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Fundamentals of Hard Disk Drives Digital Storage in Consumer Electronics This page intentionally left blank Digital Storage in Consumer Electronics The Essential Guide Thomas M. Coughlin AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Newnes is an imprint of Elsevier Newnes is an imprint of Elsevier 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP, UK Copyright © 2008, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: (+44) 1865 843830, fax: (+44) 1865 853333, E-mail: [email protected]. You may also complete your request online via the Elsevier homepage (http://elsevier.com), by selecting “Support & Contact” then “Copyright and Permission” and then “Obtaining Permissions.” Recognizing the importance of preserving what has been written, Elsevier prints its books on acid-free paper whenever possible. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Coughlin, Thomas M. Digital storage in consumer electronics : the essential guide / Thomas M. Coughlin. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-7506-8465-1 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Computer storage devices. 2. Household electronics. 3. Digital electronics. I. Title. TK7895.M4C68 2008 004.5—dc22 2007038608 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN: 978-0-7506-8465-1 For information on all Newnes publications visit our Web site at www.books.elsevier.com 08 09 10 11 12 13 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in the United States of America Working together to grow libraries in developing countries www.elsevier.com | www.bookaid.org | www.sabre.org This book is dedicated to my mother, Connie, who taught me to keep working until a project is done. It is also dedicated to my family: Fran, Will, and Ben, for putting up with my time away from them to work on this book. This page intentionally left blank Contents About the Author ........................................................................................ xi Acknowledgments ...................................................................................... xiii Chapter 1: The Consumer Electronics Storage Hierarchy ................................. 1 Objectives in This Chapter ........................................................................................ 1 1.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Growth in Digital Content Drives Storage Growth ......................................... 2 1.3 Economics of Consumer Devices ..................................................................... 6 1.4 Rules for Design of Digital Storage in Consumer Electronics ........................ 9 1.5 Classifi cation of Devices Using Storage in the Home ................................... 11 1.6 Consumer Electronics Storage Hierarchies .................................................... 12 1.7 Multiple Storage and Hybrid Storage Devices ............................................... 17 1.8 Chapter Summary ........................................................................................... 22 Chapter 2: Fundamentals of Hard Disk Drives ............................................. 25 Objectives in This Chapter ...................................................................................... 25 2.1 Basic Layout of a Hard Disk Drive ................................................................ 25 2.2 Hard Disk Magnetic Recording Basics .......................................................... 29 2.3 How Data Is Organized on a Hard Disk Drive .............................................. 32 2.4 Hard Disk Drive Performance and Reliability ............................................... 34 2.5 Hard Disk Drive Design for Mobile and Static Consumer Electronics Applications ............................................................................. 36 2.6 The Cost of Manufacturing a Hard Disk Drive ............................................. 39 2.7 Disk Drive External Interfaces ....................................................................... 40 2.8 Hard Disk Drive Technology Development ................................................... 44 2.9 Chapter Summary ........................................................................................... 51 Chapter 3: Fundamentals of Optical Storage ............................................... 53 Objectives in This Chapter ...................................................................................... 53 3.1 Optical Disc Technologies .............................................................................. 53 3.2 Basic Operation of an Optical Disc Drive ..................................................... 56 3.3 How Data Is Organized on an Optical Disc ................................................... 58 www.newnespress.com viii Contents 3.4 Optical Disc Form Factors .............................................................................. 60 3.5 Optical Product Reliability ............................................................................. 61 3.6 Holographic Recording ................................................................................... 62 3.7 Optical Disc Storage Development ................................................................ 65 3.8 Chapter Summary ........................................................................................... 70 Chapter 4: Fundamentals of Flash Memory and Other Solid State Memory Technologies ................................................................................. 73 Objectives in This Chapter ...................................................................................... 73 4.1 Development and History of Flash Memory .................................................. 74 4.2 Erasing, Writing, and Reading Flash Memory ............................................... 75 4.3 Diffi culties that Cause Wear in Flash Memory .............................................. 77 4.4 Common Flash Memory Storage Technologies: NOR and NAND .............. 78 4.5 Bit Errors in NAND Flash .............................................................................. 83 4.6 Managing Wear in NAND and NOR ............................................................. 83 4.7 Bad Block Management .................................................................................. 85 4.8 Embedded Versus Removable NAND Flash ................................................. 85 4.9 Flash Memory File Systems ........................................................................... 86 4.10 Single Level Cell and Multilevel Cell Flash Memory ................................... 86 4.11 Another Approach to Multilevel Cells ........................................................... 88 4.12 Trade-offs with Multilevel Flash Memory ..................................................... 90 4.13 Types of Flash Memory Used in Consumer Electronics Devices ................. 91 4.14 Flash Memory Environmental Sensitivity ...................................................... 91 4.15 Using Memory Reliability Specifi cations to Estimate Product Lifetime ...... 92 4.16 Flash Memory Cell Lifetimes and Wear Leveling Algorithms ..................... 93 4.17 Predicting NAND Bit Errors Based upon Worst-Case Usage ....................... 95 4.18 Flash Memory Format Specifi cations and Characteristics ............................. 96 4.19 Flash Memory and Other Solid State Storage Technology Development ..... 98 4.20 Expected Change in Cost per Gigabyte of Flash Memory Formats ............ 101 4.21 Other Solid State Storage Technologies ....................................................... 102 4.22 Chapter Summary ......................................................................................... 103 Chapter 5: Storage in Home Consumer Electronics Devices ......................... 107 Objectives in This Chapter .................................................................................... 107 5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 107 5.2 Personal Video Recorders and Digital Video Recorders ............................. 108 5.3 Home Media Center and Home Network Storage ....................................... 120 5.4 Chapter Summary ......................................................................................... 129 Chapter 6: Storage in Mobile Consumer Electronics Devices ........................ 131 Objectives in This Chapter .................................................................................... 131 6.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 131 www.newnespress.com Contents ix 6.2 Automobile Consumer Electronics Storage ................................................. 132 6.3 Mobile Media Players ................................................................................... 141 6.4 Cameras and Camcorders ............................................................................. 158 6.5 Mobile Phones .............................................................................................
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