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The Open Access Israeli Journal of Aquaculture – Bamidgeh The Open Access Israeli Journal of Aquaculture – Bamidgeh As from January 2010 The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture - Bamidgeh (IJA) will be published exclusively as an on-line Open Access (OA) quarterly accessible by all AquacultureHub (http://www.aquaculturehub.org) members and registered individuals and institutions. Please visit our website (http://siamb.org.il) for free registration form, further information and instructions. This transformation from a subscription printed version to an on-line OA journal, aims at supporting the concept that scientific peer-reviewed publications should be made available to all, including those with limited resources. The OA IJA does not enforce author or subscription fees and will endeavor to obtain alternative sources of income to support this policy for as long as possible. Editor-in-Chief Published under auspices of Dan Mires The Society of Israeli Aquaculture and Marine Biotechnology (SIAMB), Editorial Board University of Hawaii at Manoa Library Sheenan Harpaz Agricultural Research Organization and Beit Dagan, Israel University of Hawaii Aquaculture Zvi Yaron Dept. of Zoology Program in association with Tel Aviv University AquacultureHub Tel Aviv, Israel http://www.aquaculturehub.org Angelo Colorni National Center for Mariculture, IOLR Eilat, Israel Rina Chakrabarti Aqua Research Lab Dept. of Zoology University of Delhi Ingrid Lupatsch Swansea University Singleton Park, Swansea, UK Jaap van Rijn The Hebrew University Faculty of Agriculture Israel Spencer Malecha Dept. of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences University of Hawaii Daniel Golani The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem, Israel Emilio Tibaldi Udine University Udine, Italy ISSN 0792 - 156X Israeli Journal of Aquaculture - BAMIGDEH. Copy Editor Ellen Rosenberg PUBLISHER: Israeli Journal of Aquaculture - BAMIGDEH - Kibbutz Ein Hamifratz, Mobile Post 25210, ISRAEL Phone: + 972 52 3965809 http://siamb.org.il The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture – Bamidgeh 57(1), 2005, 25-31. 25 GROWTH, BEHAVIOR, AND MATING OF PHARAOH CUTTLEFISH (SEPIA PHARAONIS EHRENBERG) IN CAPTIVITY M.K. Anil*, Joseph Andrews and C. Unnikrishnan Vizhinjam Research Center, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Vizhinjam 695 521, Kerala, India (Received 10.9.04, Accepted 31.12.04) Key words: culture, cuttlefish, Sepia pharaonis Abstract The pharaoh cuttlefish (Sepia pharaonis) was successfully reared from egg to an average size of 168 mm mantle length and 521 g in 210 days, using simple biological filtration systems. The period of egg incubation was 15 days at a temperature of 27-31˚C. Hatchlings were reared at a stocking density of one animal per liter during the first month; density was reduced as growth proceeded. Food items consisted of live mysids, Artemia salina, juvenile fishes, and prawns. Juveniles were gradually acquainted with dead food items such as caridian prawns and small fishes. The present study shows that the pharaoh cuttlefish can be reared in captivity with a sur- vival rate of 41%, using live feeds during the first 50 days. Future commercial scale culture of this species depends on development of artificial feeds and high density culture systems. Introduction About 117,278 tons of cephalopods were Lakshmanan and Balachandran, 2000) and exploited in India during 2003 (Annam et al., considered a delicacy in seafood restaurants. 2004). During 2002-2003, India exported Recent years have witnessed a significant 41,381 tons of frozen cuttlefish valued at amount of research interest in cephalopod cul- US$86.37 million to Japan, the USA, and the ture, in developing technology for commercial European Union (MPEDA, 2003). Cephalopods farming and producing multiple laboratory are unique because they are 85% protein by generations for neurobiology research (Minton dry weight (16-21% by wet weight; et al., 2001). Cephalopods are promising bio- * Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] 26 Anil et al. medical models and interesting to neurobiolo- Each tub was stocked with 50 hatchlings of 8 gists because of their giant axons (Cole, 1972; mm mantle length (ML) at the rate of one cut- Rosenberg, 1973; Lee et al., 1994; Hanley et tlefish per liter. After 30 days, juveniles (avg 20 al., 1998). mm ML) were transferred to 500-l fiberglass Choe and Oshima (1963) and Choe (1966) tanks and the stocking rate was reduced to reared three species of Sepia, the squid 100 animals per m3. Ninety days after hatch- Sepioteuthis lessoniana, and the sepiolid ing, they were transferred to 1-ton fiberglass Euprymna berryi from egg to adult size. tanks at a stocking density of 20 animals per Rayong Brackish Water Fisheries Station con- m3. The density was reduced to 10 animals ducted pioneering research on the culture of per m3 when the animals reached a mantle several commercially important cephalopods in length of 145 mm, 180 days after hatching. Thailand (Nabhitabhata, 1994). In India, the Salinity in the incubation tank was main- spineless cuttlefish Sepiella inermis was suc- tained at 34-36‰, temperature ranged 27- cessfully bred in captivity (Sivalingam, 1999; 31ºC, and pH ranged 7.8-8.2. About 50% of Anil, 2003). water was exchanged daily. In the hatchling Sepia pharaonis was successfully bred in and juvenile containers, salinity ranged 32- laboratory conditions in Thailand and the USA 36‰, pH 7.6-8.2, and temperature 27-32°C. using sophisticated, temperature controlled The pH was adjusted when required by recirculation systems (Nabhitabhata, 1994; replacing some of the rearing medium. Minton et al., 2001). In India, Nair et al. (1986) All rearing containers contained in situ bio- described the hatching and post-hatching logical filters for nitrification of ammonia to behavior of this species. Apart from the above, nitrite and nitrate. Nitrate accumulation was published information on the rearing of the prevented by daily partial replacement of the pharaoh cuttlefish is limited. The present water. In the hatchling tubs, the biological fil- paper provides further information on the incu- tration unit was cylindrical (10 cm diameter, 18 bation, hatching, breeding and reproductive cm height) and contained a filter bed of coral behavior, and growth of the pharaoh cuttlefish sand and a 14-cm layer of charcoal. Water cultured in simple biological filtration systems. was circulated by an airlift and the flow rate was 2 l/min. The daily water exchange rate Materials and Methods was 80%. In the 500-l tanks, there was a cylin- Collection of eggs. Pharaoh cuttlefish egg clus- drical filter (50 cm diameter, 35 cm height) with ters, attached to seaweeds and rocks, were a 30-cm filter bed and the flow rate was 20 collected by skin divers in the Vizhinjam Bay, l/min. Water exchange was 60% daily. In the India, in April. The eggs were immediately 1-ton tanks, two such filters were provided. transferred to plastic containers filled with sea Daily water exchange was 30%. The filters water (salinity 35‰, temperature 28ºC) and were taken out and washed with sea water transported to the Vizhinjam Research Centre every month but care was taken that at least of the Central Marine Fisheries Research one filter with an active bacterial population Institute on the southwest coast of India. The was present in the tank at all times. The bot- egg masses were placed in an incubation tank tom of the tank was covered with sea sand to containing 500 l filtered sea water and accli- check whether cuttlefish require a substratum mated gradually to the temperature and salini- for burying. The tanks were covered with nylon ty of the water. Aeration was provided through nets to prevent the animals from jumping out. airstones from an air blower. The eggs were Twice a week, the ammonia levels in the kept suspended above the aeration point in a rearing containers were checked using the smooth nylon net bag of 10 mm mesh. phenolhypochlorite method (Solorzano, 1969) Stocking and water quality management. and nitrate levels using the Visocolor Eco test Hatchlings were scooped out of the incubation kit (Macherey-Nagel, Dueren, Germany). tank and transferred to 60-l circular plastic Dissolved oxygen (Winkler, 1888), pH, and tubs with a small in situ biological filtration unit. salinity (by refractometer) were checked daily. Growth, behavior, and mating of pharaoh cuttlefish in captivity 27 The ammonia level was kept very low (<0.005 as whole Acetes sp. (30-40 mm), anchovies mg/l NH3-N) and nitrate below 25 mg/ml. (45-65 mm), beheaded and eviscerated sar- Dissolved oxygen ranged 6-7 mg/l. dines (Sardinella longiceps; 60-120 mm), and Feed. During the first 20 days, live 4-6 mm carangids (Decapterus sp., Caranx sp.; 50-100 mysids (Eurobowmanilla simulans) and mm) purchased at the market. The quantity of Artemia salina (6-10 mm) were the primary food feed was 7-10% of the body weight of the cut- items. Shrimp postlarvae (Penaeus indicus and tlefish (estimated every two weeks by sam- Metapenaeus dobsoni), caught together with pling) and the ration was adjusted according to the mysids in low numbers (<1%), and feeds feed intake. Feed was given two times a day, such as shrimp meat suspension, brine shrimp once in the morning and once in the evening. (A. salina) nauplii, and rotifers (Brachionus pli- Uneaten food and excreta were removed twice catilis) were tried as alternate feed items. daily by siphoning. Total length, ML, head Afterwards, mysids (4-8 mm), caridian prawns length, and wet weight of live or sacrificed cut- (Macrobrachium idella; 20-45 mm), and juve- tlefish were measured every 30 days. nile fishes (Mugil spp. Liza spp, Therapon sp.; Behavior was observed and recorded. 10-20 mm) were given. All the feeds, except the Artemia, were collected from the surf region or Results estuary using plankton nets or a small dragnet. Embryo development. Egg clusters contained The collected feed items were sorted and 107-307 eggs. Embryos were oval (3.5 mm stocked in 500-l fiberglass tanks.
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