DOCSLIB.ORG

Sepia Pharaonis Ehrenberg, 1831 Under Laboratory Conditions

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sepia Pharaonis Ehrenberg, 1831 Under Laboratory Conditions Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences Vol. 44(4), April 2015, pp. 609-613 Studies on the embryonic development of pharaoh’s cuttlefish Sepia pharaonis Ehrenberg, 1831 under laboratory conditions Deepak Samuel.V* 1,2 & Jamila Patterson1 1Suganthi Devadason Marine Research Institute, 44, Beach Road, Tuticorin 628 001, India. 2National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management (NCSCM), Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt. of India, Koodal Building, Anna University Campus, Chennai 600 025, India. *[E-mail: [email protected]] Received 6 June 2013; revised 9 July 2013 Pharaoh’s cuttlefish Sepia pharaonis was raised from laboratory spawned eggs in fiber glass tanks. This work was attempted to understand and document day wise embryonic developmental changes for easy identification. Hatching process took 13 days for a mini adult-like hatchling (paralarva) to squeeze out of the eggs. Digital microphotographs and line drawings are presented for the stages of development. [Keywords: Sepia pharaonis, Pharaoh’s cuttlefish, embryonic development, cephalopod life cycle, laboratory rearing] Introduction funded by DANIDA, Denmark. Spawning was Embryonic development is a continuous process initiated when the female started to deposit her eggs and the identification of a particular developmental on the nylon net provided that was suspended to a stage is still arbitrary1. Characteristic changes take stone. Brood stock had 96 eggs deposited in 3 place within the embryo till the time of hatching. This clusters. The day at which the eggs were deposited is possible only if the physical, chemical and the was considered day one. Spawned eggs were biological parameters are in synchrony with one separated from the substrata and transferred to 150 another. Laboratory conditions should be identical to litres capacity fiberglass tanks. Eggs were removed the natural conditions for successful development and from the cluster individually and suspended in hatching. Numerous zoologists have studied the perforated plastic baskets of 16 cms diameter at the embryonic phase of the cephalopod life cycle since base and 20 cms at the brim region. Water the middle of the nineteenth century. For temperature in the rearing tanks did not show notable embryological studies, cephalopod eggs have always variation and was maintained at 28 ± 0.5 °C been of particular interest because they are very large throughout the experiment. Salinity was maintained at and permit observation of many details of 36 ppt and constantly monitored with the help of a embryogenesis in vivo at low microscopic refractometer. The entire study period ranged for 13 magnifications2. In the present study, embryonic days. development of Sepia pharaonis was observed from Regular observation was made on the spawned day 1(time from when the eggs were deposited) till eggs from day 1 till the day of hatching. Eggs were the day of hatching under laboratory conditions. The measured for their length, width, size of the embryo formation of different organs like eyes, arms, ink sacs and yolk in order to understand the growth differences and chromatophores were clearly recorded in the yolk and the embryo. All distinctive changes corresponding to the day of their appearance on were observed carefully under a dissection embryo. microscope. Embryos were preserved everyday in Materials and Methods 90% alcohol and were later photographed with the Laboratory-spawned eggs were studied daily for help of a microscope mounted with NIKON E 990 the post- spawning development. The study was Digital camera with a resolution of 4 megapixels. conducted during July 2002 as an ongoing initiative Certain characteristic changes were also recorded as of Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) 610 INDIAN J. MAR. SCI., VOL. 44, NO. 4, APRIL 2015 line drawings. this seems to be the growing edge of the layer of ectoderm. Results Anal knoll, shell gland, primordia of anterior A total of 96 eggs were laid by the wild female in 3 funnel fold and primordia of posterior funnel fold clusters on the nylon net that was suspended by a start to appear by day 3. At day 4, appearance of the stone. The egg capsules were transparent, soft, primordia of arms, tentacles and characteristic eyes gelatinous and bulbous in shape and measured 21 x 14 start appearing (Fig.3). A clear albuminous fluid mm size. All eggs have a forked basal stalk and these called the Perivitelline fluid fills the space between stalks were attached together as a cluster. Incubation the eggshell and the yolk. This fluid is not seen at the period was for 13 days during which each egg capsule initial stages of development but from the fourth day became larger, transparent and fragile growing of development, the fluid bathes the developing maximum in size at the time of hatching. At the time embryo. At day 6, gills and anal knoll becomes more of deposition, the eggs measured 21 x 14 mm in size prominent with the ink sac (IS) seen as a spot on the and during the time of hatching they were 24 x 17 mm ventral side of the animal (Fig. 4). Chromatophores in size (Table. 2). start appearing from day 8 as scattered spots (Figs. 5 Once the eggs were laid, changes by gastrulation and 6) throughout the body. Cuttlebone prevents the were noticed. Pre-organogenesis began from day 1 translucent mantle from displaying the ink sac which where the blastoderm formation was visible, further is a major drawback for tracing the ink sac at metamorphosing into two layers by means of a development. It is possible to see a black spot (ink complex process called “Gastrulation“. This further sac) only on the ventral side of the animal (Figs. 7 and developed into visible primordium of the shell gland 8). A miniature adult-like appearance can be noticed (PSG) and primordium of the optic vesicle (PO) (Fig. on day 10 and during day 11, pigmentation becomes 1). At day 2, separation of the blastoderm into more prominent, retina is black in colour, fins more ectodermal and mesodermal germ layers takes place. widely split near the tip of the cuttlebone spine area Blastoderm covers one tenth of the egg size and (Fig. 9). Premature hatching is witnessed when a slowly increases. After the completion of this mechanical shock is transmitted to the eggs. Usually process, organogenesis begins. A clear oval mantle premature animals are weak and are easily susceptible slowly starts to develop towards the end of day 2 (Fig. to bacterial infection. 2). Sl.No Author Year Species Incubation Days 1. Nabhitabhata 1997 Sepiella inermis 8 – 19 days 2. Sakai and Brunetti 1997 Illex argentinus 6 – 7 days 3. Segawa et al., 1998 Loligo forbesi 68 – 75 days 4. Sakai et al., 1998 Illex argentinus 340 h 5. Nabhitabhata and Nilaphat 1999 Sepia pharaonis 9 – 25 days 6. Sakai et al., 1999 Illex argentinus 40 – 60 days 7. Pringennies et al., 2000 Loligo duvauceli 3 – 4 weeks 8. Villanueva 2000 Loligo vulgaris 1 – 15 days 9. Samuel and Patterson 2002 Sepioteuthis lessoniana 18 – 20 days et al., Sepia pharaonis 10. Anil 2005 15 days Table.1. Embryonic studies by various authors The yolk is also considerably reduced with an As the embryo grows, the space inside the eggshell increase in the size of the developing embryo. enlarges and the shell itself is stretched and pushed Premature hatchlings often swim with little yolk out. It hollows out a place for itself in the surrounding followed by inking for a few seconds. Ink gland was gelatinous matter but both the outer and inner surfaces found to be functional even in the embryos, just of the eggshell are well marked and clearly visible. before hatching. Any mechanical shock to the culture The blastoderm occupies a considerable area while tanks results in inking within the egg capsule. The th two parallel lines start appearing around the yolk. embryo attained maximum size of 11 mm on the 13 This takes place during the latter part of the day and day with a decrease in yolk to 2 mm (Table. 2). SAMUEL AND PATTERSON: EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT OF SEPIA PHARAONIS 611 During the tenth day, the pigmentation becomes more yolk. At day 10, the arm 4 appears as two faint prominent. The chromatophores that initially swellings (Fig. 9) on the base of the fused tentacles, appeared to be pale became darker leading to a bluish visible only from the ventral side. Branchial hearts is pink pigmentation all over the body towards the final visible along with heart – gill complex. stages. Bluish pink pigmentation is characteristic for Sepia pharaonis when compared to other cuttlefishes Discussion (Fig. 10). Details in development help us to distinguish the The first arm starts to develop slowly followed by differences between closely related species of the second and the third arms (Fig. 9). The tentacles cephalopods. Some important works carried out for and the sucker primordia were visible from the eighth the embryonic development of cuttlefishes and squids day onwards and the arms were short overlying the are tabulated in table 1. Embryonic development was 612 INDIAN J. MAR. SCI., VOL. 44, NO. 4, APRIL 2015 documented, as it was possible to hatch the cuttlefish over the eye. Respiration was visible the naked eye normally under laboratory conditions. The duration of (pulsation transmitted by the branchial hearts) from embryonic development is always temperature day 6 onwards (Fig.4). Anal papillae become more dependent between species. Incubation period ranges prominent in day 11 embryos where the embryo between 9 to 25 days (average of 14.3 days) at about measured 10 mm with a reduced yolk of 3 mm 28 C for Sepia pharaonis3 and 160 days at 12C for (Table–1). Sepia apama4. Laboratory rearing experiments carried The yolk sac in the cephalic region is reduced to 2 out in India for Sepia pharaonis was 12 days for mm just before hatching.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Pharaoh Cuttlefish, Sepia Pharaonis, Genome Reveals Unique Reflectin
    fmars-08-639670 February 9, 2021 Time: 18:18 # 1 ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 15 February 2021 doi: 10.3389/fmars.2021.639670 Pharaoh Cuttlefish, Sepia pharaonis, Genome Reveals Unique Reflectin Camouflage Gene Set Weiwei Song1,2, Ronghua Li1,2,3, Yun Zhao1,2, Herve Migaud1,2,3, Chunlin Wang1,2* and Michaël Bekaert3* 1 Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China, 2 Collaborative Innovation Centre for Zhejiang Marine High-Efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China, 3 Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom Sepia pharaonis, the pharaoh cuttlefish, is a commercially valuable cuttlefish species across the southeast coast of China and an important marine resource for the world fisheries. Research efforts to develop linkage mapping, or marker-assisted selection have been hampered by the absence of a high-quality reference genome. To address this need, we produced a hybrid reference genome of S. pharaonis using a long-read Edited by: platform (Oxford Nanopore Technologies PromethION) to assemble the genome and Andrew Stanley Mount, short-read, high quality technology (Illumina HiSeq X Ten) to correct for sequencing Clemson University, United States errors. The genome was assembled into 5,642 scaffolds with a total length of 4.79 Gb Reviewed by: and a scaffold N of 1.93 Mb. Annotation of the S. pharaonis genome assembly Simo Njabulo Maduna, 50 Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy identified a total of 51,541 genes, including 12 copies of the reflectin gene, that enable Research (NIBIO), Norway cuttlefish to control their body coloration.
    [Show full text]
  • Taxonomical and Morphometric Studies on Sepia Pharaonis Ehrenberg, 1831(Cephalopoda: Sepioidea) from the Suez Gulf (Red Sea), Egypt
    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING (IJESE) Vol. 7: 11- 22 (2016) http://www.pvamu.edu/research/activeresearch/researchcenters/texged/ international-journal Prairie View A&M University, Texas, USA Taxonomical and morphometric studies on Sepia pharaonis Ehrenberg, 1831(Cephalopoda: Sepioidea) from the Suez Gulf (Red Sea), Egypt. Rafik Riad1; Manal Atta2; Youssef Halim2 and Noha Elebiary1 1- National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Alexandria branch, Egypt. 2- Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Egypt. ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article History Morphometric characters of male and female Sepia pharaonis Received: Feb.2016 were investigated for samples obtained from commercial trawling Accepted: April, 2016 vessels of Suez Gulf, Egypt. Samples were collected (850 Available online: Jan. 2017 individuals) between winter 2014 to autumn 2014.Measurements for _________________ the smallest and largest male and female specimens, mean and Keywords: Taxonomy number of parts showed negative allometric growth (slope less than Morphology 1). Generally, the coefficient of determination R for MW, HL, HW, Sepia pharaonis FL, FW, FU.L, FU.W, AL and TL (0.9766, 0.9551, 0.9767, 0.9965, Suez Gulf 0.9453, 0.9779, 0.9712, 0.9580, 0.9685), respectively, were high for Red Sea most measurements. Egypt The present study reported some additional characters for this species that were not recorded before from other previous descriptions 1. INTRODUCTION Cephalopods are characterized by their activity, intelligent carnivorous creatures with highly advanced visual and nervous system (Boyle and Rodhouse, 2005) .They are soft- bodied bilaterally symmetrical animals with a well-developed head and body that consists of the muscular undivided mantle, mantle cavity houses the internal organs and also houses the external fins when present.
    [Show full text]
  • Is Sepiella Inermis ‘Spineless’?
    IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS) e-ISSN:2278-3008, p-ISSN:2319-7676. Volume 12, Issue 5 Ver. IV (Sep. – Oct. 2017), PP 51-60 www.iosrjournals.org Is Sepiella inermis ‘Spineless’? 1 Visweswaran B * 1Department of Zoology, K.M. Centre for PG Studies (Autonomous), Lawspet Campus, Pondicherry University, Puducherry-605 008, India. *Corresponding Author: Visweswaran B Abstract: Many a report seemed to project at a noble notion of having identified some novel and bioactive compounds claimed to have been found from Sepiella inermis; but lagged to log their novelty scarcely defined due to certain technical blunders they seem to have coldly committed in such valuable pieces of aboriginal research works, reported to have sophistically been accomplished but unnoticed with considerable lack of significant finesse. They have dealt with finer biochemicals already been reported to have been available from S.inermis; yet, to one’s dismay, have failed to maintain certain conventional means meant for original research. This quality review discusses about the illogical math rooting toward and logical aftermath branching from especially certain spectral reports. Keywords: Sepiella inermis, ink, melanin, DOPA ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- Date of Submission: 16-09-2017 Date of acceptance: 28-09-2017 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- I. Introduction Sepiella inermis is a demersally 1 bentho-nektonic 2, Molluscan, cephalopod ‗spineless‘ cuttlefish species, with invaluable juveniles 3, from the megametrical Indian coast 4-6, as incidental catches in shore seine 7 & 8, as egg clusters 9 from shallow waters 1 after monsoon at Vizhinjam coast 10 and Goa coast 11 of India and sundried, abundantly but rarely 8. II.
    [Show full text]
  • Population Dynamics of the Pharaoh Cuttlefish Sepia Pharaonis (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) in the Arabian Sea Coast of Oman
    Indian J. Fish., 61(1) : 7-11, 2014 Population dynamics of the pharaoh cuttlefish Sepia pharaonis (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) in the Arabian Sea coast of Oman SAHAR FAHMY MEHANNA, LUBNA AL-KHARUSI*AND SAOUD AL-HABSI* National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, P.O. Box 182, Egypt *Marine Science and Fisheries Centre, P. O. Box 427, P. C. 100, Muscat, Oman e-mail : [email protected] ABSTRACT The stock of pharaoh cuttlefish Sepia pharaonis was assessed based on 4616 specimens (1895 males, 2051 females and 670 unsexed), collected during the demersal fishery survey in the Arabian Sea coast of Oman between September 2007 and August 2008 and from November 2011 to June 2012. Age and growth were studied based on length frequency data using Bhattacharya’s method. There was no significant difference in growth between sexes and the longevity was estimated to be five years for mantle length (ML) range 1.7 – 44 cm. The estimated von Bertalanffy growth parameters were ∞L = 46.21 cm ML, -1 K = 0.52 y and t0 = 0.1 y. The instantaneous rates of total (Z), natural (M) and fishing (F) mortalities were 2.57, 0.997 and 1.57 y-1 respectively with exploitation rate (E) of 0.61 and exploitation ratio (U) of 0.66. The estimated ML at first capture (Lc) was 12 cm, while the ML at first sexual maturity (Lm) was 19.60 cm. The yield per recruit model revealed that S. pharaonis stock in the Arabian Sea is heavily exploited, but has a scope to increase the yield by increasing the length at first capture to be not less than 20 cm ML.
    [Show full text]
  • POPULATION DYNAMICS of the HOODED CUTTLEFISH Sepia Prashadi (WINCKWORTH, 1936) from the OMANI COASTAL WATERS of the ARABIAN SEA
    7(1): 89-98 (2013) DOI: 10.3153/jfscom.2013010 Journal of FisheriesSciences.com E-ISSN 1307-234X © 2013 www.fisheriessciences.com RESEARCH ARTICLE ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE HOODED CUTTLEFISH Sepia prashadi (WINCKWORTH, 1936) FROM THE OMANI COASTAL WATERS OF THE ARABIAN SEA Sahar F. Mehanna∗, Dawood Al-Mamry Marine Science and Fisheries Centre, Muscat, OMAN Abstract: Basic population parameters of the hooded cuttlefish Sepia prashadi, in the Arabian Sea were described from samples collected during the demersal trawl survey of the Arabian Sea between September 2007 and August 2008. A total of 6869 S. prashadi with mantle lengths (ML) ranged from 3.4 to 21.2 cm were analyzed. Age and growth were studied using progression analysis model by applying Bhattacharya method. There were no significant differences in population parameters between sexes. The asymptotic ML was 24.13 cm, while the growth co- efficient K was 0.81/year and t0= -0.14 year. Mean total, natural and fishing mortalities were 3.66, 1.54 and 2.12 per year respectively. The exploitation ratio (E =0.58) suggests that the fishing pressure on S. prashadi in the Omani coastal waters is slightly high. Relative yield per recruit and relative biomass per recruit analysis showed that S. prashadi stock in the Arabian Sea is in its optimum situation as the current E is lower than that which gives the maximum Y’/R. For the management purpose and to reduce the risk due to the sampling bias, the current exploitation rate should be reduced by about 38% to achieve E0.5 as a target reference point and the present length at first capture should be raised to about 14 cm ML to conserve the first spawners of the stock.
    [Show full text]
  • Reproductive Biology of Sepia Pharaonis Ehrenberg, 1831(Cephalopoda: Sepioidea) from the Suez Gulf (Red Sea), Egypt
    Egypt. J. Aquat. Biol. & Fish., Vol. 19, No. 4: 91-102 (2015) ISSN 1110 – 6131 Reproductive Biology of Sepia pharaonis Ehrenberg, 1831(Cephalopoda: Sepioidea) from the Suez Gulf (Red Sea), Egypt. Rafik Riad1; Manal Atta2; Youssef Halim 2 and Noha ELebiary1 1- Marine Environment Division, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Alexandria Branch, Egypt. 2- Oceanography Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Egypt. ABSTRACT Reproductive biology of males and females of Sepia phraonis were investigated from samples obtained from commercial catch caught by local fishermen using trawling nets. The samples were seasonally collected (individuals) between winter 2014 to autumn 2014. The results of sex ratio indicated that females outnumbered males. The mean size at first maturity was 7cm and8.6cm dorsal mantel length (ML) for males and females respectively Based upon morphological features of the gonads and nidamental gland color change in female, five and four maturity stages for males and females were described, respectively. Depending on the proportion of each maturity stage, as well as various maturity indices (gonado-somatic index, G.S.I and nidamental-somatic index, N.S.I) the spawning season was found to take place during spring and summer and sometimes extends to autumn. So, it is recommended to reduce fishing activity during these periods. Keywords: Sepia pharaonis , reproductive biology . Suez Gulf, Red Sea, Egypt INTRODUCTION Class Cephalopoda comprises Cuttlefishes, Squids, Octopuses and Nutili. It embraces about 1000 known species and constitutes about 2.07% of phylum Mollusca (Hassan, 1974). Cephalopoda represents a significant worldwide fishery resource. According to Roper et al. (1984) the world total catch of cephalopod consists of 71.8% were squids; 13.6% cuttlefish and 14.6% octopuses.
    [Show full text]
  • Captive Behaviour of Cephalopods M.K
    Captive behaviour of cephalopods M.K. Anil Principal Scientist, Molluscan Fisheries Division CMFRI, Research Centre, Vizhinjam P.B. 9, Vizhinjam, Kerala-695 521 Introduction Cephalopods are the largest and most active invertebrates. India exports frozen cuttlefish and frozen squid to countries such as Japan, USA and the European Union. Cephalopods are unique because they have 85% protein by dry weight (16-21% by wet weight) and are considered a delicacy in seafood restaurants. Recent years have witnessed a significant amount of research interest in cephalopod culture and behaviour, in order to develop technology for commercial farming as well as to produce multiple laboratory generations for research in neurobiology and also to gather information for fishery management. In India, first major success in captive rearing studies of Cephalopod was achieved in 1999 with the cuttlefish Sepiella inermis at Tuticiorin Research Centre of CMFRI. Since then CMFRI has been working on squids, Uroteuthis (Photololigo) duvaucelii, Sepioteuthis lessoniana; cuttlefish, Sepia pharaonis, and octopus Octopus dollfusi. However, research was mainly focused on the cuttlefish S. pharaonis and squid, S. lessoniana. Egg Collection Normally egg mass of S. pharaonis is deposited in offshore waters from 15 to 35 m depth along the Vizhinjam coast. Egg deposition of this species is only rarely noticed in near shore waters. For egg collection, coconut spadix is submerged in deeper waters 15-30m. Egg deposition peaks during post monsoon months from September to January and extends till April. These egg collectors are recovered using GPS. Egg mass of S. pharaonis In the case of S. lessoniana spawning congregations are found in inshore waters also.
    [Show full text]
  • Reproductive Behavior and Embryonic
    Zoological Studies 55: 41 (2016) doi:10.6620/ZS.2016.55-41 Reproductive Behavior and Embryonic Development of the Pharaoh Cuttlefish,Sepia pharaonis (Cephalopoda: Sepiidae) Mong-Fong Lee1,*, Chun-Yen Lin2, Chuan-Chin Chiao2,3, and Chung-Cheng Lu4 1Department of Aquaculture, National Penghu University of Science and Technology, No. 300, Liu-Ho Rd., Makung City, Penghu 88046, Taiwan 2Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan. E-mail: [email protected] 3Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan. E-mail: [email protected] 4Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, No. 250 Kuo Kuang Rd., Taichung 402, Taiwan. E-mail: [email protected] (Received 28 September 2015; Accepted 30 June 2016) Mong-Fong Lee, Chun-Yen Lin, Chuan-Chin Chiao, and Chung-Cheng Lu (2016) The pharaoh cuttlefish, Sepia pharaonis, is one of the most important cephalopod fishery species in southeastern Asia. In the present study, we described their reproductive behavior and characterized their embryonic development. Sperm competition during mating was high in S. pharaonis; therefore, consort males always escorted their mates after pairing, although sneaker males were frequently observed. Their egg-laying behavior can be divided into three phases. Females first retracted and bent their arms into a fist-like posture to spawn eggs. They then extended their arms forward and used funnels to blow the spawning ground. Finally, they extended their arms again to deposit eggs onto appropriate substrata. Based on the characteristics of the embryos, a set of easily distinguished criteria was developed to define 30 stages of embryonic development.
    [Show full text]
  • Cephalopod Guidelines
    Reference Resources Caveats from AAALAC’s Council on Accreditation regarding this resource: Guidelines for the Care and Welfare of Cephalopods in Research– A consensus based on an initiative by CephRes, FELASA and the Boyd Group *This reference was adopted by the Council on Accreditation with the following clarification and exceptions: The AAALAC International Council on Accreditation has adopted the “Guidelines for the Care and Welfare of Cephalopods in Research- A consensus based on an initiative by CephRes, FELASA and the Boyd Group” as a Reference Resource with the following two clarifications and one exception: Clarification: The acceptance of these guidelines as a Reference Resource by AAALAC International pertains only to the technical information provided, and not the regulatory stipulations or legal implications (e.g., European Directive 2010/63/EU) presented in this article. AAALAC International considers the information regarding the humane care of cephalopods, including capture, transport, housing, handling, disease detection/ prevention/treatment, survival surgery, husbandry and euthanasia of these sentient and highly intelligent invertebrate marine animals to be appropriate to apply during site visits. Although there are no current regulations or guidelines requiring oversight of the use of invertebrate species in research, teaching or testing in many countries, adhering to the principles of the 3Rs, justifying their use for research, commitment of appropriate resources and institutional oversight (IACUC or equivalent oversight body) is recommended for research activities involving these species. Clarification: Page 13 (4.2, Monitoring water quality) suggests that seawater parameters should be monitored and recorded at least daily, and that recorded information concerning the parameters that are monitored should be stored for at least 5 years.
    [Show full text]
  • Fishery and Biology of Pharaoh Cuttlefish Sepia Pharaonis Geetha Sasikumar Sr
    Fishery and biology of pharaoh cuttlefish Sepia pharaonis Geetha Sasikumar Sr. Scientist, Molluscan Fisheries Division CMFRI Research Centre, Mangalore P.B. 244, Mangalore, Karnataka-575 001 Distribution The pharaoh cuttlefish Sepia pharaonis Ehrenberg, 1831, is one of the most important species exploited along the Arabian Sea. It is a neritic demersal species endemic to the tropical waters of the Indo-Pacific region including Red Sea, Arabian Sea, Andaman Sea to South China Sea, East China Sea, Japan and Eastern Indonesia to Southern Australia including Gulf of Carpentaria. Phylogenetic analyses of S. pharaonis in its distributional range revealed five distinct clades within K Distribution of Sepia pharaonis (Reid et al., 2005) the S. pharaonis species complex. Accordingly, the Clade C of the S. pharaonis population confined to Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea (Andaman Sea coast of Thailand) is exploited in the Eastern Arabian Sea. Commercial catches of S. pharaonis are reported from coastal waters up to a depth of 130 m. The species is known to undertake seasonal migrations between the continental shelf waters and shallow coastal waters for feeding and spawning (Reid et al. 2005). Distinguishing characters In Sepia pharaonis, the tentacular clubs are with suckers of unequal size. Five to six suckers in the middle row of manus are greatly enlarged. The mantle, head and arms are with transverse stripes. Cuttlebone broad, thick and with a mid-ventral groove flattening anteriorly in striated area; striae ‘’ shaped; inner cone forms a conspicuous yellowish flat ledge; a sharp thick spine present. 7 Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute | R.C.
    [Show full text]
  • (Sepia Pharaonis Ehrenberg, 1831) As a Bioindicator of Microplastic Pollution Mardiansyah, Dimas Prasetyo, Lily S
    Cuttlefish (Sepia pharaonis Ehrenberg, 1831) as a bioindicator of microplastic pollution Mardiansyah, Dimas Prasetyo, Lily S. E. Putri Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah, Tangerang Selatan, Banten, Indonesia. Corresponding author: L. S. E. Putri, [email protected] Abstract. Microplastics (MPs) have recently become a significant issue in ocean pollution, threatening food safety and human health. Sepia pharaonis or cuttlefish is one of the marine commodities consumed by humans requiring further analysis to determine whether or not they are contaminated by microplastics to evaluate their potential use as bioindicators. The abundance and characteristics (shape, size, and colour) of MPs were observed in the outer body, gills, intestines, and the correlations between MPs and total body length, mantle length, age, and sex were analysed. All samples were collected from the fish market surrounding the Fish Auction Market at Muara Angke Port, North Jakarta, Indonesia. MPs particles were found in the outer body and gills (226/mL) and the intestines (208/mL), with fibre, fragment, and film shapes, a size range of < 0.25 to 2.0 mm, and colours including black, transparent, blue, green, red, and yellow. The total MPs did not correlate (tcount1.401 < ttable 2.145) with the total body length, and there was also no difference in MPs between mantle length/age classes (p > 0.05). Female cuttlefish had higher levels of MPs than males. All cuttlefish samples were contaminated with MPs. However, there is no evidence yet as to whether the MPs will cause the cuttlefish to die or become harmful to human health, and further studies are needed on these potential impacts.
    [Show full text]
  • Sepia Pharaonis) from Okinawa Island, Japan
    Mar Biodiv (2017) 47:735–753 DOI 10.1007/s12526-017-0649-8 RECENT ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE OF CEPHALOPOD BIODIVERSITY A catalog of the chromatic, postural, and locomotor behaviors of the pharaoh cuttlefish (Sepia pharaonis) from Okinawa Island, Japan Ryuta Nakajima1 & Yuzuru Ikeda2 Received: 25 March 2016 /Revised: 1 December 2016 /Accepted: 26 January 2017 /Published online: 6 February 2017 # Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2017 Abstract Coleoid cephalopods such as cuttlefishes, squids, Keywords Body patterns . Cephalopods . Cuttlefish . and octopods are able to produce a diverse array of visual Catalog . Sepia pharaonis expressions that are used for mimesis and inter- and intraspe- cific communication. They achieve this by intricately combin- ing several neurally controlled behaviors, which include chro- Introduction matic, textural, postural, and locomotor components. To un- derstand this diverse range of body patterns, it is necessary to In many animal species, body color and/or texture play an develop an accurate and extensive catalog of them, which can important role in predator/prey interactions, such as crypsis then be used as a tool for future behavioral monitoring and (Endler 1978) and disruption (Cott 1940). Most animals have quantitative analyses, as well as for the identification of mor- fixed or slightly changeable appearances (Cott 1940). phologically identical sub-species. In this study, a catalog of However, coleoid cephalopods such as cuttlefishes, squids, the chromatic, postural, and locomotor behaviors was pro- and octopods are not only able to able to change their body duced for the pharaoh cuttlefish (Sepia pharaonis)fromcoast- color and texture rapidly, but also to exhibit a variety of visu- al waters of Okinawa Island, Japan.
    [Show full text]