herbarium, QDoE, Brisbane.
Horticulture - Land Suitability Study, Sunshine Coast, 1987
Hutchings, P. and Saenger, P. (1987). Ecology of Mangroves. University of Queensland Press.
Hyland, S.J. and Butler, C.T. (1988). The distribution and modification of mangroves and saltmarsh-claypaths in Southern Queensland. Fisheries Research Branch, Department of Primary Industries, Information Series QI 89004.
Hyland, S.J., Courtney, A.J. and Butler, C.T. (1989). Distribution of seagrass in the Moreton Region from Coolangatta to Noosa. Fisheries Research Branch, Department of Primary Industries, Information Series QI 89010.
Kinhill Cameron McNamara (1996). Sippy Downs Planning Study.
Kinhill Cameron and MacNamara (1995). Sippy Downs Draft Planning Study Vol. 2. Supporting Information.
Laegdsgaard, P. and Johnson, C. (1995). Mangrove habitats as nurseries: unique assemblages of juvenile fish in subtropical mangroves in Eastern Australia. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 126: 67-81.
McDonald, W.J.F. and Elsol, J.A. (1984). Moreton Region Vegetation Map Series, Summary Report and Species Checklist for Caloundra, Brisbane, Beenleigh and Murwillumbah Sheets. Botany Branch, QDPI, Brisbane.
McRoy, C.P. and Helfferich C. (1977). Seagrass ecosystems: a scientific perspective. Marcel Dekker, New York.
Moreton Mill Area - A Sugar Cane Land Suitability Study by M.A. Capelin 1979
Morton, R.M, Pollock, B.R, and Beumer, J.P (1987). The occurrence and diet of fishes in a tidal inlet of a saltmarsh in southern Moreton Bay, Qld. Aust. Journal of Ecology 12, 217-37.
Morton, R.M., Beumer, J.P., and Pollock, B.R., (1988). Fishes in a subtropical Australian saltmarsh and their predation upon mosquitoes. Envmental. Biology of Fishes 21: 185-194.
Morton, R.M. (1990). Community structure, density and standing-crop of fisheries in a subtropical Australian mangrove area. Marine Biology 105, 384-394.
Nature Conservation Assessment Management and Planning Issues in the South East CAMCOS - Impact Assessment No. 2 - Bio-physical Working Paper Queensland Transport
Region: NORSROC Sub Region: Final Draft Report, Dept. of Environment and Heritage, April 1995.
Olsen, M.F. and Drane, C.M. (1993). The Vegetation Mosaic of lands within the boundaries of Caloundra City Council. Report prepared for Caloundra City Council.
Planning Guidelines: The Identification of Good Quality Agricultural Land- DPI and DHLGP 1993.
Pollard, D.A. (1976). Estuaries must be protected. Australian Fisheries 6, 6-10.
Pollard, D.A. (1984). A review of ecological studies on seagrass - fish communities, with particular reference to recent studies in Australia. Aquatic Botany 18, 3-42.
QDEH, (1995). Conservation Status of Queensland's Bio-regional Ecosystems: Summary. Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage.
Regional Statistics for Queensland -1996 (ABS).
Reye, E.J. (1992). The common pest species. Bull. Mosq. Assoc, Aust 4(3): 6-14.
Specht, R.L., (1970). In "The Australian Environment". (Ed.) G.W. Leeper. Fourth Edition. Melbourne, CSIRO and Melbourne University Press, pp. 44-64.
State Planning Policy- 1/92 DPI 1993.
Stephenson, W. and Dredge, M.C.L. (1976). Numerical analysis of fish catches from Serpentine Creek. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland 87, 33-43.
Strahan, R. (1995). The Mammals of Australia. Australian Museum and Reed Books. Sydney, Australia.
Turnbull, M.H. and Oslen, M.F., (1992). Vegetation Survey and assessment of landscapes within the boundaries of Maroochy Shire. Report prepared for Maroochy Shire Council.
Vegetation Mosaic Within the Boundaries of Caloundra City Council, Olsen and Drane, 1993 Water Research Laboratory (1982). Flood and Tidal Hydraulic Model Studies of the Mooloolah River Technical Report No. 82/22, December 1982.
Watt, A. (1995). Nature Conservation Assessment, management and Planning Issues in the South East Region: NORSROC Sub-Region. Unpublished Final Draft Report prepared by the Department of Environment and Heritage.
WBM Oceanics Australia, 1992. Rousden Property, Cornmeal Creek Floodplain.
WBM Oceanics Australia, 1992. Pimpama Lagoons: Flora and Fauna. Report prepared for Fencray Pty Ltd. Report No. 7496.1.
WBM Oceanics Australia (1994). Yadina Highway Upgrading Flooding Assessment. Prepared for Queensland Transport c/- Ove Arup and Partners.
WBM Oceanics Australia (1996). Aquatic Flora/Fauna and Fisheries Conditions. Prepared for Lend Lease Waterway Development. CAMCOS - Impact Assessment No. 2 - Bio-physical Working Paper Queensland Transport
Willing and Partners, Neville Jones and Associates, Ison Environmental Planners, Ken Todd Town Planning and ERSIS Australia Pty. Ltd. (1993), Pumicestone Passage, Its Catchment and Bribie Island: Integrated Management Strategy - Component Study. Environmental Objectives for Water Quality. Prepared for the Queensland Dept. of Environment.
Young, P.C. (1978). Moreton Bay, Queensland: a nursery area for juvenile penaeid prawns. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 29: 55-75.
12.2 Map References
1:500 000 Moreton Geology, Geological Survey of Queensland.
1:250 000 Quaternary Coastal Geology of Southern Queensland (Map No. 4), Commission of Inquiry into Fraser Island and the Great Sandy Region.
1:100 000 Land Resource Areas (Map 1) by M.A. Capelin, DPI reference No. 86-69-p2577, Sunshine Coast Horticulture Land Suitability Study.