DOCSLIB.ORG

POLAND – Some Interesting Facts

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
POLAND – Some Interesting Facts POLAND – some interesting facts FACT ONE Oficially, Poland is now 1043 years old. Its formal beginning is the year 966 when the ruling prince, Mieszko I, decided to adopt Chritianity as the official religion of his people, thus establishing political bonds with the rest of civilised Europe. FACT TWO The name „Poland” – in Latin „Polonia” and in Polish „Polska” comes from the name of the tribe „Polanie”, who used to inhabit the western part of today’s country. It used to mean: people living in open fields. FACT THREE Our national colours are red and white. They can be seen on our flag and emblem. The emblem represents a white eagle on the red background and there is a nice legend about it. We wrote down the legend for you to read here: THE THREE BROTHERS The beginnings of Poland Once upon a time, over a thousand years ago, when the area of today’s Poland was covered with thick and wild forests, there lived three brothers. Their names were Lech, Czech and Rus. One day they decided to leave their parents and village and, accompanied by their servants and warriors, look for a new place to settle down and start a new life. For many days they wandered together, but finally understood that they could never find a piece of land that would please all three of them. They decided to choose separate paths. Czech took the path leading to the south, Rus – to the east and Lech went westwards. Lech and his people made their way through the forests and they observed that with each day the landscapes became more and more beautiful. Finally, after many days, they came to an exceptionally charming spot. As it was getting late, he ordered the camp to be put up for the night around a huge oak tree. Suddenly, the sun started to set and covered the sky with its red flames and some strange noise could be heard, as if of the huge wings breaking the forest’s silence. The warriors raised their heads and saw a huge, white eagle approaching its nest in the oak tree. Lech understood that the place was not only beautiful, but also abundant in goods of all kinds and very safe. He thrust his sword in the ground under the oak tree and said: “Here I will build my kingdom and around this magnificent oak tree its capital will appear. Because the eagle’s nest is in the oak’s branches, the city will be called Gniezno (“gniazdo” is a Polish word for “nest”) and the symbol of our country will be the white eagle in the red sky.” FACT FOUR Here is what our country looks like now. Its capital is Warszawa (Warsaw in English). It has the sea in the North... (the Baltic Sea) ... and mountains in the South. We live more to the south, in a city called Katowice, which is the capital city of a region called Silesia, in Polish – Śląsk. FACT FIVE The best known and most loved Polish city is Kraków, Cracow in English. It is in fact the real heart of the country, the city of unputdownable charm, history and atmosphere. Make sure you come to see it if you are one day in the area! Here is a nice website about the city and its area: http://www.krakow.pl/en/ FACT SIX There are many legends and stories about Cracow. The most famous ones are about the Dragon of Cracow and about how Princess Wanda saved the city. We wrote them down for you as well: THE DRAGON OF CRACOW (SMOK WAWELSKI) Poland’s most popular legend Once upon a time there lived a good king in a castle upon the Wawel hill in the place where today we can see the royal castle in Cracow. All the people in his country loved him, because he was just and honest and knew very well how to rule his people. One day terrible news shocked the whole land. An enormous dragon appeared out of nowhere and settled down in a huge cave just under the king’s castle. Since the day he appeared in Cracow terrible things started to happen in the neighbourhood. He needed big amounts of food every day, so he often attacked farms and stole cattle, sheep or chickens. But that was not enough for him. After a while he ordered the people of Cracow to bring him every morning one beautiful, young girl so that he could eat her for breakfast. Otherwise – as he said – he would use the fire from his stomach to destroy the whole city. What could the people do? They had to agree. Poor king was crying day and night seeing the terrible misery of his people. Finally he came up with an idea. He sent his servants to all corners of the world with a message that the daredevil who would have enough courage to come and kill the monster would as a reward receive half of the kingdom and the king’s beautiful daughter as a wife. Both the kingdom and the princess attracted a great variety of brave young men: soldiers, knights, princes were coming form different far-off lands. Unfortunately, the dragon was stronger and killed them all without the slightest difficulty. The saddest moment came when one day the monster demanded the princes for his next morning meal. And just than a very strange person appeared in the castle – it was neither a soldier nor a noble, but an ordinary shoemaker, a young boy called Dratewka, who lived and worked in Cracow. Nobody believed him when he said he could kill the dragon, but the king was so much in despair that he let him try. The boy took the skin of one dead sheep and stuffed it with sulphur. Next he stitched it very carefully and added four sticks that looked like legs. After it had been done he took the ‘sheep’ to the cave and placed it right in front of the entrance. When the dragon woke up in the morning he saw the animal as if waiting for him. He was expecting the princess, but he thought he could have that sheep as a starter. Without hesitation he swallowed the dish. A few moments passed and suddenly something strange started to happen inside his stomach. He felt extremely thirsty so he rushed to the nearby river and started to drink. He was drinking and drinking and drinking but nothing could satisfy his thirst. He drank almost all water from the river and then – with a huge ‘boom’ he popped like a balloon! The noise could be heard in all corners of the kingdom. The king was very happy. He immediately gave half of his kingdom to the shoemaker and the princess was also delighted to marry her hero. After the old king’s death the shoemaker was crowned and ruled long and happily. HOW PRINCESS WANDA SAVED CRACOW There was once a good, old king Krak who ruled the city of Cracow and the lands around it. He was very popular among his subjects, as a man of honour and kind, loving heart. His wife had long been dead and he had no son who would take the throne after his death, but he had a beautiful and brave daughter called Wanda. She was in love with a young prince, who ruled the lands close to the Baltic Sea. Even though they were often separated by the long miles of thick forests, the two happy people did not despair and kept making plans for the future together. Unfortunately, the time finally came when the old king died. The nobles of Cracow started thinking how to ensure the safety and stability of the land. They thought that the best way would be to marry the princess off to some brave knight who could protect the land and its people. They sent their messengers to all neighbouring kingdoms and soon a mighty knight from a fighters’ tribe, very hostile towards Wanda’s nation, came to the Cracow castle and demanded Wanda’s hand in marriage. Wanda, scared of the knight’s brutality, refused, especially that she was still hopeful to hear from her seaside prince. The knight, however, was not so easily discouraged. “I will now go back to my land”, he said, “but I will be back soon, with my numerous, well trained and well armed hosts. If you do not agree to have me as your husband, we will destroy your country with swords and fire and slay all your subjects. The choice is yours.” With these words, the knight left. Poor Wanda had never felt so lonely and helpless in her life before. Her prince gave no sign of life and day by day people came to her castle, begging her to marry the cruel knight and save her land. She knew, however, that under such a rule, her people would never again feel safe and free. Finally, the day came when the knight and his army were approaching Cracow. Wanda knew that her prince would not come in time to protect her and her land. She knew she had to save her people without anybody’s help. She put on her most beautiful dress and picked up some flowers. She went to the top of the Wawel Hill and looked around to admire her lands for the last time. “If I cannot marry the man my heart has chosen then I shall marry no one,” she said with a sad smile.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 15Th-17Th Century) Essays on the Spread of Humanistic and Renaissance Literary (15Th-17Th Century) Edited by Giovanna Siedina
    45 BIBLIOTECA DI STUDI SLAVISTICI Giovanna Siedina Giovanna Essays on the Spread of Humanistic and Renaissance Literary Civilization in the Slavic World Civilization in the Slavic World (15th-17th Century) Civilization in the Slavic World of Humanistic and Renaissance Literary Essays on the Spread (15th-17th Century) edited by Giovanna Siedina FUP FIRENZE PRESUNIVERSITYS BIBLIOTECA DI STUDI SLAVISTICI ISSN 2612-7687 (PRINT) - ISSN 2612-7679 (ONLINE) – 45 – BIBLIOTECA DI STUDI SLAVISTICI Editor-in-Chief Laura Salmon, University of Genoa, Italy Associate editor Maria Bidovec, University of Naples L’Orientale, Italy Scientific Board Rosanna Benacchio, University of Padua, Italy Maria Cristina Bragone, University of Pavia, Italy Claudia Olivieri, University of Catania, Italy Francesca Romoli, University of Pisa, Italy Laura Rossi, University of Milan, Italy Marco Sabbatini, University of Pisa, Italy International Scientific Board Giovanna Brogi Bercoff, University of Milan, Italy Maria Giovanna Di Salvo, University of Milan, Italy Alexander Etkind, European University Institute, Italy Lazar Fleishman, Stanford University, United States Marcello Garzaniti, University of Florence, Italy Harvey Goldblatt, Yale University, United States Mark Lipoveckij, University of Colorado-Boulder , United States Jordan Ljuckanov, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria Roland Marti, Saarland University, Germany Michael Moser, University of Vienna, Austria Ivo Pospíšil, Masaryk University, Czech Republic Editorial Board Giuseppe Dell’Agata, University of Pisa, Italy Essays on the Spread of Humanistic and Renaissance Literary Civilization in the Slavic World (15th-17th Century) edited by Giovanna Siedina FIRENZE UNIVERSITY PRESS 2020 Essays on the Spread of Humanistic and Renaissance Literary Civilization in the Slavic World (15th- 17th Century) / edited by Giovanna Siedina. – Firenze : Firenze University Press, 2020.
    [Show full text]
  • KOBIETY W DYNASTII PIASTÓW Monografie Fundacji Na Rzecz Nauki Polskiej
    KOBIETY W DYNASTII PIASTÓW monografie fundacji na rzecz nauki polskiej rada wydawnicza prof. Tomasz Kizwalter, prof. Janusz Sławiński, prof. Antoni Ziemba, prof. Marek Ziółkowski, prof. Szymon Wróbel fundacja na rzecz nauki polskiej Grzegorz Pac KOBIETY W DYNASTII PIASTÓW ROLA SPOŁECZNA PIASTOWSKICH ŻON I CÓREK DO POŁOWY XII WIEKU – STUDIUM PORÓWNAWCZE toruń 2013 Wydanie książki subwencjonowane przez Fundację na rzecz Nauki Polskiej w ramach programu Monografie FNP Redaktor tomu Anna Mądry Korekty Ewelina Gajewska Projekt okładki i obwoluty Barbara Kaczmarek Printed in Poland © Copyright by Grzegorz Pac and Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika Toruń 2013 ISBN 978-83-231-2958-5 WYDAWNICTWO NAUKOWE UNIWERSYTETU MIKOŁAJA KOPERNIKA Redakcja: ul. Gagarina 5, 87-100 Toruń tel. +48 56 611 42 95, fax +48 56 611 47 05 e-mail: [email protected] Dystrybucja: ul. Reja 25, 87-100 Toruń tel./fax: +48 56 611 42 38, e-mail: [email protected] www.wydawnictwoumk.pl Wydanie pierwsze Druk i oprawa: Abedik Sp. z o.o. ul. Glinki 84, 85-861 Bydgoszcz Carissimae Matris memoriae Spis treści wykaz skrótów ...................................................................................... 9 przedmowa .............................................................................................. 11 wstęp ......................................................................................................... 15 rozdział 1. obraz piastowskich żon w kronice galla anonima 27 Dobrawa ...........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Prezentacja Programu Powerpoint
    Geodetical and astronomical aspects of Krakow’s prehistoric mounds Władysław Góral AGH University of Science and Technology (AGH-UST) Faculty of Mining Surveying and Environmental Engineering 8th Bilateral Geodetic Meeting Poland-Italy Wrocław (Poland), 22-24 June 2006 Introduction: In the eastern part of Krakow area two prehistoric mounds are located: Krakus mound (KR) and Wanda mound (KW). Both the origins and purposes of the mounds have been so far unexplained. Legends and theories that are neither confirmed nor rejected by archaelogical research have grown around them. Krakus mound (16 metre high with base diameter of 60 meters) is situated in Podgórze District atop Lasota Hill. According to the legend, it is a burial mound of the founder of Krakow: King Krak. Currently used name of the mound Krakus comes from that legendary King. Krakus Mound. Photo: W. Góral Wanda mound is situated in the District of Nowa Huta. It is 15.5 metre high with about 50 metres in diameter at the base. According to the legend it is a burial mound of Princess Wanda, the daughter of King Krak. Wanda Mound. Photo: W. Góral Krakus View of Krakus mound from Wanda mound. Photo: W. Góral View in direction of Wanda Wanda mound from Krakus mound. Photo: W. Góral The above mentioned mounds are well seen from space with the help of Google Earth. Source: Google Earth One of the hypotheses claims that the mound was raised by the Celts in the 2nd or 1st century BC. However, the objects found during the archaelogical research would rather suggest that the mound was raised between the 8th and 10th century AD.
    [Show full text]
  • Yoyo's Great Adventure
    Yoyo's Great Adventure Introduction In the game you play Yoyo – a little funny creature who has lived happily and peacefully in a magic land. One day without an apparent reason everything changes, evil magic fills the air and poor Yoyo is struck with a magical lightning. The lightning works as some kind of teleport between realities and dimensions and Yoyo wakes up in... an ancient Poland ; ) Can you help Yoyo to come back home? Will he learn what actually happened? „Yoyo's Great Adventure” should work on Zx Spectrum 48 kB or higher model. Controls Left: walk left or move left while jumping Right: walk right or move right while jumping Up: jump Down: swap used item Fire: talk to a person or use an item if possible skip dialogues and messages pick/drop items R key: restart the game Some background The game is inspired by old Polish (and not only) legends and traditions. If you'd like to know a bit more about the inspirations used in the game, you can try out some links inluded below. Some details in the game have been changed to fit the story but in some cases reading the sources could even work as help/spoiler in the game! Legends, people and customs used in the game: Prince Piast: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piast_the_Wheelwright Prince Popiel: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popiel Kupala Night: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupala_Night Fern flower: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fern_flower Wars and Sawa : https://sylwiaofwarsaw.wordpress.com/tag/warsaw-legends/ Basilisk of Warsaw: https://mythicalcreatures.edwardworthlibrary.ie/dragons/basilisk-of-warsaw/ Golden duck: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Duck Rat-catcher of Hamelin: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pied_Piper_of_Hamelin Pan Twardowski: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Twardowski Prince Krak: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakus Princess Wanda: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Wanda Wawel dragon: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wawel_Dragon Code, graphics and idea: Rafał Miazga 2020 The game uses „wait.stc” music module of an unknown author.
    [Show full text]
  • O Planie Ochrony Parku Kulturowego Nowa Huta Time for Nowa Huta
    krajobraz kulturowy f cultural landscape Roman Marcinek historyk, Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa historian, the National Heritage Board of Poland Zbigniew Myczkowski architekt, Politechnika Krakowska architect, Kraków University of Technology Czas na Nową Hutę – o planie ochrony Parku Kulturowego Nowa Huta Time for Nowa Huta – notes on the plan for the preservation of the Nowa Huta Cultural Park Abstrakt Abstract Nowa Huta jest miejscem powszechnie rozpoznawalnym, ale relatyw- Although Nowa Huta has become a household name over the years, nie słabo znanym. W przestrzeni publicznej funkcjonują na jej temat to most people the district itself remains relatively obscure. The public liczne stereotypy, w których cieniu pozostają obiektywne analizy. Utrud- perception of it is plagued by stereotypes which overshadow any at- nia to jednolitą politykę wobec obszaru uważanego za „miasto socjali- tempt at an objective analysis. This, in turn, makes it difficult to adopt styczne”, a będącego de facto konglomeratem architektury z 2. połowy a uniform policy for an area commonly believed to be a “socialist town”, XX wieku oraz reliktów średniowiecznych wsi. Narastające problemy even though it is, in fact, a conglomerate of architecture of the 2nd konserwatorskie, adaptacyjne, strukturalne i społeczne skłoniły Radę half of the 20th c. and the relics of the medieval village which had once Miasta Krakowa do podjęcia uchwały o utworzeniu na części obszaru existed there. The increasing conservation, adaptation, structural and Nowej Huty parku kulturowego. Artykuł to informacja o opracowaniu social issues which have cropped up over the years led the Kraków City będącym propozycją uporządkowania zagadnień związanych z ochro- Council to adopt a resolution on the establishment of a cultural park ną dziedzictwa i krajobrazu kulturowego.
    [Show full text]
  • 2015 Polish Heritage Festival
    Welcome to the 2015 POLISH HERITAGE FESTIVAL Twin Pines Park, Belmont May 30, 2015 11:00 am 6:00 pm www.polcafestival.com 2015 Featured Band: The Dixie Company from Poznań, Poland 2015 Featured City: Kraków The Trumpeter of Kraków playing the Hejnał Polish American Congress Northern California Division Festival Sponsor Celebrating & Sharing Our Polish Heritage The Polish American Congress State Division – Since 1944 Northern California Division (NCD) – Since 1968 The goals of Congress are to: Support Poland in times of need Preserve cultural heritage and ethnic identity Uphold the image of Polish-Americans Please join us! Keep Congress alive and successful! Success in meeting the challenges facing Polish-Americans today means staying active and working collaboratively. We must adapt to changing times and the aspirations of today’s Polish-Americans. We need YOU! Your presence is the key! Join the Polish-American Congress Northern California Division http://www.pacnorcal.org ________________________________________________________ FESTIVAL CO-SPONSORS The Polish Society of California/PNA Lodge 7 http://www.polishclubsf.org/PolishSocietyOfCalifornia.htm Founded by Polish California pioneers in 1863, the Society celebrated its 150th Anniversary in 2013. Since 1880 the Society has belonged to the Polish National Alliance as Lodge 7. The Polish National Alliance, popularly known as PNA or the Alliance, is the largest of all ethnically- based fraternal insurance benefit societies in this country. The Polish Club Inc., San Francisco http://www.PolishClubSF.org The Polish Club (Dom Polski) in San Francisco’s Mission District (3040 22nd Street) boasts three member societies, which held their first joint meeting in 1925. The mission of the Polish Club is to serve as a center for the propagation of Polish culture, art, language and community.
    [Show full text]
  • Mystery and Memory: Exploring Krakow's
    HIDDEN HISTORIES source: hidden europe 59 (winter 2019/2020) text and images © 2019 Duncan JD Smith www.hiddeneurope.co.uk Mystery and Memory — Exploring Kraków’s Suburban Mounds — by Duncan JD Smith This month sees the publication of the 12th our great earthen mounds stand in Kraków’s European city guide in the ever-reliable and suburbs. Raised by human hands, two of 8 hugely stimulating series written by Duncan F them are ancient and two are modern, con­ JD Smith and published under Duncan’s own veniently bookending much of Kraków’s history. imprint. ‘Only in Krakow’ is a 232-page cultur- Locals and visitors have long been drawn to them, al expedition through Kraków’s royal heritage eager to scale their summits and to plumb their which takes in dragons, idols and miracles. meaning. Duncan has been a regular contributor to hidden europe and we are pleased to publish Above: Krakus Mound in Kraków’s district of Podgórze is the this text which is adapted from a section of highest elevation within the Polish city. It dates back in part his new book. to the 8th century (photo © Duncan JD Smith). hidden europe 59 winter 2019/2020 Of Kraków’s two ancient mounds, the best constructed the mound during the early Middle known is Krakus Mound (Kopiec Krakusa) on Ages. As to its purpose, legend insists that King ul. Franciszka Maryewskiego in the district of Krak’s daughter, Princess Wanda, is buried here Podgórze. Not only is it Kraków’s oldest man­ (although again no evidence for a burial has been made structure, but the summit of the 16­metre­ found).
    [Show full text]
  • MERMAIDS and AMAZONS in POLISH CULTURE White Marriage and the Lure As Contemporary References to Medieval Era Imaginaria
    Lingue e Linguaggi Lingue Linguaggi 37 (2020), 67-87 ISSN 2239-0367, e-ISSN 2239-0359 DOI 10.1285/i22390359v37p67 http://siba-ese.unisalento.it, © 2020 Università del Salento This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 MERMAIDS AND AMAZONS IN POLISH CULTURE White Marriage and The Lure as Contemporary References to Medieval Era Imaginaria KATARZYNA NADANA-SOKOŁOWSKA, MONIKA RUDAŚ- GRODZKA INSTYTUT BADAŃ LITERACKICH POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK Abstract – The text uses Tadeusz Różewicz’s drama Białe małżeństwo (White Marriage) and two films – the film adaptation of this drama by Magdalena Łazarkiewicz, 1992 and Córki dancing (The Lure) by Agnieszka Smoczyńska, 2015 – as examples, along with several references to Polish contemporary literature written by women – to show the ways in which contemporary Polish culture is interested in the mythological creatures of mermaids/sirens. It posits the thesis that as a result of associations dating back to Polish medieval historiography relating to the legendary first Polish queen Wanda, on the one hand with Amazons and on the other with Mermaids (this association persisted in Sarmatian literature and took on various forms in Romanticism), today’s references to the mermaid bring to mind the Amazon warriors of legend. This association is particularly powerful, considering that the Polish capital Warsaw has taken the iconic image of an armed siren as its coat of arms. This mermaid/Amazon, as seen in the Warsaw coat of arms, used as part of the iconography referenced by the recent Black Protests (in the autumn of 2017 women in Poland organised mass protests against government moves to amend abortion legislation – as part of the protest mermaid sculptures around Warsaw had black sashes attached with the words “You are not alone”), evokes meanings rooted in Polish culture.
    [Show full text]
  • Agnieszka Teterycz-Puzio Kobieta W Świetle Wybranych Środkowoeuropejskich Źródeł Narracyjnych Z XI-XIV Wieku
    Agnieszka Teterycz-Puzio Kobieta w świetle wybranych środkowoeuropejskich źródeł narracyjnych z XI-XIV wieku Słupskie Studia Historyczne 18, 9-36 2012 KobietaSŁUPSKIE w świetle wybranych środkowoeuropejskichSTUDIA HISTORYCZNE źródeł narracyjnych z XI-XIV wieku 9 Nr 18 R O K 2012 A R T Y K U Ł Y AGNIESZKA TETERYCZ-PUZIO AKADEMIA POMORSKA W SŁUPSKU KOBIETA W ŚWIETLE WYBRANYCH ŚRODKOWOEUROPEJSKICH ŹRÓDEŁ NARRACYJNYCH Z XI-XIV WIEKU W średniowieczu kobiety brały niewielki udział w sprawowaniu władzy w pań- stwie i społeczeństwie, jednakże nie były od władzy całkowicie odsunięte, np. spra- wowały regencję w imieniu swoich synów bądź zarządzały klasztorami jako prze- orysze. Kobiety z rodzin panujących – począwszy od X w. – były niejednokrotnie osobami wykształconymi, mecenasami kultury 1. Wprawdzie kobiety nie mogły pia- stować urzędów publicznych, jednak system lenny dawał im uprawnienia władcze, jakich nie miały np. w społeczeństwie rzymskim czy germańskim, jeśli bowiem były seniorami w systemie lennym, to mogły zarządzać podległym im obszarem oraz przewodniczyć na zjazdach z wasalami 2. Najwięcej informacji źródłowych z okresu średniowiecza dotyczy księżnych bądź zakonnic, tylko szczątkowe wzmianki odno- szą się do kobiet z niższych stanów. W świetle kronik i żywotów widać, że męż- czyźni średniowiecza z jednej strony bali się kobiet, straszyli nimi jako narzędziem szatana, z drugiej strony otaczali je poważaniem, podziwem, a nawet uwielbieniem (także w poezji dworskiej). Z badań A. Guriewicza wynika, że wyraźnie niekorzystny obraz kobiety dawały exempla (krótkie moralizatorskie opowiadania z XIII w., w których świetle kobieta służyć miała przede wszystkim diabłu, czego wyrazem miał być np. taniec) 3. Niepo- kój kaznodziejów wzbudzała pasja kobiet do upiększania się (strojne suknie, fryzu- ry, maści) 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Hemerocallis 'A Dream of Warsaw' 2018 Tadeusz Kotula, Polska, 2018 2
    RODZAJ EPITET GATUNKOWY ODMIANA ROK POSADZENIA HODOWCA 1. Hemerocallis 'A Dream of Warsaw' 2018 Tadeusz Kotula, Polska, 2018 2. Hemerocallis 'A Servant's Hand' 2015 J. Shooter, USA, 2005 3. Hemerocallis 'Aabachee' 2014 R.H. Cheetham, USA, 1957 4. Hemerocallis 'Absolute Treasure' 2009 P. Stamile, USA, 1997 5. Hemerocallis 'Absyda' 2009 Byczyński i Nowak, Polska, 2008 6. Hemerocallis 'Acatenango' 2005 W. Reinermann, Niemcy, 1987 7. Hemerocallis 'Ada Sari' 2004 Stefan Franczak, Polska, 1991 8. Hemerocallis 'Adment' 2012 Byczyński i Nowak, Polska, 2011 9. Hemerocallis 'Admiral's Braid' 2014 P. Stamile, USA, 1990 10. Hemerocallis 'Admiral's Lady' 2013 H. Boykin, USA, 1998 11. Hemerocallis 'Adorable Tiger' 2014 G. Rasmussen, USA, 1998 12. Hemerocallis 'Adrastos' 2013 Byczyński i Nowak, Polska, 2013 13. Hemerocallis 'Adrians Sonnenspinne' 2016 W. Heuss, Niemcy, 2010 14. Hemerocallis 'Adriel' 2009 H.L. Harris, USA, 1978 15. Hemerocallis 'Adwent' 2014 Byczyński i Nowak, Polska, 2014 16. Hemerocallis 'Afrodyta' 2013 Grażyna Świątkowska, Polska, introd. 2013 17. Hemerocallis 'Afrykańska Przygoda' 2013 Grażyna Świątkowska, Polska, introd. 2010 18. Hemerocallis 'Agata' 2004 Stefan Franczak, Polska, 1987 19. Hemerocallis 'Age of Aquarius' 2014 S.C. Moldovan, USA, 2001 20. Hemerocallis 'Ageless Beauty' 2010 P. Stamile, USA, 2001 21. Hemerocallis 'Agent 007' 2013 Grażyna Świątkowska, Polska, introd. 2013 22. Hemerocallis 'Aglow' 2019 D.F. Hall, USA, 1955 23. Hemerocallis 'Agnes Elpers' 2014 T. Tamberg, Niemcy, 2000 24. Hemerocallis 'Agnieszka' 2004 Stefan Franczak, Polska, 1982 25. Hemerocallis 'Agnieszka Osiecka' 2016 Byczyński i Nowak, Polska, 2017 26. Hemerocallis 'Agora' 2012 Byczyński i Nowak, Polska, 2011 27. Hemerocallis 'Ah Youth' 2011 D. Simpson, USA, 1987 28. Hemerocallis 'Aisza' 2016 Byczyński i Nowak, Polska, 2017 29.
    [Show full text]
  • Artistic Expression of the Translatio Imperii Concept in the Latin Epic
    Artistic Expression of the Translatio imperii Concept in the Latin Epic Poetry of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 16th Century and the European Literary Context1 Žanna Nekraševič-Karotkaja Translatio imperii (transfer of the empire or transfer of power) is a political stereo- type of transfer of metaphysical world domination from country to country. Having originated in late Antiquity in the realm of political ideology, this idea preserved its relevance and expressed itself in the literature of many countries all throughout the Middle Ages as well as during the Renaissance and Baroque period. The concept of translatio imperii explains the belief of the Byzantine emperors in their excep- tional right over emperorship as legal successors of the old Rome. The emergence of the empire in the West in the times of Charles the Great (742-814) and then Otto I (912-973) did not destroy that stereotype and even added a new meaning to it. After the fall of Constantinople (1453), “the history of thetranslatio imperii myth in the Latin West was over” (Paškin 2012: 117). This concept gradually lost its universal character and was interpreted within the confines of a nation. In that sense, the title Sacrum Imperium Romanum Nationis Germanicae is quite indicative. Maximilian I first used this title officially in his address to the Reich- stag (Winkler 2006: 9-10). 1 I am sincerely grateful to Yuri Pavlov for translating this manuscript into English. I also thank Stephanie Richards for her careful critical reading of the manuscript and her invalu- able linguistic and substantive advice. Žanna Nekraševič-Karotkaja, Belarusian State University, Belarus, zhanna.nekrashevich-karotkaja@uni- oldenburg.de, 0000-0001-9544-2159 FUP Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing (DOI 10.36253/fup_best_practice) Žanna Nekraševič-Karotkaja, Artistic Expression of the Translatio imperii Concept in the Latin Epic Poetry of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 16th Century and the European Literary Context, pp.
    [Show full text]
  • © in This Web Service Cambridge University Press
    Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85332-3 - A Concise History of Poland: Second Edition Jerzy Lukowski and Hubert Zawadzki Index More information INDEX (regnal dates only of rulers are given) Adamkus, Valdas (1926± ) 331 Andrusovo, truce of (1667) 100, 106 Adelaide of Hesse (d. 1371) 33 Anna, Hungarian Jagiellonian princess Adenauer, Konrad (1876±1967 ) 315 (1503±47) 55 Albrecht of Habsburg (1248±1308) antitrinitarians 104 21 Arciszewski, Tomasz (1877±1955) 274, Albrecht of Hohenzollern-Ansbach, 292, 294 Grand Master of the Teutonic Armia Krajowa (AK) see Home Army Knights and ®rst secular ruler of (AK) Ducal Prussia (1525±68) 50, 60 Armia Ludowa (AL) see People's Army Aldona, Lithuanian princess (1309±39) (AL) 25, 33 Arnhem, battle of (1944) 269 Algirdas, Lithuanian prince (1345±77) Askenazy, Szymon (1865±1935) 236 39, 44 Asnyk, Adam (1838±97) 186 Alexander, king of Poland (1501±06) Astrakhan 58 44, 51, 55, 62, 63±4 Augustus II, king of Poland Alexander I, tsar of Russia (1801±25) (1697±1733) 106±9, 112 and king of Poland (1815±25) 140, Augustus III, king of Poland (1733±63) 141, 146±7, 150±2 110±11, 112, 124, 125, 126 Alexander II, tsar of Russia (1855±81) Auschwitz (OsÂwieÎcim) 260, 333 174, 177, 179±80, 183 Austerlitz, battle of (1805) 141 Alexei Mikhailovich, tsar of Muscovy Australia 166, 280 (1645±76) 96 Austria (and Austria-Hungary) 83, 98, Altmark, truce of (1629) 93 104, 106, 109±10, 112, 117±22, Anders, Wadysaw (1892±1970) 267, 123, 127, 128, 131, 137±8, 140±1, 269, 279, 293, 294 147, 156, 184±6, 218, 220, 221 Andrew II, king of Hungary (1205±35) 22 Bacciarelli, Marceli (1731±1818) 142 Andrew III, king of Hungary Badeni, Kazimierz (1846±1909) 185 (1290±1301) 21 Bakunin, Mikhail A.
    [Show full text]