O Planie Ochrony Parku Kulturowego Nowa Huta Time for Nowa Huta

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O Planie Ochrony Parku Kulturowego Nowa Huta Time for Nowa Huta krajobraz kulturowy f cultural landscape Roman Marcinek historyk, Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa historian, the National Heritage Board of Poland Zbigniew Myczkowski architekt, Politechnika Krakowska architect, Kraków University of Technology Czas na Nową Hutę – o planie ochrony Parku Kulturowego Nowa Huta Time for Nowa Huta – notes on the plan for the preservation of the Nowa Huta Cultural Park Abstrakt Abstract Nowa Huta jest miejscem powszechnie rozpoznawalnym, ale relatyw- Although Nowa Huta has become a household name over the years, nie słabo znanym. W przestrzeni publicznej funkcjonują na jej temat to most people the district itself remains relatively obscure. The public liczne stereotypy, w których cieniu pozostają obiektywne analizy. Utrud- perception of it is plagued by stereotypes which overshadow any at- nia to jednolitą politykę wobec obszaru uważanego za „miasto socjali- tempt at an objective analysis. This, in turn, makes it difficult to adopt styczne”, a będącego de facto konglomeratem architektury z 2. połowy a uniform policy for an area commonly believed to be a “socialist town”, XX wieku oraz reliktów średniowiecznych wsi. Narastające problemy even though it is, in fact, a conglomerate of architecture of the 2nd konserwatorskie, adaptacyjne, strukturalne i społeczne skłoniły Radę half of the 20th c. and the relics of the medieval village which had once Miasta Krakowa do podjęcia uchwały o utworzeniu na części obszaru existed there. The increasing conservation, adaptation, structural and Nowej Huty parku kulturowego. Artykuł to informacja o opracowaniu social issues which have cropped up over the years led the Kraków City będącym propozycją uporządkowania zagadnień związanych z ochro- Council to adopt a resolution on the establishment of a cultural park ną dziedzictwa i krajobrazu kulturowego. Autorzy przedstawili przyjętą covering a part of the Nowa Huta district. The article contains informa- metodę i etapy dochodzenia do finalnych wniosków. W zapisach planu tion on the study which serves as a proposal for adopting a structured propozycji postępowania w konkretnych miejscach jest kilka tysię- approach to the protection of cultural heritage and landscape. The au- cy. W artykule przedstawiono najważniejsze obszary postulowanych thors present both the methodology applied and the stages leading to działań. the final conclusions. The plan itself contains a few thousand proposals for specific actions. The article highlights the most significant areas of Słowa kluczowe: park kulturowy, ochrona obszarowa, urbanistyka, proposed activities. architektura XX wieku, ochrona dziedzictwa, socrealizm, rewitalizacja Keywords: cultural park, area-wide protection, urban planning and development, 20th-century architecture, heritage protection, socialist realism, revitalisation Miasto The city Nowa Huta, kiedyś odrębne miasto, dziś północ- Nowa Huta – once a separate city, today the north- no-wschodnia dzielnica Krakowa, była przez lata eastern district of Kraków, had for many years served z jednej strony symbolem forsownej industrializacji as a symbol of forced industrialisation and social i awansu społecznego, z drugiej – katastrofy ekolo- advancement on one hand and of growing social un- gicznej i narastającego społecznego buntu. Stała się rest and environmental disaster on the other. It has znakiem rozpoznawczym PRL, synonimem prze- become one of the hallmarks of the Polish People’s mian cywilizacyjnych dokonywanych nie w wyniku Republic, being synonymous with the civilisational naturalnej aktywność ludzi, lecz na polecenie władz change ushered in not through the organic activities realizujących utopijno-totalitarną wizję industriali- of citizens, but as a result of a government decision zacji1. Planowano z rozmachem, nie licząc się z kosz- intended to bring its utopian, totalitarian vision of tami. Ale czy ktoś liczył pieniądze na odbudowę industrial growth to life1. The plans for the new dis- Warszawy? Nie. Na symboliczne inwestycje fundusze trict were drawn up with great panache and with lit- musiały się znaleźć. tle regard to the costs of the project. Yet one may ask 129 krajobraz kulturowy f cultural landscape Zarówno w skali urbanistycznej, jak i w po- whether anyone actually counted how much money szczególnych elementach Nowa Huta nawiązuje do went into the reconstruction of Warsaw, left in ruins kompozycji czasów nowożytnych, idealnych miast in the wake of World War II? The answer is simple – przemysłowych, różni się jednak od podobnych pro- no one did. Insofar as projects having a symbolic val- jektów w krajach tzw. demokracji ludowej (np. Ma- ue were concerned, the funds simply had to be found gnitogorska, Eisenhüttenstadt, Ostravy-Poruby, Dy- somehow. mitrowgradu) przetworzeniem form historycznych. Both in terms of the scale of its urban layout and Nowa Huta to wizjonerski plan i jego zredukowana in terms of individual elements, Nowa Huta is remi- możliwościami gospodarki realizacja. Składa się niscent of the idealised, early modern designs for in- z 26 osiedli mieszkaniowych z pełną infrastrukturą dustrial cities, yet the inclusion of adapted historicist (sklepami, przychodniami, szkołami, bibliotekami), themes sets it apart from other, similar ones in other ale niemal pozbawiona jest reprezentacyjnych gma- “people’s democracies”, such as Magnitogorsk, Eisen- chów publicznych. Osiedla wiąże układ komuni- hüttenstadt, Ostrava-Poruba or Dimitrovgrad. Nowa kacyjny w postaci alei wybiegających promieniście Huta embodies a visionary plan which, ultimately, z placu Centralnego2, to on jest rusztem, w który had to be scaled down due to the insufficient capac- wpisano jednostki sąsiedzkie. Plac Centralny to ją- ity of the Polish economy at the time. The district dro dzielnicy, choć topograficznie nie stanowi ścisłe- consists of 26 housing estates with comprehensive go centrum. Umieszczono go pozornie peryferyjnie, infrastructure (shops, clinics, schools and libraries) w południowej części układu urbanistycznego, przy and is nearly completely devoid of grand, public edi- krawędzi wiślanej skarpy. Z nim, z jego jednorodną, fices of any kind. All the housing estates are linked wyróżniającą się pod względem formy architekturą, by a communication layout in the form of wide alleys najczęściej kojarzymy Nową Hutę. Kompozycji jed- radiating from the Central Square2 around which nak nie ukończono, a południową ścianę, otwartą na all individual neighbourhoods are clustered. The dolinę Wisły, zeszpecono późniejszymi realizacjami. Central Square remains the very core of the district, Pierwotnie zakładano tam budowę teatru z monu- even though, in topographic terms, it is not located mentalną kolumnadą oraz domu kultury (w 1955 r. in the centre thereof. On the contrary, it appears zrezygnowano z tego pomysłu ze względów finan- to lie at the outskirts of the district, in its southern sowych), z widokiem otwartym na ogromny zalew, part, in the vicinity of the embankment running planowany w miejscu dzisiejszych Łąk Nowohuc- alongside the Vistula river. It is the distinctive, uni- kich (rozległej zielonej przestrzeni o statusie użytku form architecture of the Central Square that imme- ekologicznego). diately comes to mind whenever we think of Nowa Osią symetrii założenia urbanistycznego dziel- Huta. However, the design for the square was never nicy, zwanej potocznie „Starą Nową Hutą”, jest aleja completed, while its southern end, initially opening Róż (do 1958 r. nosiła nazwę Planu Sześcioletniego) – towards the Vistula river valley, has later lost much of reprezentacyjna arteria wychodząca z północnej pie- its aesthetic appeal as a result of subsequent develop- rzei placu Centralnego i biegnąca do skrzyżowania ments. Originally, this site was earmarked for a com- z ul. Bulwarową. Według planistów miała przecinać munity centre and a theatre with a monumental col- – ostatecznie niezrealizowany – plac Ratuszowy. Dzie- onnade (in 1955, however, the project was shelved due li się na dwa odcinki – strefę pieszą (do skrzyżowania to financial constraints) overlooking a great reservoir z ul. Przyjaźni) i jezdną (od ul. Przyjaźni do ul. Bul- which was envisioned in the area of what is now the warowej). Odcinek przylegający do placu Centralnego, Nowa Huta Meadows (an extensive green area having najbardziej reprezentacyjny, był miejscem, gdzie w la- the status of an ecological site). tach 70. stanął pomnik Lenina, usunięty w roku 1989. The axis of symmetry of the entire urban develop- Zrealizowano niemal w całości tzw. Oś Pra- ment scheme for the district, commonly referred to cy (dziś to aleja Solidarności), wychodzącą z placu as “Stara Nowa Huta” (Old Nowa Huta) remains the Centralnego i kończącą się zespołem budynków dy- alley known as Aleja Róż (the Alley of Roses, known rekcji kombinatu. Bliźniacze gmachy tzw. Centrum as the “Six-Year Plan Alley” until 1958), a grand artery 130 krajobraz kulturowy f cultural landscape 1 Administracyjnego oraz dwie arkadowe bramy pro- road branching away from the northern frontage of wadzące na teren zakładu stanęły na niewielkim the Central Square and running towards the junc- wzniesieniu. Kiedyś miały w tle rzędy kominów tion with Bulwarowa Street. The original plan pro- i wielobarwne słupy dymu. Centrum zaprojektowa- vided that this alley was to cut across the contemplat- ne w 1950 roku, zbudowane w latach 1952-1956, jest ed Town Hall Square which, however, was ultimately charakterystycznym zespołem obiektów, znakiem never built. The alley can be divided into two sec- łączności miasta z kombinatem.
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