Sepia Pharaonis (Ehrenberg, 1831)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Sepia pharaonis (Ehrenberg, 1831) Item Type other Authors Ketabi, Ramin; Jamili, Shahla Publisher Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute Download date 26/09/2021 22:39:30 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/35944 Sepia pharaonis (Ehrenberg, 1831) Kingdom: Animalia Family: Sepiidae Phylum: Mollusca Genus: Sepia Class: Cephalopoda Species: S. pharaonis Order: Sepiida The Sepia pharaonis (pharaoh cuttlefish) is a large cuttlefish species, growing to 80 cm in mantle length. Males are larger than females, the maximum recorded size for males is 80 cm and 5 kg, and for females 50 cm and 2 kg in weight (Iran, Persian Gulf, Kish Island). This cuttlefish lives in warm water (30°C) and is fast growing. They mate and spawn at 110 days and their life span is 240 days. They lay about 1500 eggs which take 14 days to develop at 28°C. Inhabiting the neritic zone, it is often found in depths up to 130 m. S. pharaonis prefer a medium to high Photography By: Ramin Ketabi amount of sunlight for den location during the day. Additionally, they Editor:Shahla Jamili (IFSRI) prefer mud substrata during the day, but during the night prefer sand or mud substrata equally. Pharaoh cuttlefish often show a solid color when resting on a solid color background, alternating from a pale white to all dark brown. Additionally, they can show a mottled white and brown color, with a center circle of brown. The mechanism for color is the same in the Pharaoh cuttlefish as it is in other cuttlefish. This color-changing function is produced by groups of red, yellow, brown, and black pigmented chromophores above a layer of reflective blue and green tinted iridophores and leucophores, with up to 200 of these specialized pigment cells per square millimeter. These sacs of color are controlled by rings of muscle around the sac. The cuttlefish expands and contracts these muscle rings in order to show different colors. Feeding: When hunting at night, the Pharaoh cuttlefish swims up to shallower depths to feed on small mollusks, crabs, shrimps, small fishes, octopuses, worms, and occasionally other cuttlefish. On the other hand, its predators are dolphins, sharks, big fishes, and birds. Distribution: The S. pharaonis is native to at least the western Indian Ocean, including the Red Sea and Persian Gulf..

Copy Link

Recommended publications

The Diet of Sepia Officinalis (Linnaeus, 1758) and Sepia Elegans (D'orhigny, 1835) (Cephalopoda, Sepioidea) from the Ria De Vigo (NW Spain)*
See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283605363 The diet of Sepia ofﬁcinalis (Linnaeus, 1758) and Sepia elegans (D'Orbigny, 1835) (Cephalopoda, Sepioidea) from the Ria de Vigo (NW Spain) Article in Scientia Marina · January 1990 CITATIONS READS 92 453 2 authors, including: Angel Guerra Spanish National Research Council 391 PUBLICATIONS 7,005 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: CEFAPARQUES View project CAIBEX View project All content following this page was uploaded by Angel Guerra on 18 January 2016. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. sn MAR .. 54(-ll 115.31;.<i 1990 The diet of Sepia officinalis (Linnaeus, 1758) and Sepia elegans (D'Orhigny, 1835) (Cephalopoda, Sepioidea) from the Ria de Vigo (NW Spain)* BERNA RDJNO G. CASTR O & ANGEL G U ERRA lnMituto de lnvc~ 1igacionc~ Marinas (CSIC) . Eduardo Cabello. 6. 36208 Vigo. Spnin. SUMMA RY: The :.tomaeh content\ of 1345 Sep/(/ nffirinalis and 717 Sepia elegm1t caught in the Rfa de Vigo have bcen examined. The reeding analysi~ of both pccics ha~ been made employing an index of occurrence, a~ other indices gave similar results. The diet of both specie:. i\ described and compared. C'u1tlefish feed mostly on cru,tacca and fo,h. S. nfjici11ali.1 show, -10 different item~ of prey bclonging t<> 4 group~ (polyehacta , ccphalopods, cru,wcca. bony ri,h) and S. elegm1s 18 different item, of prey belonging to 3 groups (polychaeta. crustacea. bony ri,11) . A significant ch:111gc occurs in diet wi th growth in S.
[Show full text]
Pharaoh Cuttlefish, Sepia Pharaonis, Genome Reveals Unique Reflectin
fmars-08-639670 February 9, 2021 Time: 18:18 # 1 ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 15 February 2021 doi: 10.3389/fmars.2021.639670 Pharaoh Cuttlefish, Sepia pharaonis, Genome Reveals Unique Reflectin Camouflage Gene Set Weiwei Song1,2, Ronghua Li1,2,3, Yun Zhao1,2, Herve Migaud1,2,3, Chunlin Wang1,2* and Michaël Bekaert3* 1 Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China, 2 Collaborative Innovation Centre for Zhejiang Marine High-Efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China, 3 Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom Sepia pharaonis, the pharaoh cuttlefish, is a commercially valuable cuttlefish species across the southeast coast of China and an important marine resource for the world fisheries. Research efforts to develop linkage mapping, or marker-assisted selection have been hampered by the absence of a high-quality reference genome. To address this need, we produced a hybrid reference genome of S. pharaonis using a long-read Edited by: platform (Oxford Nanopore Technologies PromethION) to assemble the genome and Andrew Stanley Mount, short-read, high quality technology (Illumina HiSeq X Ten) to correct for sequencing Clemson University, United States errors. The genome was assembled into 5,642 scaffolds with a total length of 4.79 Gb Reviewed by: and a scaffold N of 1.93 Mb. Annotation of the S. pharaonis genome assembly Simo Njabulo Maduna, 50 Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy identified a total of 51,541 genes, including 12 copies of the reflectin gene, that enable Research (NIBIO), Norway cuttlefish to control their body coloration.
[Show full text]
Eloise Butler Wildflower Garden and Bird Sanctuary
ELOISE BUTLER WILDFLOWER GARDEN AND BIRD SANCTUARY WEEKLY GARDEN HIGHLIGHTS Phenology notes for the week of October 5th – 11th It’s been a relatively warm week here in Minneapolis, with daytime highs ranging from the mid-60s the low 80s. It’s been dry too; scant a drop of rain fell over the past week. The comfortable weather was pristine for viewing the Garden’s fantastic fall foliage. Having achieved peak color, the Garden showed shades of amber, auburn, beige, blond, brick, bronze, brown, buff, burgundy, canary, carob, castor, celadon, cherry, cinnabar, claret, clay, copper, coral, cream, crimson, ecru, filemont, fuchsia, gamboge, garnet, gold, greige, khaki, lavender, lilac, lime, magenta, maroon, mauve, meline, ochre, orange, peach, periwinkle, pewter, pink, plum, primrose, puce, purple, red, rose, roseate, rouge, rubious, ruby, ruddy, rufous, russet, rust, saffron, salmon, scarlet, sepia, tangerine, taup, tawny, terra-cotta, titian, umber, violet, yellow, and xanthic, to name a few. According to the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, the northern two thirds of the state reached peak color earlier in 2020 than it did in both 2019 and 2018, likely due to a relatively cool and dry September. Many garter snakes have been seen slithering through the Garden’s boundless leaf litter. Particularly active this time of year, snakes must carefully prepare for winter. Not only do the serpents need to locate an adequate hibernaculum to pass the winter, but they must also make sure they’ve eaten just the right amount of food. Should they eat too little, they won’t have enough energy to make it through the winter.
[Show full text]
RAL COLOR CHART ***** This Chart Is to Be Used As a Guide Only. Colors May Appear Slightly Different ***** Green Beige Purple V
RAL COLOR CHART ***** This Chart is to be used as a guide only. Colors May Appear Slightly Different ***** RAL 1000 Green Beige RAL 4007 Purple Violet RAL 7008 Khaki Grey RAL 4008 RAL 7009 RAL 1001 Beige Signal Violet Green Grey Tarpaulin RAL 1002 Sand Yellow RAL 4009 Pastel Violet RAL 7010 Grey RAL 1003 Signal Yellow RAL 5000 Violet Blue RAL 7011 Iron Grey RAL 1004 Golden Yellow RAL 5001 Green Blue RAL 7012 Basalt Grey Ultramarine RAL 1005 Honey Yellow RAL 5002 RAL 7013 Brown Grey Blue RAL 1006 Maize Yellow RAL 5003 Saphire Blue RAL 7015 Slate Grey Anthracite RAL 1007 Chrome Yellow RAL 5004 Black Blue RAL 7016 Grey RAL 1011 Brown Beige RAL 5005 Signal Blue RAL 7021 Black Grey RAL 1012 Lemon Yellow RAL 5007 Brillant Blue RAL 7022 Umbra Grey Concrete RAL 1013 Oyster White RAL 5008 Grey Blue RAL 7023 Grey Graphite RAL 1014 Ivory RAL 5009 Azure Blue RAL 7024 Grey Granite RAL 1015 Light Ivory RAL 5010 Gentian Blue RAL 7026 Grey RAL 1016 Sulfer Yellow RAL 5011 Steel Blue RAL 7030 Stone Grey RAL 1017 Saffron Yellow RAL 5012 Light Blue RAL 7031 Blue Grey RAL 1018 Zinc Yellow RAL 5013 Cobolt Blue RAL 7032 Pebble Grey Cement RAL 1019 Grey Beige RAL 5014 Pigieon Blue RAL 7033 Grey RAL 1020 Olive Yellow RAL 5015 Sky Blue RAL 7034 Yellow Grey RAL 1021 Rape Yellow RAL 5017 Traffic Blue RAL 7035 Light Grey Platinum RAL 1023 Traffic Yellow RAL 5018 Turquiose Blue RAL 7036 Grey RAL 1024 Ochre Yellow RAL 5019 Capri Blue RAL 7037 Dusty Grey RAL 1027 Curry RAL 5020 Ocean Blue RAL 7038 Agate Grey RAL 1028 Melon Yellow RAL 5021 Water Blue RAL 7039 Quartz Grey
[Show full text]
E'tac EFX Series Color Wheel TINT
E’TAC EFX series EFX 507 Dark naphtol red EFX 506 Naphtol red color wheel TINT EFX 509 Quina magenta EFX 508 Pyrrole red EFX 507 Dark naphtol red © Eddy & Marissa Wouters http://www.etac-airbrush.com http://www.etac-europe.com EFX 506 Naphtol red EFX 512 Red violet EFX 516 Red ocher EFX 508 Pyrrole red EFX 510 Carbazole violet EFX 505 Azo orange EFX 516 Red ocher EFX 511 Blue violet EFX 517 Brown ocher EFX 505 Azo orange EFX 517 Brown ocher EFX 525 Flesh EFX 525 Flesh EFX 518 Burnt umber EFX 526 Ultramarine blue EFX 518 Burnt umber EFX 519 Culebra gold EFX 504 Golden ocher EFX 523 Sepia smoke HOT colors EFX 503 Arylide yelow EFX 522 Rainforest green EFX 519 EFX 524 Gray Culebra gold EFX 514 Phthalo green EFX 520 Vieques blue EFX 513 Phthalo blue COOL colors EFX 515 Phthalo turquoise EFX 521 Aqua rica EFX 504 EFX 521 Aqua rica Golden ocher EFX 513 Phthalo blue EFX 515 Phthalo turquoise EFX 526 Ultramarine blue EFX 520 Vieques blue EFX 503 Arylide yelow EFX 511 Blue violet EFX 510 Carbazole violet EFX 512 Red violet EFX 514 Phthalo green EFX501 HS Carbon black EFX 522 Rainforest green EFX 509 Quina magenta EFX 524 Gray COOL HOT colors colors EFX502 OT Plasma white EFX 523 Sepia smoke E’TAC EFX series EFX 507 Dark naphtol red EFX 506 Naphtol red Color wheel TONE EFX 509 Quina magenta EFX 508 Pyrrole red EFX 507 Dark naphtol red © Eddy & Marissa Wouters http://www.etac-airbrush.com http://www.etac-europe.com EFX 506 Naphtol red EFX 512 Red violet EFX 516 Red ocher EFX 508 Pyrrole red EFX 510 Carbazole violet EFX 505 Azo orange EFX 516 Red
[Show full text]
Taxonomical and Morphometric Studies on Sepia Pharaonis Ehrenberg, 1831(Cephalopoda: Sepioidea) from the Suez Gulf (Red Sea), Egypt
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING (IJESE) Vol. 7: 11- 22 (2016) http://www.pvamu.edu/research/activeresearch/researchcenters/texged/ international-journal Prairie View A&M University, Texas, USA Taxonomical and morphometric studies on Sepia pharaonis Ehrenberg, 1831(Cephalopoda: Sepioidea) from the Suez Gulf (Red Sea), Egypt. Rafik Riad1; Manal Atta2; Youssef Halim2 and Noha Elebiary1 1- National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Alexandria branch, Egypt. 2- Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Egypt. ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article History Morphometric characters of male and female Sepia pharaonis Received: Feb.2016 were investigated for samples obtained from commercial trawling Accepted: April, 2016 vessels of Suez Gulf, Egypt. Samples were collected (850 Available online: Jan. 2017 individuals) between winter 2014 to autumn 2014.Measurements for _________________ the smallest and largest male and female specimens, mean and Keywords: Taxonomy number of parts showed negative allometric growth (slope less than Morphology 1). Generally, the coefficient of determination R for MW, HL, HW, Sepia pharaonis FL, FW, FU.L, FU.W, AL and TL (0.9766, 0.9551, 0.9767, 0.9965, Suez Gulf 0.9453, 0.9779, 0.9712, 0.9580, 0.9685), respectively, were high for Red Sea most measurements. Egypt The present study reported some additional characters for this species that were not recorded before from other previous descriptions 1. INTRODUCTION Cephalopods are characterized by their activity, intelligent carnivorous creatures with highly advanced visual and nervous system (Boyle and Rodhouse, 2005) .They are soft- bodied bilaterally symmetrical animals with a well-developed head and body that consists of the muscular undivided mantle, mantle cavity houses the internal organs and also houses the external fins when present.
[Show full text]
Brochure Old Holland Classic Oil Colours Drying Time & Transparency
Old Holland Classic Oil Colours Drying time & Transparency Transparency: * = Transparent **** = Opaque Drying time: F = Fast, M = Medium, S = Slow Oil content: H = High, M = Medium, L = Low, VL = Very Low Colour name Colour index Pigment classification Trans- light- Drying Oil parency fastness time content A1 Titanium white PW6 Titanium dioxide **** 7/8 m l A2 Zinc white PW4 Zinc oxide *** 7/8 m l 3 Lead white PW1 Basic lead carbonate **** 7/8 f vl 4 Flake white no.1 PW1-PW4 Basic lead carbonate zinc oxide **** 7/8 m vl A5 Mixed white no.2 PW6-PW4 Titanium dioxide- zinc oxide **** 7/8 m l A6 Old Holland yellow PW4-PW6- Zinc oxide- Titanium dioxide- Natural ochre **** 7/8 m l light PY43 B8 Old Holland yellow PW4-PW6-PY- Zinc oxide-titanium dioxide-mono.azo-Natural ochre **** 7/8 m l deep 74-PY43 B7 Old Holland yellow PW4-PW6- Zinc oxide-titanium dioxide-monoazo-Natural ochre *** 7/8 m l medium PY74-PY43 B103 Brilliant yellow PW4-PW6- Zinc oxide- Titanium dioxide- Disazo- Diketo pyrollo *** 7/8 m l light PY83-PO73 pyrrole B106 Brilliant yellow PW4-PW6- Zinc oxide- Titanium dioxide- Nickel titanate- Diketo- **** 7/8 m l PY53-PO73 Pyrrolo- Pyrolle B109 Brilliant yellow- PW4-PW6- Zinc white- Titanium dioxide- Nickel titanate- Diketo- **** 7/8 m l reddish PY53-PO73 Pyrrolo- Pyrolle B112 Napels yellow PW4-PW6- Zinc oxide- Titanium dioxide- Nickel titanate- Disazo **** 7/8 m l reddish extra PY53-PO43 B115 Flesh tint PW4-PW6- Zinc oxide- Titanium dioxide- Zinc iron oxide- *** 7/8 m l PY119-PR2 Condensed azo B118 Indian yellow- PY95-PY129 Azo condensation-
[Show full text]
Is Sepiella Inermis ‘Spineless’?
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS) e-ISSN:2278-3008, p-ISSN:2319-7676. Volume 12, Issue 5 Ver. IV (Sep. – Oct. 2017), PP 51-60 www.iosrjournals.org Is Sepiella inermis ‘Spineless’? 1 Visweswaran B * 1Department of Zoology, K.M. Centre for PG Studies (Autonomous), Lawspet Campus, Pondicherry University, Puducherry-605 008, India. *Corresponding Author: Visweswaran B Abstract: Many a report seemed to project at a noble notion of having identified some novel and bioactive compounds claimed to have been found from Sepiella inermis; but lagged to log their novelty scarcely defined due to certain technical blunders they seem to have coldly committed in such valuable pieces of aboriginal research works, reported to have sophistically been accomplished but unnoticed with considerable lack of significant finesse. They have dealt with finer biochemicals already been reported to have been available from S.inermis; yet, to one’s dismay, have failed to maintain certain conventional means meant for original research. This quality review discusses about the illogical math rooting toward and logical aftermath branching from especially certain spectral reports. Keywords: Sepiella inermis, ink, melanin, DOPA ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- Date of Submission: 16-09-2017 Date of acceptance: 28-09-2017 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- I. Introduction Sepiella inermis is a demersally 1 bentho-nektonic 2, Molluscan, cephalopod ‗spineless‘ cuttlefish species, with invaluable juveniles 3, from the megametrical Indian coast 4-6, as incidental catches in shore seine 7 & 8, as egg clusters 9 from shallow waters 1 after monsoon at Vizhinjam coast 10 and Goa coast 11 of India and sundried, abundantly but rarely 8. II.
[Show full text]
(Un)Privilege Or Flesh Tones, Red Bones, and Sepia Shades of Brown
ROBIN M. BOYLORN 2. UNPACKING (UN)PRIVILEGE OR FLESH TONES, RED BONES, AND SEPIA SHADES OF BROWN PRIVILEGE/D POSITIONS In Peggy McIntosh’s seminal essay, White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack, she reckons with the revelation that as a white person she enjoys race privileges to which she, and most other white people, are oblivious. Her lack of awareness of her own privilege exposes the limitations of our personal politics and reinforces the importance of understanding the nuances of identity and privilege. For example, white people will always benefit from white privilege in a white supremacist, capitalist culture. Men will always receive unearned advantages in a patriarchal system designed for their success. Heterosexual people will always be privileged in a heteronormative and trans, bi and homophobic society that is hierarchically designed to render nonheterosexuality invisible and/or abnormal. Able-bodied people will continue to be recognized to the exclusion of others in a system that is both ableist and ageist. By definition, social and cultural privileges are invisible and institutional. We are not socialized to be cognizant of our privileges. Flat- out denial and defiant resistance are the frequent responses of privileged folk when called out about their inherited and unfair advantages. Many times, we exhibit willful ignorance about our personal invisible knapsacks of privilege, while being hyper-aware of the ways other people fail to acknowledge and account for their own. When highlighted, privilege is the hot potato nobody wants to be caught holding in their hand. Acknowledging privilege jeopardizes our worldview and self-concept. People with privilege generally go their whole lives without ever being forced to reckon with the ways their everyday experiences of normalcy are actually exceptional.
[Show full text]
The Biology and Ecology of the Common Cuttlefish (Sepia Officinalis)
Supporting Sustainable Sepia Stocks Report 1: The biology and ecology of the common cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) Daniel Davies Kathryn Nelson Sussex IFCA 2018 Contents Summary ................................................................................................................................................. 2 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................. 2 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 3 Biology ..................................................................................................................................................... 3 Physical description ............................................................................................................................ 3 Locomotion and respiration ................................................................................................................ 4 Vision ................................................................................................................................................... 4 Chromatophores ................................................................................................................................. 5 Colour patterns ................................................................................................................................... 5 Ink sac and funnel organ
[Show full text]
ALTERNATE COLORS the Color Depicted Here Are Available for Secondary Fulfilllment (2-3 Business Days)
100% PURE POLYURE A COLOR SYSTEM KANSAS CITY, USA 800.321.0906 ALTERNATE COLORS The color depicted here are available for secondary fulfilllment (2-3 business days). For additional color choices with shorter fulfillment times, see the Quick Ship Color Chart. VF 1222 The color samples on this chart are for representation of Mocha Tan color only. Colors will vary depending on viewing media. VF 1125¤ Cured color samples are available from Terra Cotta VersaFlex at no charge upon request.* VF 1302 Chestnut VF 1089¤ Very Lt Light Grey VF 1304 Sumatra Brown VF 1228¤ Ostrich Feather VF 1350 Mocha Brown VF 1357¤ Lime Rickey VF 1301 Leather Brown VF 1237¤ Safety Yellow VF 1239 Roman Coffee VF 1360¤ Safety Red (Light) VF 1276 Kaffee VF 1275¤ Red VF 1253 Wheat VF 1330¤ Brick Paver VF 1163 Brevity Brown VF 1287¤ Tile Red VF 1252¤ Terra Cotta Brown VF 1071¤ Burnt Sienna VF 1254 Coyote VF 1224 La Cresenta Brown VF 1077¤ Walnut VF 1309 Raw Sienna VF 1399¤ Raw Sienna (Dark) VF 1262¤ ¤ Relic Bronze VF 1311 Saddle Brown VF 1106 Sand VF 1286 Dark Walnut ¤ Colors marked with this symbol will have an upcharge applied for pigmentation. * VersaFlex advises using actual cured samples when choosing color for projects. © 2017 VersaFlex Incorporated QF7.2.1a.3032 Rev 1 Date-03-20-17 Metzger/McGuire Ameripolish Consolideck Scofield VF 1071 Burnt Sienna Burnt Sienna Burnt Sienna, Terra Cotta Faded Terracotta VF 1077 Cobble Brown, Walnut VF 1089 Very Light Light Grey VF 1106 Sand Cardboard Sand VF 1125 Terra Cotta Chestnut VF 1163 Brevity Brown Bavarian Oak Leather VF
[Show full text]
Spatial Learning in the Cuttlefish Sepia Officinalis
© 2016. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd | Journal of Experimental Biology (2016) 219, 2928-2933 doi:10.1242/jeb.129080 RESEARCH ARTICLE Spatial learning in the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis: preference for vertical over horizontal information Gabriella Scata1,̀*, Christelle Jozet-Alves2,Céline Thomasse2, Noam Josef1,3 and Nadav Shashar1 ABSTRACT fish. In a previous study, fish were trained to reach a goal at the end of The world is three-dimensional; hence, even surface-bound animals one of the arms of a three-dimensional Y-maze (Holbrook and Burt need to learn vertical spatial information. Separate encoding of de Perera, 2009). The maze arms were placed at a 45 deg angle to the vertical and horizontal spatial information seems to be the common vertical so that the goal to be learned had both a vertical and a strategy regardless of the locomotory style of animals. However, a horizontal coordinate. When the maze was rotated along its axis to difference seems to exist in the way freely moving species, such as position its arms either vertically or horizontally for the test trials, the fish, learn and integrate spatial information as opposed to surface- fish selected the arm associated with the correct vertical or horizontal bound species, which prioritize the horizontal dimension and encode component of the previously learned location (Davis et al., 2014; it with a higher resolution. Thus, the locomotory style of an animal may Holbrook and Burt de Perera, 2009, 2011). Rats trained to reach a goal shape how spatial information is learned and prioritized. An in a cubic lattice maze learned the vertical coordinate first (Grobéty alternative hypothesis relates the preference for vertical information and Schenk, 1992), and when both components were acquired, they to the ability to sense hydrostatic pressure, a prominent cue unique to went first to the horizontal coordinate and then climbed up to the this dimension.
[Show full text]