Disco Óptico 1 Disco Óptico

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Disco Óptico 1 Disco Óptico Disco óptico 1 Disco óptico Un disco óptico es un formato de almacenamiento de datos digital, que consiste en un disco circular en el cual la información se codifica, se guarda y almacena, haciendo unos surcos microscópicos con un láser sobre una de las caras planas que lo componen. Generalidades En el campo de la informática, y la reproducción de sonido y de video, un disco óptico es un disco circular en el cual la información se codifica, se guarda, almacena... haciendo unos surcos, pits, microscópicos con un láser sobre una de las superficies planas que lo componen, que suele ser de aluminio. El material de codificación se sitúa por encima de un sustrato de mayor grosor, generalmente de policarbonato, que constituye la mayor parte del disco. El patrón de codificación sigue un recorrido en espiral continuo que cubre la superficie del disco entera, extendiéndose desde la pista más interna hasta la más externa. El acceso a los datos, lectura, se realiza cuando esta superficie es iluminada con un haz de láser generado por un diodo láser dentro de la unidad de disco óptico la cual hace girar el disco a velocidades alrededor de 200 RPM a 4000 RPM o más, dependiendo del tipo de unidad, el formato de disco, y la distancia desde el Un disco Blu-ray en su forma original, dentro de una carcasa cabezal de lectura hasta el centro del disco, las pistas protectora. internas son leídas a una velocidad mayor. Los surcos en la superficie modifican el comportamiento del haz de láser reflejado y nos dan la información que contiene el disco. De ahí que la mayoría de los discos ópticos, excepto los discos negros de la consola de videojuegos) PlayStation original, tengan su característica aparencia iridiscente creada por las hendiduras en la capa reflectiva. El reverso de un disco óptico generalmente tiene impresa una etiqueta, hecha usualmente de papel pero a veces impresa o estampada en el disco mismo. Este lado, sin codificar, del disco es típicamente cubierto con un material transparente, en general laca. A Disco UMD, Universal Media Disc en planta. diferencia de los disquetes, la mayoría de los discos ópticos no tienen integrada una carcasa protectora y por lo tanto son susceptibles a los problemas de transferencia de datos debido a rayaduras, grietas, huellas, y otros problemas del entorno. Aunque las huellas, el polvo y la suciedad en muchos casos pueden ser removidas con un paño húmedo. Los discos ópticos en general tienen un diámetro de entre 7.6 y 30 cm, siendo 12 cm el tamaño más común. Un disco típico tiene un grosor de 1.2 mm, mientras que el largo de pista, la distancia desde el centro de una pista hasta el Disco óptico 2 centro de la siguiente, es en general de 1.6 µm (micrones). Un disco óptico está diseñado para soportar uno de tres tipos de grabación: solo lectura, por ejemplo CD y CD-ROM, grabable, posibilidad de escribir una sola vez, por ejemplo CD-R), o regrabable (reescribible, por ejemplo CD-RW. Los discos grabables usualmente poseen una capa de grabación de tinte orgánico entre el sustrato y la capa reflexiva. Por otra parte, los discos regrabables contienen una capa de grabación de aleación compuesta de un material en cambio de estado, la mayoría de las veces AgInSbTe, un aleación de plata, indio, antimonio y telurio. Según el formato, discos ópticos son usados muchas veces para almacenar música, por ejemplo para usar en un reproductor de CD, video, por ejemplo para usar en un reproductor de DVD, o datos y programas para computadora. La Optical Storage Technology Association, OSTA, promueve formatos de almacenamiento ópticos estandarizados. Aunque los discos ópticos son más duraderos que los formatos de almacenamiento audiovisuales anteriores, son susceptibles a daños provocados por el entorno y el uso diario. Las bibliotecas promueven procedimientos de preservación de medios ópticos para asegurar una usabilidad continua en la unidad de disco óptico de la computadora o el correspondiente reproductor de discos. Para copias de seguridad de datos de computadora y transferencia de datos física, los discos ópticos como el CD y el DVD están siendo reemplazados gradualmente por dispositivos de estado sólido más rápidos, pequeños y confiables, especialmente la memoria USB. Se espera que esta tendencia continúe a medida que las memorias USB sigan creciendo en capacidad y disminuyendo sus precios. De manera similar, los reproductores de CD personales portables han sido reemplazados por reproductores MP3 de estado sólido portables, y la música comprada o compartida por Internet, o por otros medios, ha disminuido de manera importante el número de CD de audio vendidos por año. El formato disco óptico cuenta con el respaldo de la ECMA, la organización que desde 1984 es responsable de avanzar en el desarrollo de los discos ópticos, al que pertenecen todos ellos: CD-ROM, DVD, UMD, Minidisc, Blu-Ray... Apenas en el 2003 la capacidad máxima de las unidades de tarjeta de memoria no superaban los 8 o 16 mb, tener un formato que soportara casi 1 GB era no tener competencia. Un disco óptico tiene calculada una vida útil de algo más de 100 años lo que es algo menos en los CD y DVD actuales y bastante menos en los Blu-ray hechos de celulosa. Las posibilidades multimedia del disco óptico son variadas y utiliza procesos de fabricación muy familiares para la industria. Permite almacenar cualquier tipo de datos en ellos. Comparados con formatos, como los cartuchos de otras videoconsolas o las tarjetas de memoria, su coste de producción es más alto, son más frágiles para la manipulación por niños y tardan más tiempo en cargar. La fuerte competencia entre los distintos soportes mundialmente aceptados como el Compact Disc u otros soportes como el Minidisc, DVD Audio, SACD... para evitar la competencia y beneficiarse así de las licencias, a costa de los consumidores que cada pocos años tenían que renovar sus equipos al ser incompatibles, ha perjudicado a la larga a los nuevos formatos de disco óptico que no se venden como se esperaba. El formato BluRay, se impuso a su competidor, el HD DVD, en la guerra de formatos iniciada para cambiar el estándar DVD. Aunque la tendencia del mercado apunta que el sucesor del DVD no será un disco óptico sino la tarjeta de memoria. Siendo el competidor más duro que tiene el Blu-ray. El límite de capacidad en las tarjetas de formato SD/MMC está ya en 128 GB en modo LBA (28-bit sector address), teniendo la ventaja de ser regrabables al menos durante 5 años. La utilización de cartuchos, frente a otras opciones como discos ópticos responde a una larga lista de factores. El precio de fabricación, que una vez se llega a cierto nivel de unidades es muy bajo, en algunos casos, como las videoconsolas, el control sobre los distribuidores y los fabricantes del producto, que están obligados a utilizar la patente, etc. En general, los cartuchos suponen cierta garantía para controlar el software que aparece para una plataforma, al menos frente a los medios habituales como los discos CD o DVD. Además un cartucho no tiene piezas Disco óptico 3 móviles, con lo que es menos probable que un programa sufra daños si recibe algún golpe mientras está en plena lectura. O se bloquee por un bache mientras se viaja en coche o simplemente al levantar los brazos para descansar unos segundos. Son muy apropiados para que los usen los niños. Historia El disco óptico fue inventado en 1958. En 1961 y 1969, David Paul Gregg registró una patente por el disco óptico analógico para grabación de video, patente de EE.UU 3.430.966 [1]. Es de interés especial que la patente de EE.UU 4.893.297 [2], registrada en 1968, emitida en 1990, generó ingresos de regalías para el DVD de Pioneer Corporation hasta 2007, abarcando los sistemas CD, DVD, y Blu-ray. A comienzos de los años 1960, la Music Corporation of America (MCA) compró las Lente óptico de una unidad de CD. patentes de Gregg y su empresa, Gauss Electrophysics. Luego en 1969, en Holanda, físicos de Philips Research comenzaron sus primeros experimentos en un disco óptico de video en Eindhoven. En 1975, Philips y MCA unieron esfuerzos, y en 1978, comercialmente mucho después, presentaron su largamente esperado Laserdisc en Atlanta. MCA comerciaba los discos y Philips los reproductores. Sin embargo, la presentación fue fracaso técnico y comercial y la cooperación entre Philips y MCA se disolvió. En Japón y Estados Unidos, Pioneer triunfó con el disco de video hasta la llegada del DVD. En 1979, Philips y Sony, en consorcio, comenzaron a desarrollar un nuevo disco óptico de almacenamiento de audio con tecnología digital y en 1983 terminaron con éxito el disco compacto (CD). Paralelamente, la compañía Pioneer tuvo éxitos en el campo de los discos de video hasta el desarrollo del actual DVD. A mitad de los años 1990, un consorcio de fabricantes desarrollaron la segunda generación de discos ópticos, el DVD. La tercera generación de discos ópticos fue desarrollada entre 2000 y 2006, y las primeras películas en discos Blu-ray fueron lanzadas en junio de 2006. Blu-ray eventualmente prevaleció en una guerra de formatos de discos ópticos de alta definición sobre un formato de la competencia, el HD DVD. Un disco estándar Blu-ray puede almacenar aproximadamente 25 GB de datos, un DVD aproximadamente 4.7 GB, y un CD alrededor de 700 MB. Cronológicamente, podemos dividir la historia de los discos ópticos en tres generaciones. Los estándares de almacenamiento ópticos son regulados por la OSTA (Optical Storage Technology Association).
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