FRIDAY, MARCH 12th, 1897.

THE BRITISH FLAG-SHIPS.

Plioto. R. ELLIS, , Copyright.—HUDSON & KEAKh- H.M.S. " RAMILLIES."

Photo. SYMONDS & CO., Portsmouth. H.M.S. " RE VENGE" HE "Ramillies" and the "Revenge" are the two flag-ships of the British Mediterranean Fleet, the *' Ramillies" T flying the flag of Admiral Sir JOHN O. HOPKINS, K.C.B., the Commander-in-Chief, and the " Revenge," the flag-ship of Rear-Admiral ROBERT H. HARRIS, the second in command. The two ships are sister first-class battle-ships of the "Royal Sovereign" type, of 14,150 tons each, and identical in speed and manoeuvring capabilities—most important points for two ships which might lead separate groups of ships in action. In action, each flag-ship's place would ordinarily be at the head of her own squadron. From the senior flag-ship all orders and signals would be made; and should it become impossible for signalling to be carried on, owing to masts, etc., being shot away, each group of ships would simply watch and follow the movements of their own flag-ship, the Commander-in-Chiefs flag-ship setting the example for her group of ships, and the second in command in his flag-ship following suit. 178 THE NAVY AND ARMY ILLUSTRATED. [March 12tr, 1S17.

THE BRITISH FLEET.

Photo. F. G. 0- S. GREGORY & CO., Naval Opticians, .;/. Sttand. Copyright.—HUDSOX & ',.E.IRKS. SHIPPING AMMUNITION AND STORES. ERE we see some of the incidents that would attend the setting out of a British Fleet for active service, the ships being ready coaled, and having all hands on board and sea stores taken in, ready for the receipt ot H final sailing orders. The last thing done when a warship goes to sea is to take in powder, which is received on board after a ship has left her harbour moorings and is clear of the port. In the dockyard, where each ship has been fitting, for the last twenty-four hours before unmooring, the officers and men of the ship have always a busy time, drawing stores and provisions, fetching torpedoes from the torpedo store, while gangs of men pass and repass trundling casks and cases of necessaries of every kind, and artificers hurry to and fro seeing to the finishing touches to the electrical appliances. In our pictures, however, that is now all over, and the last of the powder and shell is coming on board, while anxious groups of officers and signallers keep their eyes on the masthead of the flag-ship for the signal to weigh anchor and head for the open sea. MAL TA DOCKYARD .-—PREPARING FOR SEA. HESE are incidents that attend a Fleet mobilization, or the arrival in port of a ship, after spending a cruise at sea, for a refit, before returning to rejoin her consorts. The scene is in Malta Dockyard, and the particular ship shown is the battle-ship " Camperdown," of the Mediterranean Fleet, having one of her 67-ton guns replaced by a similar piece from T the Gun Wharf reserve. Another battle-ship of the Mediterranean Fleet, the "Trafalgar," may also be seen in dock, having her bottom scraped and under water fittings examined and repaired, to go out at the first opportunity. These are both necessary operations that have to be performed periodically, for the bottoms of ships rapidly grow foul after keeping the sea for any length of time, with consequent loss of speed and waste of engine-power. Of the two ships here seen, the "Camperdown" belongs to the "Admiral" class now being withdrawn from the Mediterranean and replaced by the vessels of the "Royal Sovereign" class. tm THE NAVY AND ARMY ILLUSTRATED. [March 121I1,1807. MB!®- m. THE BRITISH FLEET

H.M.S. '' BARFLE UR.

//.M.S. "N/LE:

Photos. R. ELLIS, Malta. Copyright.—ItOJauW * KJMrtrtS. HM.S. H HAWKE? N these two pages are shown ships of practicallv every tvpe of man-of-war at present employed in the British O Mediterranean Fleet. First of all comes the 41 Barflcur." a first-class battle-ship of 10,500 tons and 18*5 knots maximum speed, with her guns in hooded shields above the ; built in 1892 as a somewhat smaller edition of the big r4li90 ton battle-ships of the " Royal Sovereign" type. The "Barfleur" is one of the very fastest battle-ships afloat, her only rivals being found in the Italian Navy, and is considered in all essentials an ideal ship of war. The Nile" is an older ship, but equally, if not more, poweiful; a sister to the " Trafalgar," of 11,940 tons and 17 knots speed. She is a turret ship, and very strongly armoured While the heaviest guns in the "Barfleur" are 10-inch 29-ton guns, those of the "Nile " are 13-5-incn 67-ton guns, the same as are carried by ships of the "Admiral" class- except the "Collingwood' -and those of the -Royal Sovereign" class The " Hawkc' the third ship shown, is a Mardh t2th,-1x97.-] T/f£ NAVY AND ARMY ILLUSTRATED. 181 THE BRITISH; FLEET.

H.MS. " ASTR^A:*

H.M.S. "SYBILLEr

Photos. R. ELLIS, Malta. CopyriglU.-HUDSON & KEARNS. H.M.S. " ARDENT/' first-class cruiser, of the highly successful "Edgar" type, a vessel of 7,350 tons and 20 knots speed, and capable of rendering immense service on reconnoitring duty. The "Astraea" and the "Sybille" are second-class cruisers, the former of 4,360 tons, and the latter of 3,400 tons, but both of 20-knot speed. They are two recent additions to the Mediterranean Fleet, and in the event of war would prove helpful auxiliaries to the British Admiral, particularly at present when, by the detachment on special service of the first-class cruiser "" (to the East Coast of Africa), and of the first-class cruiser "Theseus," and the second-class cruiser "Forte" (to Benin), Sir JOHN HOPKINS' Fleet: is, temporarily, somewhat below its normal strength in cruisers. Lastly, we have the torpedo-boat " Ardent," one of the five vessels of her class now doing duty in the Mediterranean. The " Ardent " is a 28-knot boat of 265 tons, and has throughout, so far, proved herself reliable, and one of the best of her class. 182 THE NAVY AND ARMY ILLUSTRATED. [March 12th, 1897.

THE ITALIAN FLEET.

THE BA TTLESHIP '' SICILI A.'

Photos. CO-.r; VECCHI, Spczia. ADMIRAL CANEVARO AND THE OFFICERS OF THE "ITALIA." DMIRAL CANEVARO is well known to the officers of our Mediterranean Fleet, for he was one of the most promi­ A nent Italian officers concerned in making the arrangements for the reception of Sir MICHAEI, SEYMOUR'S squadron, at Leghorn and Naples, in the summer of last year. He is in command of the first or active squadron of the Italian Fleet; and, in connection with the present crisis, is in charge in Cretan waters, not only of his own squadron, but as senior officer on the spot of all the ships of various nationalities there assembled. The " Sicilia" is one of the newest and most powerful of the modern first-class of the Italian Navy, and carries Admiral CANBVARO'S flag in the Levant. In respect to speed she may be said to dispute with our "Barfleur" the palm of being the fastest battle-ship in the world. When launched at Venice, in July, 1891, the '*Sicilia" was christened by Queen Margherita herself, who, after the benediction had been pronounced on the vessel by the Patriarch of Venice, attached a consecrated ring by a ribbon to the as the ship entered the water, according to the old Venetian usage of " wedding the ship to the sea." March 12th, 1897.] THE NAVY AND ARMY ILLUSTRATED. 183 THE ITALIAN FLEET.

I

THE CRUISER MARCO POLO.

Photos. CONTI VECCI1I, Spezi THE CRUISER " LIGURIA.

Photo. 5 YitiUND^ cr CO., Portsmouth. THE CRUISER " STROMBOLir HESE three ships, the " Marco Polo," '* Stromboli," and 44 Liguria," belong to the Italian Flying Squadron of fast T cruisers which is permanently kept in commission as a Training and Emergency Squadron in the Mediterranean. The " Marco Polo," the first of these ships, is an armoured cruiser, built in 1892, of 4,583 tons and 19 knots speed ; the " Stromboli " is a -protected cruiser of 3,427 tons ; the 44 Liguria," a similar vessel, of 2.281 tons, of between 18 and 19 knots speed. An important fact about the Italian Navy to be remembered in connection with the present crisis is the large number of ships which, during the last three years, the Italian Admiralty have kept permanently commissioned and actively employed afloat, thus affording the best possible training for officers and men. In this the Italians have followed the example of our own Admiralty. 184 77//; NAVY AND ARMY ILLUSTRATED. [March 12th, 1807.

THE ITALIAN FLEET.

THE "ANDREA D01UA"

Photos. CONTI VECCHI, Sfiezia. THE BATTLESHIP "RE UMBERTO" IN DOCK AT SPEZ1A. PEZIA, in the Riviera of Genoa, where we show the Italian first-class battle-ship "Re Umberto" in dock, is S the chief of the three great Naval Dockyards and Arsenals of Italy. All the largest and most powerful ships of the Italian Fleet are invariably fitted out at Spezia, where there are five dry docks, three of them capable of taking the largest first-class battle-ship afloat, with two building slips. Every care also has been taken to supply Spezia Dockyard with workshops of the most modern type, which are fitted-up with the very best machinery obtainable from , Germany, and elsewhere. Spezia Dockyard, which covers an area of about 629 acres, including basins, dry docks, and so forth—employs in ordinary times as many as four thousand hands. Of the ships shown on the page above and on the following page the "Re Uinberto," named after the King of Italy, is a sister (with minor modifications) of the "Sicilia" and the big "Sardegna." She, with the " Ruggiero di Lauria,*' "Sicilia" and " Lepanto," at present form the First Division of the Active Squadron of the Italian Fleet kept in permanent com­ mission at Castellamare, in the Bay of Naples. The "Ruggiero di Lauria" is a battle-ship of 11,000 tons, built in 1884. On the opposite page is an upper deck view of her showing the points of her construction and the arrangement of her main armament, which was modelled after the British " Inflexible," with an armoured central citadel and diagonally- placed turrets. The " Andrea Dona," of which we give a view, is a sister ship to the " Ruggiero di Lauria." mid like her named after a famous naval comui aider of the Middle Ages. The " Sardegna" and " Francesco Morosini " March 12th, 18!)7.J THE HAVY AND ARMY ILLUSTRATED. 185 THE ITALIAN FLEET.

ON THE UPPER DECK OF THE BATTLESHIP "RUGGIERO DI LAURIA.

Photos. CONTl VECCH.', Spezia. Typical Italian Sailors, with a Lieut.-Commander and Torpedo-Boat Crew.

(now in Cretan waters, flying the flag of Admiral GUALTERIO) belong to the Second Division of the Italian Active Squadron. We also show some typical Italian sailors and a Lieutenant-Commander, with a torpedo-boat crew. The Italian Fleet is recruited by conscription, an annual being made from men of twenty years of age who have been employed at sea as fishermen, and in coasting and other craft, for upwards of eighteen months. Only a part of each draft is required annually for the 24,000 men that the Italian Navy needs each year, and the men taken up serve, as a rule, four years. Those not required comprise the Reserve, liable to be called out in the event of war. At the same time, to ensure a supply of petty officers, a special enlistment of boys is made every year, those selected being educated and drilled in the training-ships of the Italian Training Squadron, which, under a Rear* Admiral, is kept permanently in commission. 186 THE NAVY AND ARMY ILLUSTRATED. [March 12th, 1897. IfljRllli THE GREEK FLEET.

Photo. R. ELLIS, Malta.

m - L Copyright.-HUDSON & K EARNS. THE BATTLESHIP • SPETSAI: THE FLEETS OF THE ?0\

HE Fleets of the Powers in the Mediterranean, and kept vessels above water, but it may be questioned whether the adjacent waters of the Atlantic and the Black they can get up steam. They are named " Azizieh," Sea, constitute a very formidable array of colossal " Mahmoudieh," " Orkauieh," and " Osniauieh." They were T strength, and include the finest modern ships afloat. included with the "Hamidieh," and the " Nedjim-i-Shevket, The Navies of the two Powers immediately con­ which was built in France thirty years ago, in the recent cerned are the smallest and least modern of all, for neither order for mobilization. Outside these Turkey has some Greece nor Turkey has lately done anything considerable in other old ironclads, of which the largest is the " Messoudieh," the way of Naval expansion. There is a difference between built on the Thames in 1874, but these are probably them, however. While the well-built Hellenic Fleet has been ineffective; while the uuarmoured vessels are of small fighting kept efficient and in sea-going order, that of Turkey has been power, and are mostly adapted for and used as transports. allowed mostly to lie idle in the inner waters of the Golden On the occasion of the naval celebration at Kiel the only Horn, and the vital parts of the ship have so far rusted into Turkish ship which was found fit for the cruise was the uselessness that the recent order issued for the mobilization despatch boat *' Fuad," the same which, as a transport, was of two squadrons awoke positive derision. The Greek ships lately fired upon by the " Nauarchos Miaul is," as she can certainly give a good account of themselves. There are attempted to leave Candia for Canea with troops. three small armour-clads, the " Hydra," flag-ship of Commo­ Of the fleets of the Great Powers in the Mediterranean, dore Reineck, which played the principal part at the opening the French, British, and Russian are all imposing squadrons. of hostilities by the Greeks in Crete, the 11 Spetsai," and the Our own fleet includes 62 vessels, of which nine are " Psara." These are steel vessels of 4,885 tons, with engines battle-ships, the splendid vessels "Ramillies" (flag of Sir of 7,000 horse-power, and are credited with a sea speed of John Hopkins), "Hood," "Revenge," "Trafalgar," "Nile," some 13 knots. They carry a couple of 106-in. Canet guns " Barfleur," " Camperdown," " Rodney," and " Anson," the forward, protected by a breastwork of 137-in. steel, and three last being of the "Admiral" type. The "Prince another aft with somewhat slighter protection. The flag-ship George " replaces the " Collingwood," which has come home. has a powerful quick-firing armament, and, when hostilities The "Revenge," Admiral Harris' flagship, with the " Dryad," broke out, her two sisters were at Toulon, just about to be and " Harrier," took part in the bombardment of Sunday, put in hand to be similarly provided. They were at once February 21st, as well as the German cruiser " Kaiserin ordered to proceed to Greek waters. The Hellenic Fleet also Augusta," the Russian battleship " Alexander II.," and the includes two other armoured vessels, the "Georgios" and Austrian cruiser " Kaiserin una Konigin Maria Theresia." " Olga," but these are thirty years old, and probably would The cruisers of the squadron are all modern vessels, of high only count in coast defence, though something has been done speed and sufficient armament—the "Hawke" (7250 tons), to modernize the last-named. Of unarmoured vessels there "Astraea" and "Cambrian" (4360 tons), "Sybille" and are none more recent than 1885, but the corvette " Nauarchos " Scylla" (3,400 tons), and the smaller cruisers " Scout," Miaul is" (1,800 tons), with a powerful armament of 6-in. guns, " Fearless," and " Blanche." A number of other powerful and the "Mykale" and "Sfaktirea" (both 1,000 tons) are cruisers, passing through the Mediterranean, are also available effective vessels; and there are the "Ainbrakia," in case of need, but it is unnecessary to enumerate these. " Acheloos," " Aktion," " Alphios," " Eurotas,"" " Pinios," Among the other vessels attached to the Mediterranean and some others of 440 tons and less, all more or less Squadron is a flotilla of — the "Dragon," effective, but built more than a dozen years ago. "Ardent," "Bruiser," "Banshee," and "Boxer," with the As to Turkey, her list presents a considerable array, but " Dryad," "Harrier," and "Hussar" gun-boats. No record she possesses only a single comparatively modern armour- of floating strength in the Mediterranean can be made clad, the "Hamidieh," of 6,700 tons, launched in 1885, complete without taking account of the Channel Squadron, which carries a number of Krupp guns. Although she took which has proceeded to Gibraltar. It is enough to say of the water twelve years ago, she is really of older type, for this magnincient force that it includes the "Majestic" she was long in building at Constantinople. The " Abd-el- (flag-ship of Lord Walter Kerr), " Magnificent," " Empress of Kader " is uncompleted, and likely to remain so, for work has India," "Repulse," "Resolution," and "Royal Sovereign," ceased upon her. She was laid down a great many years ago, making a homogeneous battle squadron without a rival, and and was intended to be built to a of over ro,ooo the " Blake,"" Blenheim," M St. George," " Bellona," tons. Turkey seems to count mostly on her four ironclads "Charybdis," and " Hermione," ;cruisers, with gun-boats. of 6,400 tons, built on the Clyde and the Thames in 1864, The French have also a formidable force in commission. for an attempt has been made to modernize them, and At the opening of the Cretan difficulty, Rear-Admiral Pottier, one at least has had turrets built into her fore and i 0 command of the Levant Division of Vice-Admiral Cavelier aft, carrying oa4in. Krupp breech-loaders. These are well- de Cuverville's Active Squadron, had come home in the March 12th, 1897. THE NAVY AND ARMY ILLUSTRATED. 187 THE TURKISH FLEET.

Photo. SYMOXDS & CO., Portsmouth. THE DESPATCH BOAT "FUAD."

N THE MEDITERRANEAN.

'* Devastation," but he immediately returned to Cretan Waters (Three Saints), " Georgi Pobiedonosetz" (George the in the cruiser " Troude." Admiral de Cuverville, who flies Victorious) and " Dvenadzat Apostoloff " (Twelve Apostles), his flag in the " Brennus," is receiving new vessels hastily as well as a number of gun-vessels, torpedo gun-boats and commissioned in his command, and early this month torpedo craft. Within recent years the Russian strength has will have with him—or immediately available—in addition rapidly grown, and is now being steadily increased. to the "Magenta," "Neptune," "Marceau," "Amirai Baudin," The Italian Fleet in the Mediterranean is strong and " Redoutable," and "Devastation"—which now constitute, efficient, and has taken a prominent position in the Cretan with some modifications, the standing Mediterranean events, owing to Admiral Canevaro, in command, being the squadron—the splendid new ships "Carnot," "Jaureguiberry," senior officer in the Levant. His squadron consists of the and " Charles Martel." These ten vessels form the finest sister ships "Sicilia" (flag), "Sardegna" and "Re Umberto" fleet which has flown the French flag for many a day—the (I3»295 tons), the third-class cruiser " Bausan," and the two last-named are illustrated on other pages — and the torpedo gun-boat " Euridice ; " and the cruiser " Vesuvio," " Carnot " belongs to the same class. She was built with an which was lately placed in Reserve, is attached to it. Rear- after fighting mast, but this has been, or is about to be, Admiral Gualterio commands the Second Division, which removed. To these ten battleships of the Active Squadron includes the " Morosini," "Andrea Doria" and "Ruggiero must be added those of Vice-Admiral Humann's Reserve di Lauria," three sisters, of 11,000 tons, which carry each Squadron, now at Toulon, the "Admiral Duperre," and four 103-ton Armstrongs, with a considerable quick-firing " Friedland," and the so-called coast-defence battleships armament, and are well protected amidships. The Division "Caiman " and " Terrible." The principal cruisers attached is further constituted of the cruisers "Etna" and "Stromboli" to one or the other squadron are the three armoured and the gun-boat " Urania;" five sea-going torpedo-boats are sister vessels of 4,750 tons, "Amirai Charner," "Chanzy," also commissioned with the squadron. The Flying Squadron, and " Latouche-Treville. The first of these, in which Admiral which was reconstituted on February ist, is under command Pottier hoisted his flag, is illustrated on another page. Within of Rear-Admiral Palumbo, and consists of the cruisers " Marco a few days the protected cruisers and torpedo-cruisers Polo," "Umbria," " Liguria " and " Dogali." Many more "Suchet," " Bugeaud," "Troude," "Forbin," "Cosmao," vessels are also in commission—the " Piemonte," "Elba," " Wattignies," " Faucon," " Vautour," " Casabianca," and " Fieramosca," "Governolo" and others smaller. Admiral " D'Iberville," with the " Levrier" and six sea-going torpedo- Morin commands the Reserve. boats, will be with the squadrons; and, with the greatest ease, the cruisers " Tage," " Cecille," " Lalande," and "Sfax," the Admiral Hinke lately took out several Austro-Hungarian " Alger," returned from China, and the " Pascal," just com­ ships to the Levant, thus bringing up the squadron to pleting her trials, can be added. Thus France is in a very a respectable force. It includes the small battleship strong position, and the vessels named do not exhaust the " Kronprinzessin Stefanie," 5,150 tons; the armoured cruiser resources of Toulon. " Kaiserin Maria Theresia," which is a very swift and powerful vessel of 5,270 tons; the second-class protected cruiser, Russia has lately reconstructed her Mediterranean "Kaiser Franz Josef I.;" the torpedo gun-boat "Sattelit;" Squadron, and has a powerful force in the Levant. The and the "Sperber," "Elster," and "Kibitz," torpedo boats. " Navarin," flag-ship, of 9,476 tons, which carries a principal The Austrian-Navy is maintained in a state of high efficiency, armament of four 52-ton guns, has with her the " Nicholas and may be trusted to do well when called upon. The I." and " Alexander II." (both of 8,440 tons), as well as resources of Pola are great, and, in addition to the vessels the " Admiral Seniavine " (4,126 tons)—one of several sisters, named, there are other armoured and protected cruisers spoken of as "coast defence" vessels—and the small of modern construction, with gun-boats, and a torpedo battle-ship " Sissoi Veiiky" (8,880 tons). Both these are flotilla. new vessels. The Squadron also includes the armoured No German squadron is regularly maintained in the gun-vessel " Grosiastehy" (1,492 tons), the small cruiser Mediterranean; but the training ships, "Stein," " Stosch," " Zaporozetz," the sloop " Viestnik" and the gun-boat " Moltke," and " Gneisenau," which have a certain fighting "Possadnik," with a couple of torpedo-boats, which nave just value, have lately been cruising there, and should now be joined the flag. The Russian Black Sea Fleet, wh.^n will be homeward bound. The new and splendid cruiser, " Kaiserin a powerful factor in any European complication, is under Augusta," was despatched from Kiel, and now flies the Imperial command of Admiral Kopitoff, and was lately reported at flag in the Levant. The vessels of the United States now in Sebastopol ready for sea. It consists of the " Catherine II.," the Mediterranean are the cruisers " San Francisco," 4,083 "Tchesme" and "Sinope," sister ships of 10,180 tons, carrying tons; "Minneapolis, 7,475 tons; and "Cincinnati," 3,183 six 12-in. guns couplea at the angles of a triangular redoubt, tons; with the gun-boat" Bancroft." All are modern vessels, and the three new and powerful battle-ships " Tri Sviatitelia" well armed and protected in proportion to their displacement. 18S THE NAVY AND ARMY ILLUSTRATED. ! March 12th, 1897. THE FRENCH FLEET.

rhoio. M. BAR. Toti THE BATTLESHIP JAUREGU1BERRY.

SEA MEN Or THE "A MIR A L D UP ERR E.11 r illi " Jaureguiberry," 11,824 tons, is one of the most modern French vessels, and, having completed her trials on February nth. has joined the flag in the Mediterranean. She is unlike anything in the British Navy, for her big guns are disposed singly in heavily-armoured turrets, with electric mechanism for turning them, one (ore, one aft, and one sponsoned out on each side. The same arrangement of the heavy armament is found in the " Carnot" and other French ships, but has been abandoned for our system in the ships now building. The Jaureguiberry" carries an armament of about forty quick-firing and machine guns. The trials of the ship resulted very satisfactorily. She is fitted with every modern appliance, and nothing seems to have been emitted for her efficiency. She has an end-to-end belt of steel. The other picture shews a typical group of French bluejackets on board the " Amiral Duperre." Photo. M. BAR, Toulon. THE ARMOURED CRUISER t "AMIRAL CHARNER:\ ^ 00 THIS ship is one of four, of which the "Chanzy" and " Latouche-Treville " are in the Mediterranean, and the "Bruix" in the Channel. The "Charner" is the cruiser in which *° Bear-Admiral POTTIER has hoisted his flag. She displaces 4,750 tons, and, being built upon fine lines, has a speed of i8'2 knots. The type is very much appreciated in the , and certainly the class has given excellent results. There is the protection of a 3j-in. steel belt of considerable breadth, from end to end, of 2-in. plates on the two larger gun turrets, and of a 2-in. deck. The main turrets mount each a 7*4-in. long-range gun, and six medium quick-firers are also in as many turrets, three sponsoned on each broadside. This arrangement is unusual. Twelve smaller quick-firers are on the deck and in the fighting tops. The cruiser is fitted with engines of 8,300 horse-power, and has given very little trouble since she was built nt Rochefort in 1893. 190 THE NAVY AND ARMY ILLUSTRATED. CMarch i2th, 1897. I THE FRENCH FLEET.

THE BATTLESHIP CHARLES MARTEL:'

Photos, M: BAR, Toulon. THE TORPEDO TRANSPORT " FOUDRE? ERE we see three very notable French vessels. Like the " Jaureguiberry," the "Charles Martel" has just been H commissioned in the Mediterranean. She displaces 11,880 tons, and, closely resembling the other ship named in general disposition of armament, she carries two 12-in. and two io*6-in. guns in four turrets, besides a large number of quick-firers. The "Hoche." which is flag-ship in the Channel at the present time, is an earlier ship of similar type. All vessels of this class present a very formidable appearance, with their heavy upper works; but several of them have been over-weighted in building, and the "Hoche" is an example of one of them which have had her superstructure cut down, and her after fighting-mast removed. The " Foudre" is a torpedo-transport, of 5,875 tons, inspired by our own " Vulcan," and was intended for the transport of ten vedette torpedo-boats, 01 which the pattern was built by March 12th, 1897.] THE NAVY AND ARMY ILLUSTRATED. 191

THE FRENCH FLEET.

THE THIRD-CLASS CRUISER "LIN01S."

Photos, ai. BAR, Toulon. THE SECOND-CLASS CRUISER " BUGEAUD."

Messrs. YARROW, of aluminium, at Poplar. The ship gave satisfaction at her trials, attaining a high speed, and it is possible that she maybe converted from her original purpose and be changed into a cruiser. She is at present at Toulon. The " Bugeaud" and "Linois" are excellent types of the smaller cruisers of the French Navy. The former is a second- class vessel, of 3,740 tons, built at Cherbourg, in 1893. She is protected by a steel deck 4-in. thick amidships, and there is equal protection for the four 6-2-in. quick-firers which are in sponsons at the sides. Two other guns of the same calibre are mounted fore and aft, and there are more than twenty other pieces. The cruiser has engines of 9,000 horse­ power, and she attained the high speed of 19*25 knots at her trials. The " Linois " is a smaller cruiser, of 2,345 tons, modern, like the last, having been launched at I^a Seyne in 1894. She has a large quick-firing armament, and a considerable range of action. At her trials she attained a speed of 20*5 knots with very small coal consumption. These two vessels are, therefore, well fitted to be the "eyes" of the French Mediterranean Fleet. 192 THE NAVY AND ARMY ILLUSTRATED. [March I2th, 1897 THE FRENCH 1-FLEET.

TORPEDO BOATS AT TOULON.

THE THIRD-CLASS CRUISER " WATTIGNIES."

THE ARMOURED CRUISER "DUPUY DE LOME. A G°OD dea^s been heard of French torpedo boats at Toulon: how that they were in very bad condition L\ for sea. Thjs may be true of some of the older ones, but it does not hold good of those upon Xch the French depend. Torpedo warfare seems congenial to French Naval Officers, and they never lose an opportunity when the squadrons are at sea or at anchor in the roads of making night attacks upon them This has been going 5 WTthln the last month, and the boats scored some remarkable successes, even the "Brennus " Admiral nJ Pn^wl 57* i • being " torpedoecL" The-Wattignies " is a third-class cruiser of Xl3.o tonTand^y Wy™I ^vit\l%t^ of more than 18 knots. The Dupuy de Lome," which is seen above, is a most formidable vessel and hlr lone ram and peculiarfea ures give her an impressive appearance. That sheath of armour is four inches"thick and"the hi, I Ts greatly subdivided. The armament is very powerful, and though the cruiser was visited by a sadI disaster she given full satisfaction in regard to speed, having attained over 20 knots. disaster, sue nas March 12th Itfj? r THE \ AVY AND ARMY ILLUSTRATED. 193 THE RUSSIAN FLEET.

Photo. SYMONDS & CO., Portsmouth. THE ARMOURED GUN VESSEL " GROSIASTCHY:

Photo. A. ZIMERM IN, Sebastopol. THE BATTLESHIP "GEORGI POBI EDONOSETZr HE ship which is seen here lying in harbour is the " George the Victorious," one of the most modern of Russian T battle-ships, and, except the " Tri Sviatitelia," or " Three Saints," the most powerful ship in the Black Sea. She was laid down at Sebastopol, in 1889, and launched in March. 1892. Upon a displacement of 10.280 tons she carries a heavy armour belt, 157 thick amidships, 12 inches of steel on her barbettes and bulkheads, and almost as much over the battery, while the deck is two inches thick. The three barbette turrets are on a triangular plan, as in the old ships in the Black Sea, so that four 12-inch guns are coupled forward, while two are in the after barbette. The secondary armament is of seven 6-inch breech-loaders, and there are fourteen small quick-firers. The torpedo armament is large, there being seven tubes, all submerged. The engines were built in England by Messrs. MAUDSLAY, and, with forced draught and 16,000 horse-power, give a speed of 17-5 knots. In the " Grosiastchy," we have one of a small class of armoured gun-boats, of which three are afloat and another building. They carry a 9-inch gun forward and a 6-inch gun aft, besides many smaller guns. 194 THE NAVY AND ARMY ILLUSTRATED. [March 12th, 1897

THE GERMAN FLEET.

i.ioio. SYMONDo 0- CO., PUISSIIIOHHI. THE CRUISER "KAISERIN AUGUSTA."

Photo, SCHMIDT 6- WEGENER, Kiel. M TYPICAL NAVAL OFFICERS AND BLUEJACKETS. UR two photographs show a typical group of German officers and sailors and a view of the German cruiser ''Kaiserin O Augusta," a triple-screw ship, of 6,300 tons and 20 knots speed, protected by an armoured deck on the lines of our own first and second-class cruisers. The German Navy is manned on a system designed on the lines of the French Inscription Maritime, by which every man of the sea-faring population in northern Germany serves seven years in the Fleet (three years in ships in commission and four years in the Reserve), and five years in the Seewehr (analagous to the Landwehr, or Second Reserve of the German Army). After reaching the age of thirty-two, the German seaman becomes enrolled in the Landsturm, and is only liable to be called out in national emergencies. In round numbers, the modern German Navy is manned by 21,500 men, including commissioned officers, whose training and professional attainments are looked after with a thoroughness unequalled outside our own Service. March 12th, 1897.] THE NAVY AND ARMY ILLUSTRATED. 195 THE AUSTRIAN FLEET.

THE SECOND-CLASS CRUISER "KAISER FRANZ JOSEF."

I'lui'.os. SYMONUS & CO., Tort .mouth. THE ARMOURED CRUISER -KAISERIN MARIA THERESIAr ERE are two typical and very fine modern vessels of the Austrian Navy. Both were built at Trieste, and have given much H satisfaction, and they help to form the main force of the Austrian Division in the Levant. The " Maria Theresia" is an armoured cruiser, 5,270 tons, with 4-inch partial side protection, 4-inch of steel in the chief gun positions, and a 2-inch deck. Armoured turrets and breastworks fore and aft mount a o^-inch gun and two 5-Q-inch quick-firers severally for bow and stern fire, and four others of the smaller calibre are distributed in sponsons on the broadsides. The lesser armament includes eighteen other quick-firers. The cruiser has obtained a speed of 19-3 knots. The "Franz Josef" is a little older, having been launched in 1889. Like her sister, the " Kaiserin Elizabeth," she has been a most successful ship. She displaces 4,030 tons, and carries two 9*4-inch Krupps, singly, in protected barbettes, fore and aft, and six of 5'9-inch in sponsons on the broadsides, besides many smaller guns, and she has five torpedo tubes. Much sub-division of the and a 2j-inch steel deck add to her safety. She has engines of 9,000 horse-power, which sive a speed of 19 knots. So well pleased are the Austrian authorities with their ships lately constructed that they are preparing for others of the same classes, while the work of building coast-defence armour-clads goes on. 196 THE NAVY AND ARMY ILLUSTRATED. [March 12th, 1897.

THE UNITED STATES FLEET.

THE CRUISER • SAN FRANC/SCO."

lliotos. SYMONDS & CO Poriunouth. THE CRUISER " MINNEAPOLIS? N former times the United States played a pari in Mediterranean politics, and. within recent years, a fleet of new vessels has I been constituted and maintained there. The two which are here depicted are excellent types. The 44 Minneapolis" (7,475 tons) is an especially remarkable example of the class sometimes known as commerce-destroyers. Built upon very fine lines, and provided with engines of vast power, she is capable of steaming at from 228 to 23 knots. The armament is light —one 8-in. breech-loader, two 6-in. quick-firers, and 16 smaller. Vertical 2-in. and 4-in. plating covers the quick-fire and machine guns, and the big guns have shields. Americans are very proud of the " Minneapolis " and her sister, the " Columbia," illustrating what they coula accomplish in the building of swift war-ships. They have found imitators in the French. The other ship, the " San Francisco," is a sister of the " Newark." She is a barque-rigged vessel of 4,083 tons, and attained a speed 01 19/6 knots at her trials. She has large coal-capacity, and will steam 10,700 miles at her economical speed. She has deck protection, and carries twelve 6-in. breech-loaders and a considerable smaller quick-firing armament. The cruiser was lately at Villefranche, and exchanged salutes with the French Mediterranean Squa'lron there.