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Brigitte Bailer-Galanda “Revisionism”1 in Germany and Austria: the Evolution of a Doctrine
www.doew.at Brigitte Bailer-Galanda “Revisionism”1 in Germany and Austria: The Evolution of a Doctrine Published in: Hermann Kurthen/Rainer Erb/Werner Bergmann (ed.), Anti-Sem- itism and Xenophobia in Germany after Unification, New York–Oxford 1997 Development of “revisionism” since 1945 Most people understand so called „revisionism“ as just another word for the movement of holocaust denial (Benz 1994; Lipstadt 1993; Shapiro 1990). Therefore it was suggested lately to use the word „negationism“ instead. How- ever in the author‘s point of view „revisionism“ covers some more topics than just the denying of the National Socialist mass murders. Especially in Germany and Austria there are some more points of National Socialist politics some people have tried to minimize or apologize since 1945, e. g. the responsibility for World War II, the attack on the Soviet Union in 1941 (quite a modern topic), (the discussion) about the number of the victims of the holocaust a. s. o.. In the seventies the late historian Martin Broszat already called that movement „run- ning amok against reality“ (Broszat 1976). These pseudo-historical writers, many of them just right wing extremist publishers or people who quite rapidly turned to right wing extremists, really try to prove that history has not taken place, just as if they were able to make events undone by denying them. A conception of “negationism” (Auerbach 1993a; Fromm and Kernbach 1994, p. 9; Landesamt für Verfassungsschutz 1994) or “holocaust denial” (Lipstadt 1993, p. 20) would neglect the additional components of “revision- ism”, which are logically connected with the denying of the holocaust, this being the extreme variant. -
Between Denial and "Comparative Trivialization": Holocaust Negationism in Post-Communist East Central Europe
Between Denial and "Comparative Trivialization": Holocaust Negationism in Post-Communist East Central Europe Michael Shafir Motto: They used to pour millet on graves or poppy seeds To feed the dead who would come disguised as birds. I put this book here for you, who once lived So that you should visit us no more Czeslaw Milosz Introduction* Holocaust denial in post-Communist East Central Europe is a fact. And, like most facts, its shades are many. Sometimes, denial comes in explicit forms – visible and universally-aggressive. At other times, however, it is implicit rather than explicit, particularistic rather than universal, defensive rather than aggressive. And between these two poles, the spectrum is large enough to allow for a large variety of forms, some of which may escape the eye of all but the most versatile connoisseurs of country-specific history, culture, or immediate political environment. In other words, Holocaust denial in the region ranges from sheer emulation of negationism elsewhere in the world to regional-specific forms of collective defense of national "historic memory" and to merely banal, indeed sometime cynical, attempts at the utilitarian exploitation of an immediate political context.1 The paradox of Holocaust negation in East Central Europe is that, alas, this is neither "good" nor "bad" for the Jews.2 But it is an important part of the * I would like to acknowledge the support of the J. and O. Winter Fund of the Graduate Center of the City University of New York for research conducted in connection with this project. I am indebted to friends and colleagues who read manuscripts of earlier versions and provided comments and corrections. -
9/11 Report”), July 2, 2004, Pp
Final FM.1pp 7/17/04 5:25 PM Page i THE 9/11 COMMISSION REPORT Final FM.1pp 7/17/04 5:25 PM Page v CONTENTS List of Illustrations and Tables ix Member List xi Staff List xiii–xiv Preface xv 1. “WE HAVE SOME PLANES” 1 1.1 Inside the Four Flights 1 1.2 Improvising a Homeland Defense 14 1.3 National Crisis Management 35 2. THE FOUNDATION OF THE NEW TERRORISM 47 2.1 A Declaration of War 47 2.2 Bin Ladin’s Appeal in the Islamic World 48 2.3 The Rise of Bin Ladin and al Qaeda (1988–1992) 55 2.4 Building an Organization, Declaring War on the United States (1992–1996) 59 2.5 Al Qaeda’s Renewal in Afghanistan (1996–1998) 63 3. COUNTERTERRORISM EVOLVES 71 3.1 From the Old Terrorism to the New: The First World Trade Center Bombing 71 3.2 Adaptation—and Nonadaptation— ...in the Law Enforcement Community 73 3.3 . and in the Federal Aviation Administration 82 3.4 . and in the Intelligence Community 86 v Final FM.1pp 7/17/04 5:25 PM Page vi 3.5 . and in the State Department and the Defense Department 93 3.6 . and in the White House 98 3.7 . and in the Congress 102 4. RESPONSES TO AL QAEDA’S INITIAL ASSAULTS 108 4.1 Before the Bombings in Kenya and Tanzania 108 4.2 Crisis:August 1998 115 4.3 Diplomacy 121 4.4 Covert Action 126 4.5 Searching for Fresh Options 134 5. -
JFQ 31 JFQ▼ FORUM Sponds to Aggravated Peacekeeping in Joint Pub 3–0
0203 C2 & Pgs 1-3 3/3/04 9:07 AM Page ii The greatest lesson of this war has been the extent to which air, land, and sea operations can and must be coordinated by joint planning and unified command. —General Henry H. (“Hap”) Arnold Report to the Secretary of War Cover 2 0203 C2 & Pgs 1-3 3/27/04 7:18 AM Page iii JFQ Page 1—no folio 0203 C2 & Pgs 1-3 3/3/04 9:07 AM Page 2 CONTENTS A Word from the Chairman 4 by John M. Shalikashvili In This Issue 6 by the Editor-in-Chief Living Jointness 7 by William A. Owens Taking Stock of the New Joint Age 15 by Ike Skelton JFQ Assessing the Bottom-Up Review 22 by Andrew F. Krepinevich, Jr. JOINT FORCE QUARTERLY Living Jointness JFQ FORUM Bottom-Up Review Standing Up JFQ Joint Education Coalitions Theater Missle Vietnam Defense as Military History Standing Up Coalitions Atkinson‘s Crusade Defense Transportation 25 The Whats and Whys of Coalitions 26 by Anne M. Dixon 94 W93inter Implications for U.N. Peacekeeping A PROFESSIONAL MILITARY JOURNAL 29 by John O.B. Sewall PHOTO CREDITS The cover features an Abrams main battle tank at National Training Center (Military The Cutting Edge of Unified Actions Photography/Greg Stewart). Insets: [top left] 34 by Thomas C. Linn Operation Desert Storm coalition officers reviewing forces in Kuwait City (DOD), [bottom left] infantrymen fording a stream in Vietnam Preparing Future Coalition Commanders (DOD), [top right] students at the Armed Forces Staff College (DOD), and [bottom right] a test 40 by Terry J. -
Rechtsextremismus Und Antifaschismus Herausgegeben Von Klaus Kinner Und Rolf Richter
Rechtsextremismus und Antifaschismus herausgegeben von Klaus Kinner und Rolf Richter 1 Schriften 5 herausgegeben von der Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung Sachsen e. V. und der Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung, Gesellschaftsanalyse und Politische Bildung e. V. 2 Rechtsextremismus und Antifaschismus Historische und aktuelle Dimensionen herausgegeben von Klaus Kinner und Rolf Richter Karl Dietz Verlag Berlin 3 Die Deutsche Bibliothek – CIP-Einheitsaufnahme Rechtsextremismus und Antifaschismus : historische und aktuelle Dimensionen / hrsg. von Klaus Kinner und Rolf Richter. – Berlin : Dietz, 2000 (Schriften / Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung ; Bd. 5) ISBN 3-320-02015-3 © Karl Dietz Verlag Berlin GmbH 2000 Umschlag: Egbert Neubauer, MediaService Fotos: Gabriele Senft, Berlin Typografie: Brigitte Bachmann Satz: MediaService, Berlin Druck und Bindearbeit: BärenDruck, Berlin Printed in Germany 4 INHALT Editorial 7 WERNER BRAMKE Antifaschistische Tradition und aktueller Antifaschismus 8 ROLF RICHTER Über Theoretisches und Praktisches im heutigen Antifaschismus 14 KLAUS KINNER Kommunistischer Antifaschismus – ein schwieriges Erbe 45 ANDRÉ HAHN Zum Umgang mit Rechtsextremen in den Parlamenten 52 NORBERT MADLOCH Rechtsextremismus in Deutschland nach dem Ende des Hitlerfaschismus 57 Vorbemerkung 58 Rechtsextremistische Tendenzen und Entwicklungen in der DDR, speziell in Sachsen, bis Oktober 1990 63 Hauptetappen der Entwicklung des Rechtsextremismus in den alten Bundesländern bis zur deutschen Vereinigung 1990 106 Zur Entwicklung des Rechtsextremismus im geeinten Deutschland 1990 bis 1990 – besonders in den neuen Bundesländern 146 Ursachen und Perspektiven des Rechtsextremismus in der Bundesrepublik 206 ROLAND BACH Zur nationalen und sozialen Demagogie der extremen Rechten 215 5 Anhang 251 NORBERT MADLOCH Lexikalische Erläuterungen zu den im Rechtsextremismus-Teil verwandten Hauptbegriffen 252 Rechtsextremismus 253 Rechtsradikalismus = Grauzone 255 Rechtspopulismus 256 Faschismus/Nazismus – Neofaschismus/Neonazismus 257 Neue Rechte 261 Rassismus 264 Ausländer- bzw. -
The Historical Combat Effectiveness of Lighter-Weight Armored Forces
The Dupuy Institute 1497 Chain Bridge Road Suite 100 McLean, VA 22101 Phone: (703) 356-1151 Fax: (703) 356-1152 Website: http://dupuyinstitute.org/ THE HISTORICAL COMBAT EFFECTIVENESS OF LIGHTER-WEIGHT ARMORED FORCES FINAL REPORT Contract Number DASW01-98-D-0058, Task Order 005 6 August 2001 Prepared for: U.S. Department of the Army Center for Army Analysis 6001 Goethals Road Fort Belvoir, Virginia 22060-5230 I. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................................................... 1 Definitions .................................................................................................................................................... 1 Study Plan..................................................................................................................................................... 2 Technology ................................................................................................................................................... 3 Wheeled Tanks ............................................................................................................................................. 3 The Interim Brigade/Division ....................................................................................................................... 4 II. USE OF ARMOR IN CONTINGENCY OPERATIONS........................................................................................ 5 Presence of Armor in SSCOs....................................................................................................................... -
THE ROYAL NAVY and the MEDITERRANEAN VOLUME II: November1940-December 1941 the ROYAL NAVY and the MEDITERRANEAN VOLUME II: November 1940-December1941
WHITEHALL HISTORIES: NAVAL STAFF HISTORIES SeriesEditor: Capt. ChristopherPage ISSN: 1471-0757 THE ROYAL NAVY AND THE MEDITERRANEAN VOLUME II: November1940-December 1941 THE ROYAL NAVY AND THE MEDITERRANEAN VOLUME II: November 1940-December1941 With an Introduction by DAVID BROWN Former Head ofthe Naval Historical Branch, Ministry ofDefence i~ ~~o~~~;n~~~up LONDON AND NEW YORK NAVAL STAFF HISTORIES SeriesEditor: Capt. ChristopherPage ISSN: 1471-0757 Naval Staff Historieswere producedafter the SecondWorld War in orderto provide as full an accountof thevarious actions and operations as was possible at the time. In some casesthe Historieswere basedon earlierBattle Summarieswritten much soonerafter the event,and designedto provide more immediateassessments. The targetaudience for theseNaval Staff Historieswas largely servingofficers; someof the volumeswere originally classified,not to restrict their distribution but to allow the writers to be as candidas possible. The Evacuationfrom Dunkirk: Operation 'Dynamo: 26May-4 June 1940 With a prefaceby W. J. R. Gardner Naval Operationsof the Campaignin Norway, April-June 1940 With a prefaceby ChristopherPage The RoyalNavy and the Mediterranean,Vol. I: September1939-0ctober 1940 With an introductionby David Brown The RoyalNavy and the Mediterranean,Vol. II· November1940-December 1941 With an introductionby David Brown German Capital Shipsand Raidersin World War II: VolumeI: From Gra! Speeto Bismarck,1939-1941 VolumefL· From Scharnhorstto Tirpitz, 1942-1944 With an introductionby Eric Grove The RoyalNavy and the PalestinePatrol With a prefaceby Ninian Stewart During the productionof this Naval Staff History, it was learnedwith greatregret that David Brown, OBE FRHistS,the authorof the new Introductionto this volume, died on 11 August 2001. He had dedicatedhis life to naval history and was Headof the Naval Historical Branchof the Ministry of Defencefor more than a quarterof a century. -
Antiziganismus Soziale Und Historische Dimensionen Von "Zigeuner"- Stereotypen
ANTIZIGANISMUS Soziale und historische Dimensionen von "Zigeuner"- Stereotypen Dokumentations- und Kulturzentrum Deutscher Sinti und Roma ANTIZIGANISMUS Soziale und historische Dimensionen von "Zigeuner"- Stereotypen Dokumentations- und Kulturzentrum Deutscher Sinti und Roma © 2015 Dokumentations- und Kulturzentrum Deutscher Sinti und Roma Bremeneckgasse 2 D-69117 Heidelberg www.sintiundroma.de ISBN 978-3-929446-31-9 Redaktion: Thomas Baumann, Jacques Delfeld jr., Hans Scheid, Armin Ulm Lektorat: Sebastian Bühner, Bettina Liebler Layout & Satz: Stefanie Eifler, www.stefanieeifler.de Druck: Neumann Druck, Heidelberg Gefördert von der Beauftragten der Bundesregierung für Kultur und Medien aufgrund eines Beschlusses des Deutschen Bundestages sowie unterstützt durch das Ministerium für Arbeit und Soziales aus Mitteln des Landes Baden-Württemberg. INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Grußwort / Theresia Bauer .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 10 Vorwort / Jacques Delfeld jr. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 14 Helfer des Feindes Von der Häresie der Athinganoi zum „Stamm“ der Atsinganoi / Benedikt Wolf .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 18 Historische Vorläufer des modernen Antiziganismusbegriffs / Martin Holler .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 38 Antiziganismus Zur Verteidigung eines wissenschaftlichen Begriffs in kritischer Absicht / Markus End .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 54 Politischer Antiziganismus / Wilhelm Solms .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 74 Die integrierten Deutschen und Andere -
Military History Anniversaries 16 Thru 31 January
Military History Anniversaries 16 thru 31 January Events in History over the next 15 day period that had U.S. military involvement or impacted in some way on U.S military operations or American interests JAN 16 1776 – Amrican Revolutionary War: African-American Soldiers » It was an uncomfortable fact for many in the colonies that at the same time they were fighting the British for their liberty and freedom they were depriving slaves of that same opportunity. African-American soldiers, in fact, had participated in major Revolutionary War battles from its very start: around 5% of American forces at the battle of Bunker Hill were black. New England units were completely integrated with soldiers receiving the same pay regardless of color. Still, fears of a rebellion of armed slaves tempered official American recognition of the contribution of blacks. On this date General George Washington allowed for the first time for free blacks with military experience to enlist in the revolutionary army. A year later, as the American need for manpower increased, Washington dropped the military experience requirement, allowing any free black who so wishes to enlist. The Continental Congress tried to recruit more African-Americans by offering to purchase them from the Southern slaveholders. Unsurprisingly, few agreed. But enterprising states like Rhode Island made an end run around the slaveholders, announcing any slave who enlisted would immediately be freed. (Rhode Island compensated the slaveholder for the market value of their slave.) The “1st Rhode Island Regiment” was comprised mostly of those freed slaves, becoming the only Continental Army unit to have segregated units for blacks. -
History 4495 World War Two in Europe Dr. Eli Rubin Fall Semester 2015
HISTORY 4495 WORLD WAR TWO IN EUROPE DR. ELI RUBIN FALL SEMESTER 2015 Dunbar Hall 4204 4-6:30 Contact Information: Dr. Eli Rubin Office: 4418 Friedmann Hall Office Hours: M 12-2 W 1:30-2:30 Office telephone: 387-4646 Email: [email protected] Note: my policy is to reply to all e-mails within 24-48 hours; if you have not received a reply after that time frame, please contact me again (your message may have been filtered or overlooked). Introduction Welcome to History 4495, World War Two in Europe. This is a 4000 level Baccalaureate Writing Course which focuses on the lead up to, the conduct, and the aftermath of WWII in Europe. Among the main areas of focus will be: 1. The rise of fascism and communism in the 1920s and 30s, in the context of the aftermath of WWI. 2. The reasons for German military dominance from 1939-1943. 3. The reasons for the German collapse after 1943 4. The Holocaust and its connection to the War. 5. The moral and ethical dilemma of the bombing war over Germany 6. Resistance to German occupation 7. The end of the War and its connection to the Cold War We will be considering a range of secondary and primary sources which focus on Germany, Italy, France, Eastern Europe and beyond. Course Goals At the end of this course, you should be able to: 1. Explain the connections between the aftermath of WWI and the rise of Communism and Fascism 2. Compare the similarities and differences of Communism and Fascism. -
The 9/11 Commission Report
THE 9/11 COMMISSION REPORT THE 9/11 COMMISSION REPORT Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States official government edition For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512-1800; DC area (202) 512-1800 Fax: (202) 512-2250 Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-0001 ISBN 0-16-072304-3 CONTENTS List of Illustrations and Tables ix Member List xi Staff List xiii–xiv Preface xv 1. “WE HAVE SOME PLANES” 1 1.1 Inside the Four Flights 1 1.2 Improvising a Homeland Defense 14 1.3 National Crisis Management 35 2. THE FOUNDATION OF THE NEW TERRORISM 47 2.1 A Declaration of War 47 2.2 Bin Ladin’s Appeal in the Islamic World 48 2.3 The Rise of Bin Ladin and al Qaeda (1988–1992) 55 2.4 Building an Organization, Declaring War on the United States (1992–1996) 59 2.5 Al Qaeda’s Renewal in Afghanistan (1996–1998) 63 3. COUNTERTERRORISM EVOLVES 71 3.1 From the Old Terrorism to the New: The First World Trade Center Bombing 71 3.2 Adaptation—and Nonadaptation— in the Law Enforcement Community 73 3.3 . and in the Federal Aviation Administration 82 3.4 . and in the Intelligence Community 86 v 3.5 . and in the State Department and the Defense Department 93 3.6 . and in the White House 98 3.7 . and in the Congress 102 4. RESPONSES TO AL QAEDA’S INITIAL ASSAULTS 108 4.1 Before the Bombings in Kenya and Tanzania 108 4.2 Crisis:August 1998 115 4.3 Diplomacy 121 4.4 Covert Action 126 4.5 Searching for Fresh Options 134 5. -
El Pasado En Construcción. Revisionismos Históricos En La
cub-CHG-6.pdf 1 30/05/15 12:47 El «revisionismo histórico», en- CARLOS FORCADELL ÁLVAREZ es catedrático de Historia Contemporánea en la tendido como el cuestionamiento de Universidad de Zaragoza. Comenzó sus investigaciones sobre la historia los consensos disciplinares básicos social de las organizaciones políticas y sindicales del movimiento obrero La Historia, hoy, debe cons- construidos por la historiografía euro- El pasado en la España contemporánea, atendiendo posteriormente a temas y méto- truirse y relatarse a escala com- dos de historia cultural de la sociedad y de la política y de historia de la pea a partir de 1945, es un fenómeno glo- historiografía. Editó, junto con Juan José Carreras, el libro Usos públicos parativa y global. La Institución bal que hace posible una problematización Fernando el Católico pretende con de la Historia (2003), que reflejó tempranamente la adaptación de esta transnacional más comprensiva de las diferen- en construcción perspectiva en la historiografía española. Ha codirigido el volumen III de esta nueva colección presentar una tes experiencias y perspectivas nacionales. Este selección de temas y problemas comu- la Historia de las culturas políticas en España y América latina sobre La nes tanto a la experiencia histórica de la es un libro dedicado a estudiar en perspectiva Restauración y la República, 1874-1936 (Madrid, Marcial Pons y Zarago- za, PUZ, 2015). Ha sido presidente de la Asociación de Historia Contem- mayor parte de las sociedades, próximas comparada la historia reciente de los revisionismos