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Home , Aquila of Sinope, Bible translations, Biblia Hebraica (Kittel), Hexapla, Hosea 11, Isaiah 35

Jewish Scriptures (The Christian for scriptures) Compiled by Donna Dorsey Wulfemeyer

Original Jewish Scriptures ( call it the Old Testament)  Originally in Hebrew  Called Tanakh (Jewish ) (Read in Jewish )  Hebrew is a term for the Tanakh  – First 5 book Orthodox give most respect to this 5 books than another part of the Tanakh.  Tanakh was written in the second century BC.  Referred to as the (MT) (is the early Hebrew text of the Old Testament)  (book-style format) is the oldest complete dated AD 1008- 1009  writers (disciples, etc.) used Hebrew Jewish Scriptures when quoting scripture.  The of the bible was written using the Masoretic Test dated AD 900 and two other text dated 1000AD.  Some modern Bible use both the Greek and the original Hebrew as their source.  Scrolls provided the complete book of dated 100 BC which proved the reliability of the Old Testament.  The version of the Jewish Scriptures is called .  Read Tanakh on-line. The versions are not the original Masoretic Text (MT) http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Bible/jpstoc.html http://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/63255/jewish/The-Bible-with-Rashi.htm http://www.mechon-mamre.org/e/et/et0.htm http://www.breslov.com/bible/

Biblegateway.com now has Messianic Jewish Bible called Complete Jewish Bible on their bible drop down menu when selecting bible type to search.

Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) translated into Greek  Called LXX or Septuagint. (Both mean 70)  Translated around 300-200 BC.  Contains the 39 books.  Scholars believe it to be an accurate of the original Hebrew Scriptures.  Originated in .  Translated by 70-72 Jewish scholars.  Some modern use both Septuagint and Hebrew manuscripts as their source.  Manuscripts of the Septuagint found with the  Used by Hellenistic Jews. (Jews who combined Jewish religious tradition with elements of Greek culture.)

Jewish Scriptures – Septuagint - Tanahk

 Many Christians spoke Greek therefore they used this version in the first few centuries after ’ death.  New Testament writers used this version most often when quoting Old Testament scripture.  Greek fathers quoted from this version.  Starting approximately in the 2nd century AD, most Jews abandon use of the LXX.  Jews in 2nd century AD association it with a rival religion () which rendered it suspect in the eyes of the newer generation of Jews and Jewish scholars.  Greek-speaking synagogues began using a Greek version of Jewish Scripture produced around AD 130 by a Hellenist who had been a Christian then become a convert to . They claimed it to be a very literal and accurate translation of the Hebrew Old Testament. (Only small fragments remain of this version.) (ME: If Aquila rejected Christianity then his changes are suspect to me. LXX was by 70 Jewish scholars prior to Jesus and this is one man after Jesus death.)  Jews later also using Hebrew/ manuscripts (in place of the Septuagint) compiled by the ; and authoritative Aramaic translations, such as those of and Yonathan ben Uziel.(450 AD)  Septuagint also contains apocryphal books (the set of Jewish writings written after and before ) they are: Judith, Tobit, Baruch, (or Ecclesiasticus), the of , First and Second , the two Books of , additions to the Book of , additions to the , and the of Manasseh.  Apocryphal books was never considered part of the canonical Jewish scripture, but were included for historical and religious purposes.  New Testament writers never quoted from these Apocryphal books.  Comparison of the Original Hebrew Scriptures (MT) and Septuagint  Slight variations are minor made up of grammatical errors, spelling differences, missing words.  Differences do not affect meaning of sentences and paragraphs.  Exception: Book of – passages are arranged differently but don’t effect teaching or doctrine of the book.  This was proved with the discovery of the Dead Sea scrolls which were dated to as early as 200 BC.

Messianic in Hebrew Scriptures and Septuagint Messianic prophecy is the collection of over 100 predictions (a conservative estimate) in the Old Testament about the future of the Jewish people. These predictions were written by multiple authors, in numerous books, over approximately 1,000 years. Messianic Prophecy is so dramatic today, because with the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls and the reliability of the Septuagint version of the Old Testament (both of which have been proven to exist prior to the Jesus walked on the earth) you can be assured that these were not “conspired” after-the-fact. Over 100 predictions about coming Messiah of the Jewish people. Predictions written prior to Jesus’ birth.

Jewish Scriptures – Septuagint - Tanahk

The Septuagint and the Dead Sea Scrolls establish evidence for Christianity – that the Old Testament prophecies of the coming Messiah unquestionably predated the time that Jesus Christ walked the earth.

Prophetic scripture like and were fixed in written form at least 100 years before Christ, and probably many more.

 Born of a virgin (:14; :21-23)  A descendant of (Genesis 12:1-3; 22:18; Matthew 1:1; :16)  Of the tribe of (Genesis 49:10; Luke 3:23, 33; 7:14)  Of the house of (2 Samuel 7:12-16; Matthew 1:1)  Born in ( 5:2, :1; :4-7)  Taken to Egypt ( 11:1; Matthew 2:14-15)  Herod´s killing of the infants (:15; Matthew 2:16-18)  Anointed by the (:2; Matthew 3:16-17)  Heralded by the messenger of the () (:3-5; :1; Matthew 3:1-3)  Would perform miracles (:5-6; :35)  Would preach good news (:1; :14-21)  Would minister in Galilee (:1; Matthew 4:12-16)  Would cleanse the Temple (Malachi 3:1; :12-13)  Would first present Himself as King 173,880 days from the decree to rebuild (Daniel 9:25; Matthew 21:4-11)  Would enter Jerusalem as a king on a donkey (:9; Matthew 21:4-9)  Would be rejected by Jews (:22; 1 Peter 2:7)  Die a humiliating death (Psalm 22; Isaiah 53) involving:  rejection (Isaiah 53:3; John 1:10-11; 7:5,48)  betrayal by a friend (:9; Luke 22:3-4; :18)  sold for 30 pieces of silver (:12; :14-15)  silence before His accusers (Isaiah 53:7; :12-14)  being mocked (Psalm 22: 7-8; Matthew 27:31)  beaten (:14; Matthew 27:26)  spit upon (:6; Matthew 27:30)  piercing His hands and feet (Psalm 22:16; Matthew 27:31)  being crucified with thieves (Isaiah 53:12; Matthew 27:38)  praying for His persecutors (Isaiah 53:12; :34)  piercing His side (:10; :34)  given gall and vinegar to drink (:21, Matthew 27:34, Luke 23:36)  no broken bones (:20; John 19:32-36)  buried in a rich man’s tomb (Isaiah 53:9; Matthew 27:57-60)  casting lots for His garments (Psalm 22:18; John 19:23-24)  Would rise from the dead!! (:10; :6; :31)  Ascend into Heaven (:18; Acts 1:9)  Would sit down at the (:1; :3)

Jewish Scriptures – Septuagint - Tanahk

Info gathered from different web sites.

What is It? Septuagint (sometimes abbreviated LXX) is the name given to the Greek translation of the Jewish Scriptures. The Septuagint has its origin in Alexandria, Egypt and was translated between 300- 200 BC. Widely used among Hellenistic Jews, this Greek translation was produced because many Jews spread throughout the empire were beginning to lose their . The process of translating the Hebrew to Greek also gave many non-Jews a glimpse into Judaism. According to an ancient document called the , it is believed that 70 to 72 Jewish scholars were commissioned during the reign of Philadelphus to carry out the task of translation. The term “Septuagint” means seventy in Latin, and the text is so named to the credit of these 70 scholars.

Septuagint - Influence on Christianity The Septuagint was also a source of the Old Testament for early Christians during the first few centuries AD. Many early Christians spoke and read Greek, thus they relied on the Septuagint translation for most of their understanding of the Old Testament. The New Testament writers also relied heavily on the Septuagint, as a majority of Old Testament quotes cited in the New Testament are quoted directly from the Septuagint (others are quoted from the Hebrew texts). Greek are also known to have quoted from the Septuagint. Even today, the relies on the Septuagint for its Old Testament teachings. Some modern Bible translations also use the Septuagint alongside Hebrew manuscripts as their .

Septuagint - What Does It Contain? The Septuagint contains the standard 39 books of the Old Testament canon, as well as certain apocryphal books. The term "" was coined by the fifth-century biblical scholar, , and generally refers to the set of ancient Jewish writings written during the period between the last book in the Jewish scriptures, Malachi, and the arrival of Jesus Christ. The apocryphal books include Judith, Tobit, Baruch, Sirach (or Ecclesiasticus), the Wisdom of Solomon, First and Second Maccabees, the two Books of Esdras, additions to the , additions to the Book of Daniel, and the .

The Apocryphal books were included in the Septuagint for historical and religious purposes, but are not recognized by Protestant Christians or Orthodox Jews as canonical (inspired by God). Most reformed teachers will point out that the New Testament writers never quoted from the Apocryphal books, and that the Apocrypha was never considered part of the canonical Jewish scripture. However, the Roman Church and the Orthodox churches include the Apocrypha in their Bible (except for the books of Esdras and the Prayer of Manasseh).

Septuagint - Is it a Reliable Translation? Since the Septuagint is a translation, scholars speculate if it accurately reflects the Hebrew scriptures of the 2nd century BC. A close examination of the Septuagint and the Masoretic Text (the early Hebrew text of the Old Testament) show slight variations. Were these errors in translation, or are the Septuagint and Masoretic Text based on slightly different Hebrew manuscripts? The discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls has helped to shed light on this question. Discovered in the region near the Dead Sea beginning in 1947, these scrolls are dated to as early as 200 BC and contain parts of every book in the Old Testament except Esther. It contains the complete . Comparisons of the Dead Sea Scrolls to the Masoretic Text and the Septuagint show that where there are differences between the Masoretic Text and the Septuagint, approximately 95% of those differences are shared between the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Masoretic text, while only 5% of those differences are shared between the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Septuagint. Does this mean that the Septuagint is unreliable and that our Old Testament is wrought with contradictory sources? No. It is imperative to

Jewish Scriptures – Septuagint - Tanahk

note that these “variations” are extremely minor (i.e., grammatical errors, spelling differences or missing words) and do not affect the meaning of sentences and paragraphs. (An exception is the , in which the actual passages are arranged differently.) None of the differences, however, come close to affecting any area of teaching or doctrine. The majority of the Septuagint, Masoretic Text and the Dead Sea Scrolls are remarkably similar and have dispelled unfounded theories that the Biblical text has been corrupted by time and conspiracy. Furthermore, these variations do not call into question the infallibility of God in preserving His word. Although the original documents are inerrant, translators and scribes are human beings and are thus prone to making slight errors in translation and copying (Hebrew scribal rules attest to how exacting scribes were). Even then, the Bible has redundancy built into its text, and anything significant is told more than once. If grammatical mistakes were introduced that makes a point unclear, it would be clarified in several other places in scripture.

Septuagint - Dramatic Evidence for the Credibility of Messianic Prophecy The Septuagint and the Dead Sea Scrolls establish a very dramatic piece of evidence for Christianity – that the Old Testament prophecies of the coming Messiah unquestionably predated the time that Jesus Christ walked the earth. All theories of 1st Century AD conspiracies and prophecy manipulation go out the door when we realize that prophetic scripture like Isaiah 53 and Psalm 22 were fixed in written form at least 100 years before Christ, and probably many more. Again, despite time, persecution, and the incredibly minor instances of scribal mistakes, the Septuagint is just another example of how the Biblical text has remained faithful in its message and theme. The Holy Bible is truly a divinely inspired and preserved letter from God that is deserving of our time and attention.

MORE ON DEAD SEA SCROLLS - The greatest manuscript discovery of all . The discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls (DSS) at Qumran in 1947-1949 had significant effects in corroborating evidence for the Scriptures. The ancient text, found hidden in pots in cliff-top caves by a monastic religious community, confirm the reliability of the Old Testament book Isaiah and thousands of fragments, representing every Old Testament book except Esther. The manuscripts date from the third century BC to the first century AD and give the earliest window found so far into the texts of the Old Testament books and their predictive prophecies. The Qumran texts have become an important witness for the divine origin of the Bible, providing further evidence against the criticism of such crucial books as Daniel and Isaiah. Dating the Manuscripts. Carbon-14 dating is a reliable form of scientific dating when applied to uncontaminated material several thousand years old. Results indicated an age of 1917 years with a 200-year (10%) variant. Paleography (ancient writing forms) and (spelling) indicated that some manuscripts were inscribed before 100BC William Albright set the date of the complete to around 100 BC stating that there can happily not be the slightest doubt in the world about the genuineness of the manuscript. Archaeological Date. Collaborative evidence for an early date came from archaeology. Pottery accompanying the manuscripts was late Hellenistic (150-63 BC) and Early Roman (63 BC – 100 AD). Coins found in the monastery ruins proved by their inscriptions to have been minted between 135 BC and AD 135). The weave and pattern of the cloth supported an early date. There is no reasonable doubt that the Qumran manuscripts came from the century before Christ and the first century AD. Significance of the Dating. Previous to the Dead Sea Scrolls the earliest known manuscript of the Old Testament was the Masoretic Text (AD 900) and two others (dating about AD 1000) from which, for example, the King James version of the Old Testament derived its translation. Perhaps most would have considered the Masoretic text as a very late text and therefore questioned the reliability of the Old Testament wholesale. The Dead Sea Scrolls eclipse these

Jewish Scriptures – Septuagint - Tanahk

texts by 1,000 years and provide little reason to question their reliability, and further, present only confidence for the text. The beauty of the Dead Sea Scrolls in the close match they have with the Masoretic Test giving demonstrable evidence of reliability and preservation of thee authentic text through the centuries. So the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls provides evidence for the following: 1. of the Hebrew Test. 2. Support for the Masoretic Text 3. Support for the Greek translation of the Hebrew Text (the Septuagint). Since the New Testament often quotes from the Greek Old Testament, the Dead Sea Scrolls furnish the with further confidence for the Masoretic texts in this area where it can be tested.

Info gathered from Wikipedia Torah Is a central concept in the Jewish tradition. It has a range of meanings: it can most specifically mean the first five books of the Tanakh, it can mean this plus the rabbinic commentaries on it, it can mean the continued narrative from Genesis to the end of the Tanakh, it can even mean the totality of Jewish teaching and practice. Common to all these meanings, Torah consists of the foundational narrative of the Jewish people: their call into being by God, their trials and tribulations, and their with their God, which involves following a way of life embodied in a set of religious obligations and civil (). תורה) In the word Torah denotes both the five books, Torah Shebichtav Torah" ,פה שבעל תורה) Torah that is written"), and an , Torah Shebe'al Peh" ,שבכתב that is spoken"). The Oral Torah consists of the traditional interpretations and amplifications handed down by word of mouth from generation to generation and now embodied in the and . According to religious tradition, all of the teachings found in the Torah, both written and oral, were given by God to , some of them at Mount Sinai and others at the , and all the teachings were written down by Moses, which resulted in the Torah we have today. According to a Midrash, the Torah was created prior to the creation of the world, and was used as the blueprint for Creation. The majority of Biblical scholars believe that the written books were a product of the Babylonian exilic period (c. 600 BCE) and that it was completed by the Persian period (c. 400 BCE).

Aquila A very literal and accurate translation of the Hebrew Old Testament into Greek produced around A.D. 130 by Aquila of Sinope, a Hellenist who had become a convert to Judaism.

Aquila Ponticus 2d cent., Jewish translator of the Old Testament from Hebrew into Greek. The characteristic feature of Aquila's version was its extremely literal rendering of the Hebrew. No complete specimen exists. Aquila is said to have been a convert from Christianity and a disciple of Akiba ben .

Saint Aquila of Sinope (2nd century A. D.) was a native of Pontus, celebrated for a very literal and accurate translation of the Old Testament into Greek. Epiphanius (De Pond. et Mens. c. 15) preserves a tradition that he was a kinsman of the Emperor Hadrian, who employed him in rebuilding Jerusalem (as Aelia Capitolina), and that Aquila was converted to Christianity but,

Jewish Scriptures – Septuagint - Tanahk

on being reproved for practicing astrology, apostatized to Judaism. He is said also to have been .עקילם a disciple of Rabbi Aqiba (d. A.D. 132) and seems to be referred to in Jewish writings as

Aquila's version is said to have been used in place of the Septuagint in Greek-speaking synagogues. The Christians generally disliked it, alleging that it rendered the Messianic passages incorrectly, but Jerome and speak in its praise. Origen incorporated it in his .

The Septuagint derives its name from the Latin versio septuaginta interpretum, "translation of the seventy interpreters", However, it was not until the time of (354–430 CE (AD (A Christian 4th century )) that the Greek translation of the Jewish scriptures came to be called by the Latin term Septuaginta The Roman numeral LXX (seventy) is commonly used as an abbreviation.

Pre-Christian Jews, and considered the Septuagint on equal standing with the Hebrew Masoretic text. Manuscripts of the Septuagint have been found among the Qumran Scrolls in the Dead Sea, and were thought to have been in use among Jews at the time.

Starting approximately in the 2nd century CE, several factors led most Jews to abandon use of the LXX. The earliest Christians of necessity used the LXX, as it was at the time the only Greek version of the Bible, and most, if not all, of these early non-Jewish Christians could not read Hebrew. The association of the LXX with a rival religion may have rendered it suspect in the eyes of the newer generation of Jews and Jewish scholars.[20] Instead, Jews used Hebrew/Aramaic Targum manuscripts later compiled by the Masoretes; and authoritative Aramaic translations, such as those of Onkelos and Rabbi Yonathan ben Uziel.[31]

What was perhaps most significant for the LXX, as distinct from other Greek versions, was that the LXX began to lose Jewish sanction after differences between it and contemporary Hebrew scriptures were discovered (see above). Even Greek-speaking Jews tended less to the LXX, preferring other Jewish versions in Greek, such as that of the 2nd-century Aquila translation, which seemed to be more concordant with contemporary Hebrew texts While Jews have not used the LXX in worship or religious study since the 2nd century CE, recent scholarship has brought renewed in it in the field of Judaic Studies.

The relationship between the apostolic use of the Old Testament, for example, the Septuagint and the now lost Hebrew texts (though to some degree and in some form carried on in Masoretic tradition) is complicated. The Septuagint seems to have been a major source for the , but it is not the only one. St. Jerome offered, for example, Matt 2:15 and 2:23, John 19:37, :38, 1 Cor. 2:9. as examples not found in the Septuagint, but in Hebrew texts. (Matt 2:23 is not present in current Masoretic tradition either, though according to St. Jerome it was in Isaiah 11:1.) The New Testament writers, when citing the Jewish scriptures, or when quoting Jesus doing so, freely used the Greek translation, implying that Jesus, his Apostles and their followers considered it reliable.[

Jewish Scriptures – Septuagint - Tanahk

In the Early Christian Church, the presumption that the Septuagint was translated by Jews before the era of Christ, and that the Septuagint at certain places gives itself more to a christological interpretation than 2nd-century Hebrew texts was taken as evidence that "Jews" had changed the Hebrew text in a way that made them less christological. For example, concerning Isaiah 7:14: The Septuagint clearly writes of a virgin (Greek παρθένος) that shall conceive.[35] While the Hebrew text was, according to Irenaeus, at that time interpreted by and Aquila (both of the Jewish ) as a young woman that shall conceive. According to Irenaeus, the used this to claim that Joseph was the (biological) father of Jesus. From Irenaeus' point of view that was pure heresy, facilitated by (late) anti-Christian alterations of the scripture in Hebrew, as evident by the older, pre-Christian, Septuagint.[36]

When Jerome undertook the revision of the Old Latin translations of the Septuagint, he checked the Septuagint against the Hebrew texts that were then available. He broke with church tradition and translated most of the Old Testament of his from Hebrew rather than Greek. His choice was severely criticized by Augustine, his contemporary; a flood of still less moderate criticism came from those who regarded Jerome as a forger. While on the one hand he argued for the superiority of the Hebrew texts in correcting the Septuagint on both philological and theological grounds, on the other, in the context of accusations of heresy against him, Jerome would acknowledge the Septuagint texts as well.[37] With the passage of time, acceptance of Jerome's version gradually increased until it displaced the Old Latin translations of the Septuagint.[20]

The Eastern Orthodox Church still prefers to use the LXX as the basis for translating the Old Testament into other . The Eastern Orthodox also use LXX untranslated where Greek is the liturgical language, e.g. in the Orthodox Church of Constantinople, the and the Cypriot Orthodox Church. Critical translations of the Old Testament, while using the Masoretic Text as their basis, consult the Septuagint as well as other versions in an attempt to reconstruct the meaning of the Hebrew text whenever the latter is unclear, undeniably corrupt, or ambiguous.[20] For example, the Foreword says, "... only when this (the Masoretic Text) presents insuperable difficulties have emendations or other versions, such as the ... LXX, been used."[38] The Translator's to the New International Version says: "The translators also consulted the more important early versions (including) the Septuagint ... Readings from these versions were occasionally followed where the MT (Masoretic) seemed doubtful ..."[3

Modern scholarship holds that the LXX was written during the 3rd through 1st centuries BCE. But nearly all attempts at dating specific books, with the exception of the Pentateuch (early- to mid-3rd century BCE), are tentative and without consensus.[8]

The oldest manuscripts of the LXX include 2nd century BCE fragments of Leviticus and Deuteronomy (Rahlfs nos. 801, 819, and 957), and 1st century BCE fragments of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, and the Minor ( nos. 802, 803, 805, 848, 942, and 943). Relatively complete manuscripts of the LXX postdate the Hexaplar rescension and include the from the 4th century CE and the of the 5th century. These are indeed the oldest surviving nearly complete manuscripts of the Old Testament in any language; the oldest extant complete Hebrew texts date

Jewish Scriptures – Septuagint - Tanahk

some 600 years later, from the first half of the 10th century.[20][50] The 4th century also partially survives, still containing many texts of the Old Testament.[51] While there are differences between these three codices, scholarly consensus today holds that one LXX—that is, the original pre-Christian translation—underlies all three. The various Jewish and later Christian revisions and recensions are largely responsible for the divergence of the codices.[8]

The Leningrad Codex (or Codex Leningradensis) The oldest complete manuscript of the in Hebrew, using the masoretic text and Tiberian vocalization.[1] It is dated AD 1008 (or possibly AD 1009) according to its colophon.[2] The , against which the Leningrad Codex was corrected, is several decades older, but parts of it have been missing since 1947, making the Leningrad Codex the oldest complete codex of the Tiberian mesorah that has survived intact to this day. In modern times, the Leningrad Codex is significant as the Hebrew text reproduced in Biblia Hebraica (1937) and Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia (1977). It also serves scholars as a primary source for the recovery of details in the missing parts of the Aleppo Codex. In 1935, the Leningrad Codex was lent to the Old Testament Seminar of the University of Leipzig for two years while Paul E. Kahle supervised its transcription for the Hebrew text of the third edition of Biblia Hebraica (BHK), published in Stuttgart, 1937. The codex was also used for Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia (BHS) in 1977, and is being used for (BHQ). As an original work by Tiberian masoretes, the Leningrad Codex was older by several centuries than the other Hebrew manuscripts which had been used for all previous editions of printed Hebrew until Biblia Hebraica. The Westminster Leningrad Codex is an online digital version of the Leningrad Codex maintained by the J. Alan Groves Center for Advanced Biblical Research at the Westminster Theological Seminary. This is a verified electronic version of BHS, with further proofreading and corrections. The online version includes transcription notes and tools for analyzing syntax.

Book of Isaiah The first of the Latter Prophets in the Hebrew Bible and the first of the Major Prophets in English bibles.[1] The oldest surviving manuscripts of Isaiah are two scrolls found among the Dead Sea Scrolls; dating from about a century before the time of Jesus, they are substantially identical with the Masoretic version which forms the basis of most modern English-language versions of the book.[2] Isaiah identifies itself as the words of the 8th century Isaiah ben , but there is ample evidence that much of it was composed during the Babylonian exile and later.[3] The scholarly consensus which held sway through most of the 20th century saw three separate collections of oracles:[4] Proto-Isaiah (chapters 1–39), containing the words of Isaiah; Deutero- Isaiah (chapters 40–55), the work of an anonymous 6th-century author writing during the Exile; and Trito-Isaiah (chapters 56–66), composed after the return from exile.[5] While one part of the consensus still holds – virtually no one maintains that the entire book, or even most of it, was written by one person – this perception of Isaiah as made up of three rather distinct sections underwent a radical challenge in the last quarter of the 20th century.[4] A great deal of current research concentrates on the book's essential unity, with –33 projecting judgment and for Judah, Jerusalem and the nations, and chapters 34–66

Jewish Scriptures – Septuagint - Tanahk

presupposing that judgment has already taken place and restoration is at hand.[6] It can thus be read as an extended on the destiny of Jerusalem into and after the Exile.[7] The scholarly consensus which held sway through most of the 20th century saw three separate collections of oracles in the book of Isaiah.[4] A typical outline based on this understanding of the book sees its underlying structure in terms of the identification of historical figures who might have been their authors:[8] 1–39 – Proto-Isaiah, containing the words of the original Isaiah; 40–55 – Deutero-Isaiah, the work of an anonymous Exilic author; 56–66 – Trito-Isaiah, an anthology of about twelve passages.[9] While one part of the consensus still holds – virtually no one maintains that the entire book, or even most of it, was written by one person – this perception of Isaiah as made up of three rather distinct sections underwent a radical challenge in the last quarter of the 20th century.[10] The newer approach looks at the book in terms of its literary and formal characteristics, rather than authors, and sees in it a two-part structure divided between chapters 33 and 34:[11] 1–33 – Warnings of judgment and promises of subsequent restoration for Jerusalem, Judah and the nations; 34–66 – Judgement has already taken place and restoration is at hand.

Hebrew Bible A term that refers to the Tanakh (Jewish canon) in relation to the many Christian biblical canons. In its Latin form, Biblia Hebraica, it traditionally serves as a title for printed editions of the Masoretic Text.

Meaning of Codex A codex (Latin caudex for "trunk of a tree" or block of wood, book; plural codices) is a book made up of a number of sheets of paper, vellum, papyrus, or similar, with hand-written content,[1] usually stacked and bound by fixing one edge and with covers thicker than the sheets, but sometimes continuous and folded concertina-style. The alternative to paged codex format for a long document is the continuous scroll. Examples of folded codices are the Maya codices. Sometimes the term is used for a book-style format, including modern printed books but excluding folded books.

Jewish Scriptures – Septuagint - Tanahk

2017 - USE THIS PAGE WHILE STUDYING VERSIONS OF THE OT. Masoretic Text (MT) ☑ Written in 200 BC ☑ Written in Hebrew ☑ Call Tanakh (Hebrew Bible)(OT) ☑ Torah 1st 5 books of Jewish Tanakh ☑ King James Version written in 900-1000 AD using Masoretic Text ☑ The current text of the Bible per www.myjewishlearning.com/article/the-masoretic-text/ was established by the Masorete ben Asher in in 930 CE and this is known as the the Masoretic Text (abbreviated in scholarly works as MT). (Me: this is not the Masoretic Text found with the Dead Sea Scrolls)

Leningrad Codex ☑ Oldest complete Hebrew bible dated 900 – 1000 AD

Dead Sea Scrolls: ☑ Complete book of Isaiah found in Dead Sea Scrolls is dated 100 BC. ☑ Some manuscripts of the Septuagint found with the Dead Sea Scrolls ☑ Isaiah 53 and Psalm 22 in the Septuagint written at least 100 years before Christ.

Septuagint (LXX) dated 300-200 (or 100) BC – translated Hebrew Scriptures into Greek ☑ Translated by 72 Jewish scholars. ☑ Christians who spoke Greek used this in the first few centuries after Jesus’ death. ☑ NT writers used this most often when quoting Hebrew Bible (OT). ☑ Stopped being use in 200AD by most Jews because they associated it with Christianity. ☑ Jews later also using Hebrew/Aramaic Targum manuscripts (in place of the Septuagint) compiled by the Masoretes; and authoritative Aramaic translations, such as those of Onkelos and Rabbi Yonathan ben Uziel.(450 AD) ☑

Aquila of Sinope (Christian who converted to Judaism) ☑ He wrote Greek version of Tanakh around 130 AD.

Jewish Scriptures – Septuagint - Tanahk