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Learning from Participatory Vulnerability Assessments – Key to Identifying Ecosystem Based Adaptation Options

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Learning from Participatory Vulnerability Assessments – Key to Identifying Ecosystem Based Adaptation Options Learning from Participatory Vulnerability Assessments – key to identifying Ecosystem based Adaptation options Ali Raza Rizvi, Edmund Barrow, Florencia Zapata, Anelí Gómez, Karen Podvin, Sophie Kutegeka, Richard Gafabusa, and Anu Adhikari December 2016 Learning from Participatory Vulnerability Assessments – key to identifying Ecosystem based Adaptation options1 Ali Raza Rizvi2, Edmund Barrow2, Florencia Zapata3, Anelí Gomez3, Karen Podvin2, Sophie Kutegeka2, Richard Gafabusa2, and Anu Adhikari2 1. Introduction The accelerating rate of climate change causes catastrophic effects globally that impact human livelihoods, economies and ability to sustain populations all over the world. The effects of climate change, such as rising sea level and species loss, have led to the decline of ecosystems that threaten the wellbeing of human societies. Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) is an approach to enhance human resilience to climate change, through the use of biodiversity conservation and ecosystem management. This approach aims to reduce ecosystem vulnerability, impacts of climate change on biodiversity, as well as increase the capacity of the ecosystem for resilience. Healthy ecosystems are more resilient and can better resist the negative effects of climate change, thus supporting human societies that depend on them directly (e.g. for food, water) and indirectly (e.g. for removal of pollutants, carbon storage). Assessments of ecosystems are vital in order to measure and target appropriate areas and efficiently use resources for EbA projects. Vulnerability Assessments (VAs) are a useful tool to measure the stability of a particular ecosystem as well as the vulnerability of human communities. It has proven to be essential in the planning and implementation of EbA projects that foster adaptation and mitigation to deal with the negative impacts of climate change. Participatory planning combines the involvement of field experts and local community members in order to obtain reliable information on the ecosystem(s) and communities of focus. Community perceptions of local climate related problems allow communities, practitioners and policy makers, to directly address community impacts, through the process of vulnerability assessments. VAs use a combination of qualitative and quantitative data to understand how socio-ecological systems respond to climate change. Rapid rural appraisal involves experts working with local communities and working together to better understand the local situation and problems they are facing, as well as working together to identify solutions based on local priorities and knowledge with the support of scientific information and technologies, through methods such as, transect walks, focus group discussions, and seasonal trends. Part 1 This paper has been developed based on the Flagship Mountain EbA project implemented globally by UNEP, UNDP and IUCN with funding from the BMUB Climate Initiative of the German Government. 2 International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). 3 The Mountain Institute (TMI), IUCN’s implementing partner in Peru. 2 of the EbA process, the no-regret approach, focuses on maximizing positive and minimizing negative aspects of nature based adaptation strategies and options (ref. IUCN EbA Technical Paper No-regret Actions Lima Cop 20). The combination of community input and diagnosis, expert observations and analysis and data allow for an accurate assessment of a community’s resilience to climate change, resulting in effective and efficient subsequent adaptation. Introduction to Peru The Nor Yauyos-Cochas Landscape Reserve (NYCLR) is located in the Andean highlands in the southern part of the Lima and Junín regions and is one of the two landscape reserves in the System of Protected Natural Areas (SINANPE). Its main goal is to conserve the Cañete and Pachacayo River watersheds (important rivers for hydroelectricity), which include various ecosystems in an area of great landscape beauty and unique value (INRENA, 2006). The reserve has an area of 221,268.48 ha, of which 62.1% is located in the Cañete River watershed and 37.9% in the Cochas-Pachacayo basin (MINAM, 2011). The NYCLR’s geomorphology is dominated by landscapes with high mountains (between 2,000 and 5,800 meters above sea level), steep slopes and hillsides, as well as deep valleys (MINAM, 2011). There are 19 communities located within the limits of the reserve, divided into 12 districts, with around 14,919 inhabitants (INEI, 2007). This reserve is mainly classified as a direct-use protected area, in which natural resource extraction and use are allowed ‒ such as grasslands for pastoralism activities which is the main livelihood, and water resources for hydropower ‒ primarily by the local populations in the areas defined in the management plan (Q’Apiriy, 2012). It falls within IUCN’s protected area category V4. Land tenure in the reserve is mostly communal; private farms are obtained by communal landholders’ agreements, inheritance, or estate sale and purchase (INRENA, 2006). Land use is according to the reserve’s guidelines. The community of Canchayllo is located in the Jauja Province, Junín Region (Map 1). Founded in 1942, the community has around 800 inhabitants; it has an area of 7,650 ha ranging between 3600 m and 5700 m above sea level. Their main livelihood is livestock farming (mainly sheep), although many families supplement their income with other activities (e.g. employment with nearby hydro-electric company). The community is part of the Cochas-Pachacayo watershed, which drains into the Mantaro River (TMI, 2014c). The community of Miraflores is located in the Yauyos Province, Lima Region (Map 1). Founded in 1925, it covers an area of 17,385 hectares ranging between 3,000 m and 5,400 m above sea level and belongs to the Cañete River watershed. It has around 100 inhabitants. Their main livelihood is cattle farming, together with small scale cultivated agriculture. In this community, there is a high level of migration and a low birth rate (TMI, 2014a). 4 ‘A protected area where the interaction of people and nature over time has produced an area of distinct character with significant ecological, biological, cultural and scenic value: and where safeguarding the integrity of this interaction is vital to protecting and sustaining the area and its associated nature conservation and other values’ (IUCN, 2014). 3 Figure 1. Map of the Nor Yauyos-Cochas Landscape Reserve where the Mountain EbA Project is implemented in Peru; Canchayllo and Miraflores communities are where the no-regret adaptation measures have been implemented (IUCN, 2014). As these communities rely primarily on livestock farming and subsistence agriculture for their livelihoods, access to water and pastures is essential. According to local stakeholders, the reserve has been experiencing increasing pressures, mainly due to grassland overuse by the local people and changes in precipitation patterns. Low agricultural production, especially of native crops, associated with the loss of traditional knowledge and the lack of market access has led to the migration of the local population, especially youth. This migration (especially high during the 1980s and 1990s), along with other market- driven factors, led many households to shift from a livelihood consisting of a variety of agricultural activities towards less labour-intensive cattle farming. This shift towards cattle farming, along with weak community organization and dense cattle distribution5, is causing degradation of the native grassland ecosystem in certain areas (Podvin et al., 2015). According to the Vulnerability Impact Assessment (VIA) for the NYCLR and its buffer area6, there is a high level of uncertainty regarding climate trends and future scenarios for the Reserve (FDA, 2013). The most precise projections indicate that temperatures will increase between 0.61°C and 1.12°C between 2011 and 2030. Trends indicate no changes in annual rainfall, but changes in precipitation patterns will occur, as well as a reduction in surface water runoff (Ibid, 2013). The potential scenarios for the NYCLR suggest changes in hydrological patterns that may affect grassland and water resources, which are vital for livestock-dependent communities. 5 In addition to this, a number of households have migrated to the cities, but have bought cattle and have their family members taking care of them in the reserve, which has increased the livestock population. 6 Conducted as part of the Mountain EbA Project in Peru and led by UNEP (See FDA, 2013). 4 The Mountain EbA Project has been implemented in the NYCLR since 2012. Its aim is to reduce the vulnerability of the reserve’s populations to climate change and increase their capacity for resilience through the EbA7 approach (Mountain EbA Project, 2014). As part of component 3, related to the design and implementation of EbA measures and capacity building activities on the ground, IUCN, in alliance with its implementing partner, The Mountain Institute (TMI) have been implementing no-regret8 EbA measures in the communities of Canchayllo and Miraflores within the NYCLR. Why this participatory process in Peru? If we expect to design an effective adaptation measure, we have to give locals the leadership in the process of understanding and analysing their situation, identifying and designing the measures and developing them. This ownership of the process is essential in order to gain both effectiveness and sustainability. Role of external practitioners and scientists is mostly that of
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