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Využitelnost Optických Médií Pro Dlouhodobou Archivaci

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Využitelnost Optických Médií Pro Dlouhodobou Archivaci MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA F}w¡¢£¤¥¦§¨ AKULTA INFORMATIKY !"#$%&'()+,-./012345<yA| Využitelnost optických médií pro dlouhodobou archivaci BAKALÁRSKA PRÁCA Martin Foltin Brno, podzim 2007 Prehlásenie Prehlasujem, že táto bakalárska práca je mojím pôvodným autorským dielom, ktoré som vypracoval samostatne. Všetky zdroje, pramene a literatúru, ktoré som pri vypracovaní po- užíval alebo z nich ˇcerpal,v práci riadne citujem s uvedením úplného odkazu na príslušný zdroj. Vedúci práce: RNDr. Miroslav Bartošek, CSc. ii Zhrnutie Táto práca má za ciel’ vysvetlit’ a sprehl’adnit’ možnosti využitia optických médií ako dlho- dobého archivaˇcnéhoprostriedku. Po preštudovaní práce by mal byt’ ˇcitatel’ zorientovaný v danej problematike. Mal by byt’ schopný základnej analýzy svojich potrieb a hodnotenia, ˇcipráve optické disky sú vhodným variantom. Viacerí zahraniˇcníautori a inštitúcie sa touto oblast’ou zaoberajú. Relevantné informácie z ich štúdií slúžia ako obsahový základ pre túto bakalársku prácu. iii Kl’úˇcovéslová CD, DVD, archivácia, optické médiá, prezervaˇcnéstratégie, analýza, testovanie, BLER, PI iv Obsah 1 Úvod ............................................. 1 2 Technológie optických diskov .............................. 2 2.1 Prehl’ad ......................................... 2 2.2 Technické pozadie ................................... 4 2.2.1 Vrstva polykarbonátového substrátu . 4 2.2.2 Záznamová vrstva . 5 2.2.3 Odrazová vrstva . 5 2.2.4 Dodatoˇcnévrstvy . 6 3 Prehl’ad faktorov ovplyv ˇnujúcichtrvanlivost’ informácií na optických mediách . 8 4 Predzáznamové aspekty dlhodobej archivácie ..................... 9 4.1 Štandardy a kompatibilita .............................. 9 4.2 Výber vhodného média ............................... 9 4.2.1 Trh s optickými médiami . 9 4.2.2 Faktory ovplyvˇnujúcevýber média . 10 4.2.2.1 Odrazová vrstva . 10 4.2.2.2 Organické farbivo . 11 4.2.3 DVD-R vs. DVD+R . 11 5 Proces záznamu ....................................... 14 5.1 Softwarové a hardwarové záznamové príslušenstvo . 14 5.2 Prienik laserového lúˇcak záznamovej vrstve ................... 14 6 Pozáznamové aspekty dlhodobej archivácie ...................... 16 6.1 Logické chyby, testovanie a analýza ........................ 16 6.1.1 Logické chyby . 16 6.1.2 Testovanie a analýza . 17 6.2 Faktory ovplyvˇnujúcefyzický stav a životnost’ . 19 6.2.1 Environmentálne vplyvy a skladovanie . 20 6.2.1.1 Teplota, vlhkost’ a slneˇcnéžiarenie . 20 6.2.1.2 Kontakt s rozpúšt’adlami . 20 6.2.1.3 Magnetické, röntgenové a mikrovlnné žiarenie, radiácia . 21 6.2.1.4 Uskladnenie . 21 6.2.2 Vplyv fyzickej manipulácie na povrch disku . 21 6.2.2.1 Škrabance . 21 6.2.2.2 Neˇcistoty, prach a odtlaˇckyprstov . 22 6.2.2.3 Popisovanie média . 22 6.2.2.4 Ohýbanie . 22 6.2.2.5 Lepenie štítkov . 23 6.2.2.6 Tlaˇcna popisnú stranu disku . 23 6.2.2.7 Opotrebenie vplyvom hardwaru . 23 6.3 Cistenieˇ disku ..................................... 24 7 Záver ............................................. 25 v Bibliografia . 28 A Struˇcnýsprievodca manipulácie s optickými diskami . 29 B Zoznam súvisiaceho softwaru a hardwaru ....................... 31 B.1 Software pre identifikáciu parametrov média ................... 31 B.2 Analytický a testovací software ........................... 31 B.3 Firmy dodávajúce analytický a testovací hardware . 31 vi Kapitola 1 Úvod Obdobie z konca 20. a zo zaˇciatku21. storoˇciasa oznaˇcujeaj ako „informaˇcnývek“. Svetom a spoloˇcnost’ou hýbu informácie, momentálne jeden z najlukratívnejších obchodných artiklov súˇcasnosti. Už v dávnej minulosti sa udomácnil papier ako prostriedok manipulácie s informácia- mi. L’udia realizovali potrebu ich prenosu a uchovania pre budúce generácie. Informaˇcný vek so sebou priniesol prudký nárast objemu informácií. Vznik informatiky a rozvoj oblasti informaˇcnýchtechnológií vyvolali opät’ diskusie o problematike manipulácie s informácia- mi (v tomto momente je už akceptovatel’né využívat’ pojem dáta v zmysle digitalizovaných informácií). Papier a ani iné alternatívne prostriedky už neboli schopné nové požiadavky z technologicko-priestorových dôvodov uspokojovat’. Od konca 19. storoˇciasa postupne zaˇcaliobjavovat’ ˇciuž viac alebo menej úspešné spô- soby manipulácie s dátami. Vývoj prešiel od diernych štítkov, magnetických pások a kaziet až k aktuálne populárnej technológii – optickým diskom. L’udia využívajú optické médiá pre uchovávanie svojich komerˇcnýchalebo privátnych informácií, priˇcomtento spôsob považujú za spol’ahlivý a finanˇcnevýhodný. Takéto hodno- tenia sú však diskutabilné. Na základe mnohých negatívnych skúseností sa verejnost’ou šíri polemika o vhodnosti optických nosiˇcovpre dlhodobú archiváciu a mnohí si kladú otázku, ˇcije možné ich znehodnoteniu predíst’. Táto bakalárska práca si kladie za ciel’ zhrnút’ relevantné informácie z dostupných od- borných zdrojov. Citatel’aˇ najprv uvádza do problematiky technologických princípov optic- kých diskov, s ktorými je potrebné byt’ oboznámený pre pochopenie d’alších kapitol. Tie prinášajú odporúˇcaniaa rady pre správnu manipuláciu s optickými médiami a naplánova- nie optimálnej archivaˇcnejstratégie. 1 Kapitola 2 Technológie optických diskov 2.1 Prehl’ad Optické disky sa rozdel’ujú do štyroch laickou aj odbornou verejnost’ou zaužívaných sku- pín: • prvá generácia (reprezentovaná CD diskami; nástup v 70. resp. 80. rokoch 20. stor.) • druhá generácia (reprezentovaná DVD diskami; druhá pol. 90. rokov 20. stor.) • tretia generácia (reprezentovaná Blu-ray a HD DVD diskami; súˇcasnost’ resp. blízka budúcnost’) • štvrtá generácia (zatial’ žiadni konkrétni reprezentanti; blízka resp. vzdialená budúc- nost’) Prvá generácia optických diskov bola naštartovaná spoloˇcnost’ou MCA (Music Corporati- on of America), ktorá prišla s technológiou Laserdisc (LD). Bolo to prvé úložné médium na optickom princípe. V roku 1979 sa firmy Sony a Philips dohodli na vzniku konzorcia, kto- rého ciel’om bol vývoj prenosného média predovšetkým pre úˇcelydigitalizácie hudby. Táto snaha rezultovala v roku 1982 prezentáciou technológie kompaktného disku (CD), ktorá sa stretla s vel’kou popularitou a usadila sa na trhu na vyše dve desat’roˇcia.Svoju rolu v tomto období zohral aj tzv. MiniDisc predstavený firmou Sony na zaˇciatku90. rokov. Fungoval na magneto-optickom princípe a svoju popularitu si získal predovšetkým v Japonsku ako ná- stupca klasickej kazety ako nosiˇcahudby. Prehl’ad médií v rámci prvej generácie optických diskov: • Compact Disc (CD) a jeho deriváty • Laserdisc • Magneto-optický disk (MiniDisc) Spúšt’aˇcomnástupu druhej generácie optických diskov bol tlak vyvolaný potrebou uchová- vat’ väˇcšiemnožstvá informácií. Nižšia vlnová d´lžka optického laseru a d’alšie iné technolo- gické vylepšenia umožnili ukladat’ až jednotky gigabajtov (GB) na jednom médiu o vel’kosti 2 2.1. PREHL’AD CD. DVD mechaniky (zariadenia, ktoré ˇcítajúdáta z optických diskov resp. na ne dáta za- znamenávajú) boli spätne kompatibilné s CD, ˇcoul’ahˇcilopresadenie sa novej technológie. V súˇcasnostiexistujú dvojvrstvové (Dual Layer) obojstranné (Double Sided) DVD médiá s kapacitou vyše 17GB. Prehl’ad médií v rámci druhej generácie optických diskov: • Hi-MD • DVD a jeho deriváty (DVD-Audio, DualDisc, Digital Video Express (DIVX)) • Super Audio CD • Enhanced Versatile Disc • GD-ROM • Digital Multilayer Disk • DataPlay • Fluorescent Multilayer Disc • Phase-change Dual • Universal Media Disc V súˇcasnostisme svedkami príchodu tretej generácie optických diskov. Dvaja hlavní aktéri na tomto poli sú Blu-ray Disc (zastrešovaný BDA - Blu-ray Disc Association) a HD DVD - High Definition Digital Versatile Disc (zastrešovaný organizáciou DVD Forum). Tretím ak- tívnym hráˇcombola taktiež firma Sony so svojim PPD diskom (Professional Disc for DATA), ten sa však neujal a k 31.3.2007 bola oficiálne ukonˇcenávýroba a podpora tohto média. Na- kol’ko ostatné technológie tretej generácie sú stále ešte v štádiu výskumu a prípravy, hlavný súboj (oznaˇcovanýtiež ako formátová vojna) sa odohráva medzi už spomínanými Blu-ray Disc a HD DVD. Prehl’ad médií v rámci tretej generácie optických diskov (prvé tri už boli uvedené na trh, zvyšné sú v súˇcasnostiv štádiu príprav): • Blu-ray Disc • HD DVD • Professional Disc for DATA • Forward Versatile Disc • Total HD disc • Versatile Multilayer Disc • Ultra Density Optical 3 2.2. TECHNICKÉ POZADIE • LS-R V rámci štvrtej skupiny optických diskov sa ráta s technológiami, ktoré svojou podstatou neumožˇnujúsvoje zaradenie do predošlej kategórie. Ich návrhy naznaˇcujúmožnosti realizo- vat’ až terabajtové (1TB = 1024GB) kapacity prenosných médií. Poˇcítajúvšak s minimálnou resp. žiadnou kompatibilitou so súˇcasnýmioptickými platformami. Prehl’ad médií v rámci optických diskov budúcej štvrtej generácie: • Tapestry Media • Holographic Versatile Disc • Protein-coated disc • TeraDisc (3D optický úložný disk) 2.2 Technické pozadie Zloženie a stavba optických médií sa pozoruje z hl’adiska jednotlivých vrstiev. Oba základ- né typy (CD a DVD nosiˇce)majú ˇcast’ vrstiev spoloˇcnú,priˇcomostatné sú rozliˇcnéa de facto urˇcujúsamotné rozdiely v chovaní a vlastnostiach. Tieto sú znásobené taktiež rôznorodos- t’ou využívaných chemických látok a zliatin. Medzi vrstvy, ktoré sa vyskytujú u oboch typov optických médií, patria: • vrstva polykarbonátového substrátu • záznamová vrstva • odrazová vrstva 2.2.1 Vrstva polykarbonátového substrátu Polykarbonátová vrstva sp´lˇnadva základné úˇcely. Dodáva médiu mohutnost’, schopnost’ zachovat’ si plochý tvar a odolávat’ ohybom spôsobeným bežným používaním. Druhá fun- kcia je usmernenie
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