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Natives on the Electronic Frontier: Technology and Cultural Change on the Cheyenne River Sioux Reservation

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Natives on the Electronic Frontier: Technology and Cultural Change on the Cheyenne River Sioux Reservation NATIVES ON THE ELECTRONIC FRONTIER: TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURAL CHANGE ON THE CHEYENNE RIVER SIOUX RESERVATION By STEVEN MIZRACH A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 1999 Copyright 1999 by Steven Mizrach Dedicated to the Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe: You taught me the meaning of the phrase "All My Relations" ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my committee members - Dr. Allan Burns, Dr. H. "Russ" Bernard, Dr. Norman Markel, Dr. John Moore, and Dr. Gregory Ulmer - for their advice and suggestions. Other UF faculty - including Dr. Susan Milbrath, Dr. Ricardo Godoy, and Dr. Jim Stansbury - also offered some input. The Electronic Intermedia Lab and Dr. Will Pappenheimer helped me to prepare the video portions of this research. I also would like to thank my friends and colleagues, George Mbeh, Michael McGinnes, Ken Sturrock, Brad Biglow, Tony Hebert, and Rebecca Gearhart for ideas and assistance. I also got some good feedback from CASTAC members such as Ron Eglash and Stefan Helmreich at the AAA meetings. And I especially want to thank Jim Picotte and the staff of the HVJ Lakota Cultural Center for making all this possible and constantly trying to keep me on the right path. Lastly, I cannot forget my family, especially my mother, father, brothers, and nephews, for offering me the material and emotional support I needed to survive in a new and novel situation. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS...........................................iv LIST OF TABLES...........................................vii LIST OF FIGURES.........................................viii ABSTRACT...................................................x CHAPTERS 1. INTRODUCTION AND SETTING................................1 Research Question........................................4 Field Site...............................................5 The Cheyenne River Sioux Reservation..................5 CRST Telephone Authority.............................12 The Harry V. Johnston Lakota Cultural Center.........17 Outline for the Dissertation............................23 2. LITERATURE REVIEW......................................26 Luddites and Others: Technology and Its Critics.........26 The Indigenous “Noble Savage” as a Trope.............30 Jerry Mander: There’s Nothing Sacred about TV........33 Steel Axes for Stone Age People.........................37 The Effects of Television in Western Societies..........42 Toronto School-based Theories .......................47 Non-Content Based Theories: TV as Cultural Artefact..52 Previous Studies of TV in Non-Western Cultures..........54 Survey Articles......................................55 Studies by Communications Researchers................62 Studies by Anthropologists...........................66 Toronto School Media Research in Anthropology...........76 Western and Electronic Frontiers........................79 Are Natives Ready for the Electronic Frontier?..........84 The Ideas of Indigenous Intellectual Duke Redbird....85 The Internet and Indigenous People...................89 Native Ethnomathematics: To Compute is Human.........93 Examples of Indigenous Television and Media Production..97 The Invention of Television in Aboriginal Australia..97 Native Radio Broadcasting in the United States......102 Inuit Satellite Broadcasting in Canada..............106 Indigenous Filmmaking and Videography...............109 Native Internet and Multimedia Projects.............117 Summary................................................121 3. THEORY AND METHODS....................................123 Theoretical Perspectives...............................123 Intra-Social Theories of Media Effects..............123 Cultural Imperialism Theory.........................127 Technological Determinism Theory....................139 v Social Determinism Theory...........................147 Structure and Agency in Social Systems.................159 Technology and Agency..................................162 First, Second, and Third Wave Civilization.............166 What is Globalization and Why Worry?...................174 Deconstructing Technology, Culture, and Nature.........182 The Historical Processes of Culturicide and Renewal....186 Ethnic Resistance and Renewal..........................190 Methods................................................195 The Seven Lakota W's................................199 A Note on Quotes....................................205 4. FINDINGS, RESULTS, AND OBSERVATIONS...................206 Survey Findings........................................206 Content Analysis of Oral Histories.....................212 Technology and Cultural Conflict among the Lakota......219 Lakota Acculturation: Observations.....................237 The Preservation of Cultural Characteristics ..........243 Performance and Public Culture.........................251 Curious Encounters with Technology among the Lakota....264 The Tribal Bison Cooperative Project................265 Webbing up the Tribe................................273 Institutions of Cultural Revival and Resistance........277 Lakota: Land of Survivors..............................299 5. APPLIED MATTERS.......................................304 Applied Anthropologists and Natives................... 304 Some Basic Facts about Native Americans in the U.S.....312 Applied Activities on the CRST Reservation.............313 The New World Information and Communication Order......321 Indigenous Knowledge and Intellectual Property.........329 Indigenous Emerging Media as Intellectual Property.....337 Native Americans and Telecommunication.................343 Optimistic vs. Pessimistic Scenarios................344 Ways in Which Technology can Assist Native Cultures.345 Information Technology and Economic Development........351 Technology and Indigenous Identity.....................370 6. CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION............................378 Technology and Acculturation........................380 Technology and Cultural Revival.....................383 Local Control over Technology.......................387 Technology and Agency Theory........................390 Applied Anthropologists as Technology Brokers.......393 Future Studies.........................................396 REFERENCES............................................... 401 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH......................................426 vi LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1. The Toronto School and the phases of communication technology evolution...................................49 TABLE 2. Discontinuities between the industrial and post- industrial modes of production........................168 TABLE 3. R-Scores (Pearson’s coefficient of correlation) between variables representing television and acculturation.........................................207 TABLE 4. Types of shows most frequently watched.........209 TABLE 5. Linear regression analysis: technology score compared to other variables...........................211 TABLE 6. R-scores of correlation between technology scores and indices of acculturation..........................211 TABLE 7. Most frequently used Internet services..........211 TABLE 8. Internet users and phone lines by region........323 TABLE 9. Cultural commodity exports in developed and underdeveloped countries – worldwide percentage of exports in various categories.................................323 TABLE 10. Phones, TVs, and computers per capita in selected countries from the First and Third world..............324 TABLE 11. Data from the PANOS Institute study on “the Internet and the South”...............................324 TABLE 12. Global teledensity.............................325 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. The four bands of the CRST.......................7 Figure 2. Arvol Looking Horse.............................10 Figure 3. The Indian myths of Devil’s Tower...............11 Figure 4. The HVJ Lakota Cultural Center..................17 Figure 5. HVJLCC: cultural education and preservation.....18 Figure 6. 25th Anniversary Mug.............................21 Figure 7. Wakpa Waste on KLND radio.......................22 Figure 8. Cultural center videos for Wolakota Project.....23 Figure 9. KILI Radio.....................................103 Figure 10. Linear model of technological determinism.....162 Figure 11. Cybernetic model of technology and culture....163 Figure 12. Global Distribution of Internet Users.........174 Figure 13. The Seven W's................................. 200 Figure 14. Qualitative Analysis of Relationships.........219 Figure 15. Mural of the Sun Dance........................222 Figure 16. Funeral ceremony for Sidney Keith.............224 Figure 17. There are always plenty of cameras at powwows.227 Figure 18. Oglala Tribal Powwow dancer...................229 Figure 19. Lakota Concepts – an instructional video series233 Figure 20. The image of the traditional Lakota warrior...238 Figure 21. Evangelical tent revival......................247 Figure 22. C-EB Lakota artist mural......................248 Figure 23. Star quilt adorning car.......................249 Figure 24. Black Hills powwow – electronic sponsor board.251 Figure 25. CRST Labor Day Rodeo opening ceremony.........252 Figure 26. CRST Labor Day Powwow, Fair, and Rodeo........253 Figure 27. Powwow drum group.............................254 Figure 28. Powwow vendors................................256 Figure 29. Don’t mix tradition with addiction............257 Figure 30. Powwows and technology........................259
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