i Baseline Survey on “Rebuilding Confidence on Land Issues in Somalia” Baseline Survey on “Rebuilding Confidence on Land Issues in Somalia” ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgement v Executive summary 1 1. Introduction 2 1.1. Land issues in Somalia 2 1.2. Study overview and objectives 4 1.2. 1. Scope of the study 5 2. Methodology 12 2.1. Approach 6 2.2. Field phase 6 2.3. Study sites 6 2.4. Sampling procedures 6 2.4.1. Household survey 6 2.4.2. Key Informant Interviews 7 2.4.3. Focus Group Discussions 7 2.5. Sample size 7 2.5.1. Household survey 7 2.5.2. Key Informant Interviews 7 2.5.3. Focus Group Discussions 7 2.6. Data collection 8 2.6.1. Training of field teams 8 2.6.2. Household interviews 8 2.6.3. Focus Group Discussions 8 2.6.4. Key Informant Interviews 9 2.7. Data management and analysis 9 3. Characteristics of sampled households 10 3.1. Household characteristics 10 3.2. Household composition 10 3.3. Household food compositionby district, gender and livelihood 14 3.4. Social Safety Nets 15 3.5 Employment 16 3.6 Household Enterprise: Proportion of households owning private businesses 17 4. Land Indicators 18 4.1. Access to the land use 18 4.1.1. Crop farming 19 4.1.2. Livestock keeping 20 4.2. Land tenure 22 4.3. Land acquisition 24 4.4. Land rights 26 4.5. Land size 28 4.6. Land conflicts 29 4.7. Conflict actors 30 5. Observations and Findings 31 5.1. Land acquisition and distribution 31 5.2. Land ownership 31 5.3. Land laws and rights 32 5.4. Land conflict management 33 5.5. Comments and Suggestions 34 6. Conclusion 34 7. Recommendations 35 8. Annexes 35 9. References 35 Baseline Survey on “Rebuilding Confidence on Land Issues in Somalia” iii List of Figures Figure 2‑1: Household Sampling Approach 6 Figure 2‑2: Focus Group Discussions 16 Figure 2‑3: Key Informant Interviews 17 Figure 3‑1: Average household dietary diversity score 22 Figure 3‑3: Social safety net indicators by district 24 Figure 3‑4: Social safety networks by livelihood 25 Figure 4‑2: land acquisition by land use activity 41 Figure 4‑4: Land conflicts experienced by households 52 List of Tables Table 1‑1: Total species number and number of endemic species among plant, mammal and birds in Somalia and neighbouring countries 3 Table 2.1 Household survey Sample size7 Table 2‑2: Sample size for Key Informant Interviews 7 Table 2‑3: Sample size for the Focus Group Discussions 7 Table 3‑1: Household charecteristics by district 10 Table 3‑2: Household composition by district 11 Table 3‑3: Household composition by gender 12 Table 3‑4: Household composition by livelihood 13 Table 3‑5: Social safety net indicators by gender 15 Table 3‑6: Employment by district 16 Table 3‑7: Employment by gender 17 Table 3‑8: Employment by Livelihood 17 Table 4‑1: Access to land and land use activities by household head gender 18 Table 4‑2: Access to land and land use activities by district 18 Table 4‑3: Access to land and land use activities by livelihood group 19 Table 4‑4: Crops farmed by district 20 Table 4‑5: Crops farmed by livelihood groups 20 Table 4‑6: Livestock keeping by household head gender 21 Table 4‑7: Livestock keeping by district 21 Table 4‑8: Livestock keeping by livelihood 22 Table 4‑9: Land tenure by land use activity and household head gender 22 Table 4‑10: Land tenure by land use activity and district 23 Table 4‑11: Land tenure by land use activity and livelihood group 23 Table 4‑12: Land acquisition by land use activity and household head gender 24 Table 4‑13: Land acquisition by land use activity and district 25 Table 4‑14: Land acquisition by land use activity and livelihood group 25 Table 4‑15: Land rights by land use activity and district 26 Table 4‑16: Land rights by land use activity and livelihood group 27 Table 4‑17: Average land size (in Ha) by land use activity and household head gender 28 Table 4‑18: Average land size (in Ha) by land use activity and district 28 Table 4‑19: Average land size (in Ha) by land use activity and livelihood groups 28 Table 4‑20: Land conflict experienced in the past 12 months by household head gender 29 Table 4‑21: Land conflict experienced in the past 12 months by district 30 Table 4‑22: Land conflict experienced in the past 12 months by livelihood group 30 Table 4‑23: Trespassing conflict players by household head gender 30 Table 4‑24: Use of resources conflict by household gender 30 Baseline Survey on “Rebuilding Confidence on Land Issues in Somalia” iv ACRONYMS Acronyms FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FGD Focus Group Discussion IDPs Internally Displaced Persons KII Key Informant Interview NGO Non-Governmental Organization ODK Open Data Kit SCRS Savana Consultancy and Research Services Ltd Baseline Survey on “Rebuilding Confidence on Land Issues in Somalia” v ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This report was commissioned by FAO Somalia and the draft was prepared by Savana Consultancy and Research Services Ltd (SCRS). Special gratitude goes to the M&E and Land project teams of FAO Somalia in the Nairobi and Somalia offices for their input and support during preparation and implementation of the study. Similarly we express gratitude to the SCRS field teams that carried out the data collection meticulously despite the insecurity and difficult weather conditions. Thanks go to the local authorities and the communities of the study area who welcomed the research team and cooperated in providing the information needed Last but not least, we wish to acknowledge the European Union for generously funding the project, “Rebuilding confidence on land issues in Somalia” as well as this study. Baseline Survey on “Rebuilding Confidence on Land Issues in Somalia” vi Baseline Survey on “Rebuilding Confidence on Land Issues in Somalia” 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Background: The land baseline study has been undertaken under the project, “Rebuilding confidence on land issues in Somalia” that has been generously funded by the European Union. The study was conducted between March and May 2016. The main objective of the study was collection of baseline data on access, use of land and land disputes in Somalia. Sampling areas: The study was undertaken in Togdheer, Awdal, Marodijeh and Gabiley regions of Somaliland, and Gedo region of South Central Somalia. The sampling frame consisted of all beneficiary households in the districts of Hargeisa, Burao, Borama, Odweyne, Gabiley, Baki, and Sheikh in Somaliland, and Dolow in Gedo region. Methodology: The Data was collected electronically using the Open Data Kit (ODK) mobile data collection system. Thereafter, the data was electronically transferred to the FAO Nairobi office daily after confirmation and validation of the data quality by the supervisors in the field. A total of 635 households were interviewed, together with 24 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and 25 Key Informant Interviews (KIIs). Key Findings: The study findings showed there are apparent differences between regions and districts within each region. Gender differences in the number of animals kept, particularly cattle and camels were observed. In addition, few female‑headed households cropped non‑traditional crops more than male‑headed households. According to the analysis, social safety networks were not predominant in the districts. The common form of land tenure was individual ownership according to the household interviews. Seventy five percent of the respondents have experienced a form of land conflict in the last 12 months. A breakdown by gender of the respondents showed that 74% of the male respondents and 77% of the female respondents reported having experienced some form of land conflict and this was apparent in Gabiley and Hargeisa areas. Trespassing and land enclosure were the most common forms of land conflicts experienced in the areas of these two districts. From the household data, it was reported that title deeds are the most common form of land ownership rights regardless of the land use activity and gender of household. Moreover, clan dispute played more prominent roles when it came to conflicts related to the use of resources. Although the results show similar pattern in terms of land use activities, male‑headed households owned more land on average than female‑headed households. Recommendations a) There is need for interventions targeting land conflict resolutions in some of the areas where land disputes were reported such as Hargeisa and Gabiley area. Therefore, based on the analysis, it is recommended that the interventions on land access and use should be tailored to specific districts because there are distinct differences between districts. b) Farmers should be encouraged to diversify crops grown to increase food security and resilience, particularly in Baki, Burao and Odweyne. c) Social safety networks should be scaled up to build communities’ and households resilience. d) Households in Baki, Borama and Hargeisa should be trained and supported by the governmental institutions such as Ministry of Agriculture, and/or local and International Non‑Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in soil improvement and soil erosion control strategies. e) Appropriate policies should be developed and institutionalised to help solve land related conflicts. Conclusion: Land conflict issues, particularly related to trespassing and encroachment can be mitigated by developing policies that makes it mandatory that sufficient space is allocated for access roads and road network during land demarcation . Proper demarcation will also address the conflicts association with encroachment into community. Baseline Survey on “Rebuilding Confidence on Land Issues in Somalia” 2 1.