(STORIA ANTICA) Ciclo XIX Settore Scientifico

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

(STORIA ANTICA) Ciclo XIX Settore Scientifico Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna DOTTORATO DI RICERCA in STORIA (STORIA ANTICA) Ciclo XIX Settore scientifico disciplinare di afferenza: L–ANT/03 TITOLO della TESI ASPETTI DI VITA QUOTIDIANA, RELIGIOSA, MILITARE E CIVILE IN BRITANNIA E LUNGO IL VALLO DI ADRIANO. Presentata da: Annachiara Iliceto Coordinatore Dottorato Relatore Chiar.ma Prof.ssa Angela Donati Chiar.ma Prof.ssa Angela Donati Esame finale anno 2009 INDICE INTRODUZIONE pag. 1 ELENCO DELLE PRINCIPALI SIGLE E ABBREVIAZIONI PRESENTI NEL TESTO. pag. 5 CAPITOLO I: LA BRITANNIA DALLE ORIGINI ALLA COSTRUZIONE DELLA FRONTIERA. pag. 7 CAPITOLO II: FORME DI RELIGIOSITA’ E PRATICHE CULTUALI NELLA BRITANNIA ROMANA E NELLA ZONA DEL VALLUM HADRIANI . pag. 41 CAPITOLO III: MILITARI E CIVILI LUNGO IL VALLUM HADRIANI. RACCONTI DI VITA QUOTIDIANA DAL SITO DI VINDOLANDA. pag . 116 CONCLUSIONI pag. 151 APPENDICI pag. 153 BIBLIOGRAFIA pag. 263 INTRODUZIONE L’arrivo delle insegne di Roma in Britannia, e dunque sul territorio della provincia soprattutto idealmente più remota dell’Impero, determinò, anche in questo settore del mondo antico, l’inizio di un profondo e significativo processo culturale, economico e sociale, orientato verso il cambiamento e la progressiva riduzione delle distanze (fisiche, appunto, e ideali), tra il centro politico e storico di quel mondo, e le sue periferie. Conquistare nuovi orizzonti, significava attuare logiche umane, e rendere operative dinamiche sociali che avevano esiti e tempi di maturazione diversi, a seconda della realtà con la quale Roma si confrontava volta per volta. La Britannia fu un banco di prova difficile e particolare, per il suo essere terra di frontiera sotto ogni aspetto, e dal momento che proprio in Britannia sembrò fatalmente avverarsi quel consilium coercendi intra terminos imperii che già suonava nel testamento spirituale di Augusto al suo successore Tiberio, quando Roma non aveva ancora conosciuto il suo momento di massima espansione, e ancora forse appariva reale il sogno antico che voleva il confine dell’Urbe uguale a quello dell’orbe. Di fatto la stagione della grande conquista, dopo aver toccato l’apogeo sotto Traiano, si esaurì, e nello spazio si impresse il segno tuttora visibile del traguardo raggiunto e non più oltrepassato, se non in forme e modi che poco assomigliavano agli slanci delle epoche passate. In Britannia, il Vallo di Adriano e il più settentrionale Vallo di Antonino, sono appunto questo: testimonianze al tempo stesso del lungo raggio dell’espansione di Roma, ma anche del tramonto dell’ imperium sine fine . La lunga vicenda di occupazione della Britannia da parte delle truppe romane, ebbe decisive conseguenze sul tessuto sociale della provincia che si trovò gradualmente 1 coinvolta in una profonda trasformazione delle proprie strutture e nell’inevitabile processo di assimilazione di elementi appartenenti al bagaglio culturale, economico, politico e religioso dei conquistatori, in una dialettica di scambio non priva di momenti di tensione, spesso connessi con l’indole di questi fieri abitanti di una terra tanto lontana dal bacino del Mediterraneo. L’analisi di alcuni aspetti legati alle forme nelle quali si attuò la romanizzazione della Britannia, permette di constatare la vivacità di questo terreno d’indagine e di entrare in contatto con una documentazione che non cessa di restituire soprendenti testimonianze relative ad una umanità colta nelle pieghe infinite della propria essenza: il caso particolare di Vindolanda e delle sue tavolette, proietta la storia sociale del mondo antico in una dimensione sconosciuta all’ufficialità delle fonti canoniche, e offre molti spunti di riflessione sui rapporti tra la componente civile e militare di una provincia a forte impronta marziale quale fu la Britannia, a maggior ragione nella zona di frontiera del Vallum Hadriani . E a proposito della regione del Vallo, a queste ultime suggestioni se ne aggiungono altre, legate, per esempio, all’impatto visivo di un Muro che corre per chilometri marcando concretamente il confine non solo e non semplicemente materiale tra romanità e barbarie, per fare eco alle parole del biografo di Adriano nella Historia Augusta . Il rapporto tra conquistatori e conquistati, e le modalità con le quali si attuò in Britannia e soprattutto nella regione del limes il processo di imposizione del potere romano, rappresentano, nei vari aspetti in cui tale rapporto si esplicò, altri possibili rami d’indagine. All’effettiva realtà della natura violenta del potere imperiale, ribadita puntualmente dal Tacito degli Annales e confermata da una linea di conquista come quella attuata in Britannia da Agricola che non disdegnò il ricorso al massacro di intere popolazioni, si affianca l’immagine di un’altra realtà: quella di un limes costituito da un muro con 2 insediamenti aperti verso l’interno, accampamenti con vaste aree civili, attestazioni di sentimento civico e di culti non solo locali, oltre all’attaccamento a forme militari e strutturali proprie di una romanità in via di assimilazione. Le ricostruzioni moderne di botteghe antiche visibili nei complessi archeologici dislocati lungo il Vallo, inducono oggi a pensare a una graduale accettazione, da parte dei fieri e bellicosi Britanni, della presenza statale romana, anche in considerazione delle possibilità materiali e suntuarie da essa offerte. I soldati concentrati sul confine potrebbero allora essere considerati la chiave di volta all’interno di questo delicato processo, che ebbe come esito fondamentale la nascita di una vera Britannia romana. Per le sigle utilizzate nel testo, relative a repertori, riviste e opere enciclopediche, si faccia riferimento all’elenco delle principali abbreviazioni riportato a pag. 5. Per quanto riguarda i luoghi geografici citati, si tenga invece presente, per quanto possibile, la cartina riportata a pag. 6. Desidero ringraziare quanti, con il loro aiuto, hanno in vario modo contribuito alla realizzazione di questa tesi di Dottorato: in primo luogo la Prof. Angela Donati, mia tutor , alle cui lezioni di epigrafia militare lungo la frontiera britannica dell’Impero romano, durante gli anni dell’università, risale l’interesse per l’argomento qui affrontato, e la Prof. Daniela Rigato, costante punto di riferimento nello svolgimento della ricerca e sempre prodiga di preziosi consigli; i docenti del Dipartimento di Storia Antica dell’Università di Bologna, alla cui consulenza nei settori specifici di studio, ho fatto tante volte ricorso. Ringrazio inoltre i giovani colleghi del Dipartimento: la Dott. Erica Filippini e il Dott. Giovanni Assorati, ai quali devo la revisione di alcune sezioni di questa tesi e dai quali ho 3 imparato molto, e il Dott. Nicola Cervellati che mi ha gentilmente fornito fotografie originali della zona oggetto di studio nel presente lavoro. Un ringraziamento è rivolto infine al Dott. Lorenzo Cuppi del Dipartimento di Teologia dell’Università di Durham che dalla…lontana Britannia…, ha provveduto all’invio di utili indicazioni bibliografiche e alla scansione di alcune delle immagini presenti in queste pagine. Dedico questa tesi di Dottorato alla memoria di mio padre. Bologna, Marzo 2009 4 ELENCO DELLE PRINCIPALI SIGLE E ABBREVIAZIONI PRESENTI NEL TESTO AE L’Année épigraphique, 1888- ANRW H. Temporini, W. Haase (ed.), Aufstieg Niedergang der römischen Welt, Berlin, 1972- CIL Corpus Inscriptiorum Latinarum, Berlin, 1862- (in particolare il vol. VII, ed. E. Heubner, Inscriptiones Britanniae Latinae, Berlin, 1873) EE Ephemeris Epigraphica, I- IX, 1872- 1913. III, pp. 113-155, additamenta prima ad CIL VII (1877), III, pp. 311- 318, addit. secunda (1877), IV, addit. tertia (1881), ed. E. Heuebner. VII, addit. quarta (1892), IX, addit. quinta(1913), ed. F. Haverfield ILS H. Dessau (ed.), Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae. Berlin, 1892- 1916 JRS Journal of Roman Studies PIR; PIR² Prosopographia imperii romani saec. I, II, III, P. von Rhoden, H. Dessau (edd.), Berlin 1898; Prosopographia imperii romani saec. I, II, III , E. Groag, A. Stein, L. Peteresen, K. Wachtel (edd.), Berlin 1933- RIB, I; RIB, II R.G. Collingwood, R. P. Wright, The Roman Inscriptions of Britain, I, Inscriptions on Stone Oxford, 1965; The Roman Inscripitons of Britain, II, Instrumentum Domesticum (8 monografie; Oxford, 1990-1995) Tab. Vindol. I A.K. Bowman, J.D. Thomas, Vindolanda: the Latin Writing-tablets, Britannia, Monograph 4. London, 1983 Tab. Vindol. II A.K. Bowman, J.D. Thomas, The Vindolanda writing-tablets (Tabulae Vindolandenses II) London, 1994 5 Britannia romana: rete stradale, insediamenti militari e civili (ripr. fot. da G.Riccioni, Nuove prospettive dell’archeologia romana della Britannia, Roma, 1975, p. 8) 6 I LA BRITANNIA DALLE ORIGINI ALLA COSTRUZIONE DELLA FRONTIERA. Un punto di partenza imprescindibile per la nostra conoscenza della Britannia e dei suoi abitanti, è il racconto del primo approdo delle insegne di Roma oltre la Manica avvenuto su iniziativa di Giulio Cesare in due riprese, nel 55 e nel 54 a.C. Probabilmente questa impresa era nei progetti del futuro dittatore già dal 56, quando tuttavia le schermaglie fomentate dagli Armorici, sconsigliarono ai Romani di tentare la sorte su altri fronti, tanto più insidiosi in quanto pressoché totalmente oscuri: non solo le genti e le terre da queste ultime abitate aldilà del continente sembravano immerse in un mistero fitto come le nebbie perenni che le avvolgevano, ma quello stesso braccio di mare, largo in fondo non più di cinquanta chilometri, alimentava leggende e paure poiché proiettato totalmente al di fuori dell’ecumene
Recommended publications
  • Appendix 1 Damona
    Appendix 1 Damona Gallia Belgica Inscriptions 1. Bourbonne-les-Bains Deo Apol|lini Boruoni | et Damonae. | C(aius) Daminius | Ferox, ciuis | Lingonus, ex | uoto. « To the god Apollo Boruo and to Damona. Caius Daminius Ferox, Lingo citizen, after a vow. » Ivory marble stele, damaged on the bottom left side. Height: 15.7 cm, width: 12.6 cm. CIL XIII, 5911 = ILing 200 = D 4656 According to ILing, this text proves that Boruo is assimilated to Apollo. For the nomen Daminius: Schulze 1966: 240 and Solin-Salomies 1994: 66. For the Latin cognomen, Ferox: Kajanto 1965: 267 and Solin-Salomies 1994: 331. The dedicant had the tria nomina of a Roman citizen and at the same time, he said that he was a lingo citizen. According to ILing, that double citizenship was nothing but normal. Date: c. 2nd century AD. 2. Bourbonne-les-Bains Boruoni et [Da]|monae. C(aius) Ia[…]|[…]nius Ro|manus, (L)in|g(onus), pro salu|te Cocillae | fil(iae), ex uoto. « To Boruo and to Damona. Caius Ia…nius Romanus, Lingo, (made this monument) for his daughter Cocilla’s sake, after a vow.» Grey oolithic limestone stele. Height: 38 cm, width at the bottom: 50 cm, depth: 13 cm. CIL XIII, 5916 = ILing 203 According to ILing, a hesitation is possible between Iatinus and Latinus for the nomina. For these nomina: Schulze 1966: 176 et 522, and Solin-Salomies 1994: p. 95 and 102. The father Romanus had a Latin cognomen: Kajanto 1965: p. 182 and Solin-Salomies 1994: 392. Cocilla, the daughter, had a cognomen that could be Latin or Celtic.
    [Show full text]
  • THE SUN, the MOON and FIRMAMENT in CHUKCHI MYTHOLOGY and on the RELATIONS of CELESTIAL BODIES and SACRIFICE Ülo Siimets
    THE SUN, THE MOON AND FIRMAMENT IN CHUKCHI MYTHOLOGY AND ON THE RELATIONS OF CELESTIAL BODIES AND SACRIFICE Ülo Siimets Abstract This article gives a brief overview of the most common Chukchi myths, notions and beliefs related to celestial bodies at the end of the 19th and during the 20th century. The firmament of Chukchi world view is connected with their main source of subsistence – reindeer herding. Chukchis are one of the very few Siberian indigenous people who have preserved their religion. Similarly to many other nations, the peoples of the Far North as well as Chukchis personify the Sun, the Moon and stars. The article also points out the similarities between Chukchi notions and these of other peoples. Till now Chukchi reindeer herders seek the supposed help or influence of a constellation or planet when making important sacrifices (for example, offering sacrifices in a full moon). According to the Chukchi religion the most important celestial character is the Sun. It is spoken of as an individual being (vaúrgún). In addition to the Sun, the Creator, Dawn, Zenith, Midday and the North Star also belong to the ranks of special (superior) beings. The Moon in Chukchi mythology is a man and a being in one person. It is as the ketlja (evil spirit) of the Sun. Chukchi myths about several stars (such as the North Star and Betelgeuse) resemble to a great extent these of other peoples. Keywords: astral mythology, the Moon, sacrifices, reindeer herding, the Sun, celestial bodies, Chukchi religion, constellations. The interdependence of the Earth and celestial as well as weather phenomena has a special meaning for mankind for it is the co-exist- ence of the Sun and Moon, day and night, wind, rainfall and soil that creates life and warmth and provides the daily bread.
    [Show full text]
  • The Language(S) of the Callaeci Eugenio R
    e-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies Volume 6 The Celts in the Iberian Peninsula Article 16 5-3-2006 The Language(s) of the Callaeci Eugenio R. Luján Martinez Dept. Filología Griega y Lingüística Indoeuropea, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.uwm.edu/ekeltoi Recommended Citation Luján Martinez, Eugenio R. (2006) "The Language(s) of the Callaeci," e-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies: Vol. 6 , Article 16. Available at: https://dc.uwm.edu/ekeltoi/vol6/iss1/16 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by UWM Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in e-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies by an authorized administrator of UWM Digital Commons. For more information, please contact open- [email protected]. The Language(s) of the Callaeci Eugenio R. Luján Martínez, Dept. Filología Griega y Lingüística Indoeuropea, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Abstract Although there is no direct extant record of the language spoken by any of the peoples of ancient Callaecia, some linguistic information can be recovered through the analysis of the names (personal names, names of deities, ethnonyms, and place-names) that occur in Latin inscriptions and in ancient Greek and Latin sources. These names prove the presence of speakers of a Celtic language in this area, but there are also names of other origins. Keywords Onomastics, place-names, Palaeohispanic languages, epigraphy, historical linguistics 1. Introduction1 In this paper I will try to provide a general overview of the linguistic situation in ancient Callaecia by analyzing the linguistic evidence provided both by the literary and the epigraphic sources available in this westernmost area of continental Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • Fragile Gods: Ceramic Figurines in Roman Britain Volume 1
    Fragile Gods: Ceramic Figurines in Roman Britain Volume 1 Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Archaeology, University of Reading Matthew G. Fittock December 2017 Declaration I certify that this is my own work and that use of material from other sources has been properly and fully acknowledged in the text. I have read the University’s definition of plagiarism and the department’s advice on good academic practice. I understand that the consequence of committing plagiarism, if proven and in the absence of mitigating circumstances, may include failure in the Year or Part or removal from the membership of the University. I also certify that neither this piece of work, nor any part of it, has been submitted in connection with another assessment. Signature: Date: i Abstract As small portable forms of statuary, pipeclay objects provide a valuable insight into the religious beliefs and practices of the culturally mixed populations of the Roman provinces. This thesis provides a complete catalogue of the nearly 1000 published and unpublished pipeclay objects found in Britain, including figurines, busts, shrines, animal vessels and masks. This research is the first study of this material conducted since the late 1970s. Pipeclay objects were made in Gaul and the Rhine-Moselle region but not in Britain. Attention thus focuses on where and how the British finds were made by analysing their styles, types, fabrics and any makers’ marks. This reveals how the pipeclay market in Britain was supplied and how these objects were traded, and suggests that cultural rather than production and trade factors were more influential on pipeclay consumption in Britain.
    [Show full text]
  • Isurium Brigantum
    Isurium Brigantum an archaeological survey of Roman Aldborough The authors and publisher wish to thank the following individuals and organisations for their help with this Isurium Brigantum publication: Historic England an archaeological survey of Roman Aldborough Society of Antiquaries of London Thriplow Charitable Trust Faculty of Classics and the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge Chris and Jan Martins Rose Ferraby and Martin Millett with contributions by Jason Lucas, James Lyall, Jess Ogden, Dominic Powlesland, Lieven Verdonck and Lacey Wallace Research Report of the Society of Antiquaries of London No. 81 For RWS Norfolk ‒ RF Contents First published 2020 by The Society of Antiquaries of London Burlington House List of figures vii Piccadilly Preface x London W1J 0BE Acknowledgements xi Summary xii www.sal.org.uk Résumé xiii © The Society of Antiquaries of London 2020 Zusammenfassung xiv Notes on referencing and archives xv ISBN: 978 0 8543 1301 3 British Cataloguing in Publication Data A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background to this study 1 Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data 1.2 Geographical setting 2 A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the 1.3 Historical background 2 Library of Congress, Washington DC 1.4 Previous inferences on urban origins 6 The moral rights of Rose Ferraby, Martin Millett, Jason Lucas, 1.5 Textual evidence 7 James Lyall, Jess Ogden, Dominic Powlesland, Lieven 1.6 History of the town 7 Verdonck and Lacey Wallace to be identified as the authors of 1.7 Previous archaeological work 8 this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
    [Show full text]
  • Funde Und Ausgrabungen Im Bezirk Trier 23, 1991
    Zwei römische Bronzeinschriften vom Barsberg, Kr. Daun Weihung und Patronatstafel (?) Sehr viel seltener als Inschriften auf Stein sind uns Inschriften auf Bronze aus der Römerzeit erhalten geblieben. Und dabei bergen gelegentlich gerade Bronzeinschriften Dokumente eines besonderen Inhaltes. Außer für Kleinin­ schriften wurden in römischer Zeit Bronzetafeln zur Beurkundung wichtiger Rechtsakte verwandt. Aus Trier ist so zum Beispiel jüngst der Rest eines Militärdiploms, der Entlassungsurkunde eines wohl einheimischen Soldaten aus dem römischen Militärdienst mit einhergehender Bürgerrechtsverleihung, bekannt geworden (Binsfeld). Etwas zahlreicher sind auch aus unserer Region Weihinschriften auf Bronze, die eine Verehrung der Götter bezeugen. Auf dem zur Gemeinde Bongard (Kr. Daun) gehörigen Barsberg sind nun im Sommer 1988 zwei römerzeitliche Bronzetafeln mit Inschriften gefunden worden. Die Fundstelle ist bekannt als vorgeschichtliche Befestigungsanlage, die in römischer Zeit auch in den Wirren um 275 n. Chr. und in der 1. Hälfte des 4. Jahrhunderts erneut aufgesucht worden ist (Gilles 224 f.). Bereits beim ersten Anblick drängt sich der Eindruck auf, daß beide Tafeln in irgendeiner 'Form zusammengehören. Die erste Tafel (Abb. 1-2) trägt eine vollständig erhaltene Weihinschrift auf der Vorderseite (Abb. 1). Die Tafel ist 8,6 x 7,3 cm groß bei einer Dicke von 1,8 mm durchschnittlich. Die Tafel ist wohl vor dem Eingravieren der In­ schrift zurechtgeschnitten worden. Die vollständige Inschrift nimmt mit ihren Zeilenenden und Worttrennungen auf die Ränder und einen abgearbeiteten älteren Streifen unter der Oberkante Rücksicht. Zu lesen ist: Deo Marti Vol/mioni L(ucius) Ac/ceptius Minu/sus ex voto Dem Gott Mars Volmio hat Lucius Acceptius Minusus auf Grund eines Gelübdes (die Weihung dargebracht).
    [Show full text]
  • This Pdf of Your Paper in TRAC 2013 Belongs to the Publishers Oxbow Books and It Is Their Copyright
    This pdf of your paper in TRAC 2013 belongs to the publishers Oxbow Books and it is their copyright. As author you are licenced to make up to 50 offprints from it, but beyond that you may not publish it on the World Wide Web until three years from publication (March 2017), unless the site is a limited access intranet (password protected). If you have queries about this please contact the editorial department at Oxbow Books ([email protected]). An offprint from TRAC 2013 Proceedings of the Twenty-Third Annual THEORETICAL ROMAN ARCHAEOLOGY CONFERENCE which took place at King’s College London 4–6 April 2013 edited by Hannah Platts, John Pearce, Caroline Barron, Jason Lundock, Justin Yoo Paperback Edition: ISBN 978-1-78297-690-5 Digital Edition: ISBN 978-1-78297-691-2 © Oxbow Books 2014 Oxford and Philadelphia www.oxbowbooks.com Published in the United Kingdom in 2014 by OXBOW BOOKS 10 Hythe Bridge Street, Oxford OX1 2EW and in the United States by OXBOW BOOKS 908 Darby Road, Havertown, PA 19083 © Oxbow Books and the individual contributors 2014 Paperback Edition: ISBN 978-1-78297-690-5 Digital Edition: ISBN 978-1-78297-691-2 A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission from the publisher in writing. For a complete list of Oxbow titles, please contact: United Kingdom United States OF America Oxbow Books Oxbow Books Telephone (01865) 241249, Fax (01865) 794449 Telephone (800) 791-9354, Fax (610) 853-9146 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] www.oxbowbooks.com www.casemateacademic.com/oxbow Oxbow Books is part of the Casemate Group Cover Illustration: Marble head of Mithras from the Temple of Mithras, London.
    [Show full text]
  • Names-In-Myfarog1.Pdf
    Names Mythic Fantasy Role-playing Game Below is a list of common Jarlaætt and Þulaætt first Hâvamâl stanza 43 names in Þulê. Most of the masculine names can be turned into feminine names by adding a feminine “Vin sînum ending or by exchanging the masculine (-us, -i et cetera) ending with a feminine ending. E. g. Axius skal maðr vinr vera, becomes Axia and Ailill becomes Aililla. Players with religious characters can come up with a name for their þeim ok þess vin; character's father and then add “-son” or “-dôttir” (“daughter”) to find his or her surname. Players with en ôvinir sîns traditional characters can come up with a name for their character's mother and then add “-son” or “- skyli engi maðr dôttir” to find his or her surname. vinar vinr vera.” The common name combination in Þulê includes: First Name+Surname+(af) Tribe name+(auk) Nationality. (You shall be friend E. g.; Rhemaxa (a woman) Acciusdôttir (her father's with your friend name+dôttir, so we know she is religious) af Zumi (her and his friends; but no man shall ever tribe) auk Tawia (her nationality). (“Af” means “of” be friend and “auk” means “and”.) It is in Þulê expected from with the friend of an enemy.) everyone that when they meet strangers they first of all introduce themselves with their full name. Jarlaætt & Þulaætt Ailill (-a) Annius (-a) Atilius (-a) From A to Æ Ainstulfus (-a) Ansprandus (-a) Atreus (-a) Aburius (-a) Airgetmar (-a) Api (♀ ) Atrius (-a) Acamas (-a) Alahisus (-a) Appuleius (-a) Atrius (-a) Accius (-a) Alalius (-a) Aquillius (-a) Atronius (-a) Acilius
    [Show full text]
  • CHRISTOPHER HITCHENS Aator Del Aclamado Dios No Es Bueno Dios No Existe
    LECTURAS ESENCIALES PARA EL NO CREYENTE escogidas y presentadas por CHRISTOPHER HITCHENS aator del aclamado Dios no es bueno Dios no existe Lecturas esenciales para el no creyente CHRISTOPHER HITCHENS La editorial ha intentado por todos 10s medios localizar y contactar a 10s propietarios de 10s derechos de 10s textos a uireproducidos. Si, apesar de ello, existen errores u omisiones, la editorij se compromete a subsanar en futuras ediciones aauellos aue le Sean advertidos. reconociendo tarnbiin la titularidad de 10s bropietirios de 10s derechos de reproducci6n y su de- recho a percibir las remuneraciones que pudieran ~orres~onderles. Crkditos y permisos en la pig. 649 Titulo original: The Portable Atheist Primera edici6n: mayo de 2009 O 2007, Christopher Hitchens, por la introducci6n O 2009, de la presente edici6n en castellano para Espafia y Amirica Latina: Random House Mondadori, S. A. Travessera de Gricia, 47-49. 08021 Barcelona Quedan prohibidos, dentro de 10s limites establecidos en la ley y bajo 10s apercibimientos legalmente previstos, la reproducci6n total o parcial de esta obra por cualquier rnedio o procedimiento, ya sea electr6nico o me- cinico, el tratamiento informbtico, el alquiler o cualquier otra forma de cesi6n de la obra sin la autorizaci6n previa y por escrito de 10s titulares del copyright. Dirijase a CEDRO (Centro Espafiol de Derechos Reprogri- ficos, http:llwww.cedro.org) si necesita fotocopiar o escanear algun frag- mento de esta obra. Printed in Spain - Impreso en Espaiia ISBN: 978-84-8306-824-3 Dep6sito legal: M-12.240-2009 Compuesto en Fotocomposici6n 2000, S. A. Impreso y encuadernado en DCdalo Offset Ctra.
    [Show full text]
  • Gottheit (99) 1 Von 10
    Gottheit (99) Suche Startseite Profil Konto Gottheit Zurück zu Witchways Diskussionsforum Themenübersicht Neues Thema beginnen Thema: Gottheit Thema löschen | Auf dieses Thema antworten Es werden die Beiträge 1 - 30 von 97 angezeigt. 1 2 3 4 Shannah Witchways Abnoba (keltische Muttergöttin) Abnoba war eine keltische Muttergöttin und personifizierte den Schwarzwald, welcher in der Antike den Namen Abnoba mons trug. Mythologie Sie galt als Beschützerin des Waldes, des Wildes und der Quellen, insbesondere als Schutzpatronin der Heilquellen in Badenweiler. Wild und Jäger unterstanden ihrem Schutz. Nach der bei der Interpretatio Romana üblichen Vorgehensweise wurde sie von den Römern mit Diana gleichgesetzt, wie etwa eine in Badenweiler aufgefundene Weiheinschrift eines gewissen Fronto beweist, der damit ein Gelübde einlöste. Wahrscheinlich stand auf dem Sockel, der diese Inschrift trägt, ursprünglich eine Statue dieser Gottheit. Ein in St. Georgen aufgefundenes Bildwerk an der Brigachquelle zeigt Abnoba mit einem Hasen, dem Symbol für Fruchtbarkeit, als Attribut. Tatsächlich wurden in Badenweiler auch Leiden kuriert, die zu ungewollter Kinderlosigkeit führten, und in den Thermen dieses Ortes war ungewöhnlicherweise die Frauenabteilung nicht kleiner als die für Männer. Abnoba dürfte für die Besucher von Badenweiler also vor allem als Fruchtbarkeitsgottheit gegolten haben. vor etwa einem Monat Beitrag löschen Shannah Witchways Aericura (keltische Totengottheit) Aericura ist eine keltisch-germanische Fruchtbarkeits- und Totengottheit. Mythologie Aericura, auch Aeracura, Herecura oder Erecura, ist eine antike keltisch-germanische (nach einigen Theorien jedoch ursprünglich sogar eine illyrische) Gottheit. Sie wird zumeist mit Attributen der Proserpina ähnlich dargestellt, manchmal in Begleitung eines Wolfs oder Hundes, häufig jedoch auch mit ruchtbarkeitsattributen wie Apfelkörben. Manchmal wird Aericura als Fruchtbarkeitsgottheit gedeutet, häufig jedoch eher als Totengöttin.
    [Show full text]
  • CELTIC MYTHOLOGY Ii
    i CELTIC MYTHOLOGY ii OTHER TITLES BY PHILIP FREEMAN The World of Saint Patrick iii ✦ CELTIC MYTHOLOGY Tales of Gods, Goddesses, and Heroes PHILIP FREEMAN 1 iv 1 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries. Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America. © Philip Freeman 2017 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above. You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer. CIP data is on file at the Library of Congress ISBN 978–0–19–046047–1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed by Sheridan Books, Inc., United States of America v CONTENTS Introduction: Who Were the Celts? ix Pronunciation Guide xvii 1. The Earliest Celtic Gods 1 2. The Book of Invasions 14 3. The Wooing of Étaín 29 4. Cú Chulainn and the Táin Bó Cuailnge 46 The Discovery of the Táin 47 The Conception of Conchobar 48 The Curse of Macha 50 The Exile of the Sons of Uisliu 52 The Birth of Cú Chulainn 57 The Boyhood Deeds of Cú Chulainn 61 The Wooing of Emer 71 The Death of Aife’s Only Son 75 The Táin Begins 77 Single Combat 82 Cú Chulainn and Ferdia 86 The Final Battle 89 vi vi | Contents 5.
    [Show full text]
  • The Cimbri of Denmark, the Norse and Danish Vikings, and Y-DNA Haplogroup R-S28/U152 - (Hypothesis A)
    The Cimbri of Denmark, the Norse and Danish Vikings, and Y-DNA Haplogroup R-S28/U152 - (Hypothesis A) David K. Faux The goal of the present work is to assemble widely scattered facts to accurately record the story of one of Europe’s most enigmatic people of the early historic era – the Cimbri. To meet this goal, the present study will trace the antecedents and descendants of the Cimbri, who reside or resided in the northern part of the Jutland Peninsula, in what is today known as the County of Himmerland, Denmark. It is likely that the name Cimbri came to represent the peoples of the Cimbric Peninsula and nearby islands, now called Jutland, Fyn and so on. Very early (3rd Century BC) Greek sources also make note of the Teutones, a tribe closely associated with the Cimbri, however their specific place of residence is not precisely located. It is not until the 1st Century AD that Roman commentators describe other tribes residing within this geographical area. At some point before 500 AD, there is no further mention of the Cimbri or Teutones in any source, and the Cimbric Cheronese (Peninsula) is then called Jutland. As we shall see, problems in accomplishing this task are somewhat daunting. For example, there are inconsistencies in datasources, and highly conflicting viewpoints expressed by those interpreting the data. These difficulties can be addressed by a careful sifting of diverse material that has come to light largely due to the storehouse of primary source information accessed by the power of the Internet. Historical, archaeological and genetic data will be integrated to lift the veil that has to date obscured the story of the Cimbri, or Cimbrian, peoples.
    [Show full text]