DOCSLIB.ORG

By Maria I. Bryant 2011 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
By Maria I. Bryant 2011 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED © COPYRIGHT by Maria I. Bryant 2011 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED DEDICATION To all the “Others” of the Nation PUERTO RICAN WOMEN‟S ROLES IN INDEPENDENCE NATIONALISM: UNWAVERING WOMEN BY Maria I. Bryant ABSTRACT This dissertation investigates the construction of women and feminism in the Puerto Rican nationalist project as presented in Claridad, “the newspaper of the Puerto Rican nation.” This study relies on an interpretive approach to methodology which weaves together several strands of sociological analysis. The research method is content analysis to study the newspaper Claridad as a social artifact for analysis. The sample of articles for analysis consists of 769 newspaper articles using content analysis to code and interpret the textual material from Claridad in the period 1980 to 2006. I also consult a range of other materials and observations as background for analysis. The analysis concentrates on women‟s roles in independence nationalism in Puerto Rico. The work of Anthias and Yuval-Davis (1989) and Yuval-Davis (1997) offer tools for inquiry into the roles or frames for women as heuristic devices to conduct the analysis of gender and nationalism. This study finds that the coverage of women‟s roles and feminism in independence nationalism in Puerto Rico is minimal or only 1.5 percent of the coverage, and that for the notion that Claridad is “the newspaper of the Puerto Rican nation,” women‟s roles in this independence project are marginal. My study ii affirms Anthias and Yuval-Davis‟ (1989), Yuval-Davis‟ (1997), Enloe‟s (1990) and Nagel‟s (1998) assertions that nationalism relegates women to certain frames and roles and consequently, gender as social relation of power is reproduced through men‟s interests, notions of masculinity, and by the discourses that use women to mediate the relationship between gender and nation. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Research is a collaborative process of struggle. This struggle would not have seen an end if I had not had the unwavering support of countless people. Dr. Gloria Ann (Gay) Young chaired my dissertation committee and throughout my long research process was always there to listen, to clarify, to support, and to guide. She also chaired my gender comprehensive examination and pushed my knowledge into crossing borders. I will always be indebted to you for all you did for me as a teacher all of these years at American University. You made it possible for me to believe that I could finish this process. Dr. Salvador Vidal-Ortiz served as member of the committee; I am so glad to have met you. My conversations with you pushed me to finish; although I never had the opportunity to take a course with you, I have learned so much about collective identity through our exchange of ideas and information. Dr. Karen E. Rosenblum, my first “gender” course teacher at George Mason University. You have continued to challenge and inspire me as a mentor, a teacher, and friend. You exposed me to feminist theory and feminism through “the meaning of difference.” My dear family has always been there for me. My partner/husband Brian and my daughter Ashley have been there with encouragement and support through so many crises. I followed my interests, and they gave me “a room of my own” or the whole house iv as our version of the “nation.” My sister, Eileen Serrano Mercado, has clarified many questions about the Puerto Rican experience and also helped me locate resources at local libraries in Puerto Rico and provided me with transportation. She is an engineer with a sociological eye. My parents gave me the discipline and love for education. Don Tomás Serrano García, papi/dad and Dona Toñita Mercado Rodríguez, mami/mom instilled in me the desire to persevere and to reach high and above. For all of your sacrifices for me and my brothers and sisters, thanks always. Education knows no frontiers. I also want to acknowledge the help of the library staff at the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Puerto Rico and the Sala Luisa Capetillo at the University of Puerto Rico, Cayey Campus for their help and guidance. I also want to recognize the College of Southern Maryland library staff: Barbara Bowling, Anita Warnes, Bonnie White, Vincent Dobbs, and Joyce Hohn for their help with locating resources and interlibrary requests. Finally, I also want to thank my alma mater, the University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus and the teachings of Dr. Ruth Silva Bonilla for a rigorous education that demonstrated the importance of sociological analysis and scholarship. Dr. Silva Bonilla was my “first” feminist teacher during my undergraduate work at the UPR, thank you. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................ ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................. x LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ................................................................................. xi Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 1 Research Questions ..................................................................................... 6 Significance of the Study and Key Terms .................................................. 7 Limitations of Qualitative Research ......................................................... 12 Plan of the Dissertation ............................................................................. 14 2. HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF NATIONALISM AND FEMINISM .............. 17 Indigenous Society before Spanish Colonization ..................................... 22 Spanish Colonization of 1493 ................................................................... 25 Transnational Bodies as the Independence Nation ................................... 28 The Dawn of the Nation as a Political Entity ........................................... 32 The Emergence of Feminism .................................................................... 38 The American Colonization of 1898 ......................................................... 43 Nationalist Activism through Party Politics ............................................. 48 The Nationalist Revolts of Women........................................................... 53 vi The Modernization Project for Puerto Rico .............................................. 55 Political Radicalism in the Diaspora ......................................................... 57 Feminism and Socialism as Double Militancy ......................................... 61 Rethinking Feminism and Nationalism .................................................... 74 Analytic Conclusion.................................................................................. 80 3. THEORY ON NATIONS TAKING INTO ACCOUNT GENDER AND FEMINIST CRITIQUE ....................................................................................... 87 Nations and Nationalisms ......................................................................... 89 The National Question in Puerto Rico .................................................... 107 Puerto Rican Intellectuals Critique the Nation ....................................... 120 Puerto Rican Women in Nationalism ..................................................... 127 Analytic Conclusion................................................................................ 135 Conclusion .............................................................................................. 138 4. METHOLOGY, METHOD, AND MATERIALS.......................................... 140 Methodology ........................................................................................... 141 Method and Materials ............................................................................. 148 Coding and Analysis ............................................................................... 166 Limitations of the Study.......................................................................... 172 5. THE MASCULINE PROJECT OF INDEPENDENCE NATIONALISM ....178 Contextualizing Women‟s Roles in Claridad ......................................... 181 Commemorating the History of Colonization......................................... 182 Martyrdom and Sacrifice for the Nation ................................................. 186 The Masculinized Women as Political Prisoners.................................... 187 The Next Wave of Prisoners from Diaspora ........................................... 196 vii Political Prisoners as a Sample of the Nation ......................................... 201 Analytic Conclusion: Gender and Nation ............................................... 204 6. WOMEN‟S HISTORY AND WOMEN WORTHIES FOR COMMEMORATING THE NATION…………………………………………207 The Nationalist Story of Women‟s History ............................................ 208 Women Worthies .................................................................................... 214 International Worthies and Country Profiles .......................................... 223 Summary ................................................................................................. 229 7. FEMINIST CRITIQUE OF THE NATIONALIST PROJECT ...................... 233 Feminists Speak Out for Themselves ..................................................... 234 Feminism Critiques Nationalism ...........................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Divedco) Comenzo Siete Anos Antes La Labor De Promover Una Vision, Mediada Por El Arte Y La Escritura, De Lo Que Era -O Deb{A Ser- La Puertorriquenidad
    NEGOCIACIONES: RENE MARQUES Y EL PROYECTO PEDAGOGICO-CULTURAL DEL ESTADO MUNOCISTA Resumen En 1948, con La eLeccion de Luis Munoz Mar{n como el primer gobernador puertorri­ queno eLecto, entramos plenamente en la epoca de creacion de instituciones claves y discursos fundacionales del estado puertorriqueno en ciernes. Aunque podr[a decirse que La primera institucion gubernamental que definio formalmente lo que deb fa enten­ derse como cuLtura puertorriquena fue el lnstituto de Cultura Puertorriquena ( 1955), La Division de Educacion de La Comunidad ( DivEdCo) comenzo siete anos antes la labor de promover una vision, mediada por el arte y la escritura, de lo que era -o deb{a ser- La puertorriquenidad. En este espacio, con relativa autonom{a dentro del Departamento de Instruccion Publica, los inteLectuales puertorriquenos crearon una obra art{stica con fines pedagogicos que resuLto ser no solo didactica, sino que produjo La primera muestra de cine puertorriqueno, los inicios de la grafica puerto­ rriquena y el taller de reunion para varios de los escritores de Ia llamada promocion del 40, entre quienes se destaca Rene Marques. Esta investigacion muestra el doble movimiento de Marques como jefe de Ia unidad editorial de La Division y "Uder inte­ lectual" de su promocion. Palabras clave: Puerto Rico, cultura, educacion, Rene Marques, intelectuales Abstract In 1948, when Luis Munoz Mar{n became Puerto Rico's first elected governor, the island entered a period in which key institutions and foundational discourses were created. Although the Instituto de Cultura Puertorriquefia, founded in 1955, may have been the first government agency formally charged with defining "Puerto Rican cul­ ture," the Divisi6n de Educaci6n de la Comunidad (DivEdCo) had begun to promote a normative vision of puertorriquefiidad, through art and writing, seven years earlier.
    [Show full text]
  • Reinas De Belleza De Puerto Rico: 2018-2020
    Reinas de Puerto Rico Según el Diccionario de la Real Academia Española, una reina es una mujer que ejerce la potestad real por derecho propio o una mujer que por su excelencia sobresale entre las demás de su clase o especie. Las primeras pertenecen al viejo mundo y las segundas son del nuevo. Puerto Rico ha sido prolífico en reinas. Ya en el Siglo XIX se celebraban fiestas de pueblo donde se escogían a sus reinas para celebrar el triunfo de la espiritualidad sobre la frivolidad y como representante de la monarquía regente. Reinas de Puerto Rico es un intento de identificar todas las damas de nuestra sociedad que de una u otra forma han representado a sus pueblos o al País en los reinados de carnaval, fiestas patronales, fiestas especiales y certámenes de belleza. Estas jóvenes pertenecen a la historia folclórica de Puerto Rico y con este trabajo le damos reconocimiento. ¡Qué viva la Reina! Flor M. Cruz-González, ([email protected]) Bibliotecaria Profesional, Universidad Interamericana de Puerto Rico, Recinto de Arecibo. Agradecimientos Al presentar este proyecto que tomó cerca de ocho años en realizarse y que presento en un momento tan significativo para Puerto Rico, quiero agradecer primero a Dios que rige mi vida y me ha traído hasta aquí. Muy en especial al Sr. Rafael “Rafin” J. Mirabal Linares, por toda su ayuda con el material fotográfico, información y asesoría, al Sr. Confesor Bermúdez, por presentarme a Rafín, por siempre mantenerme al tanto sobre los certámenes de belleza desde que era uno de nuestros estudiantes y por brindarme el ánimo continuo con su gran sentido del humor y talento.
    [Show full text]
  • Colecciones Especiales De Bibliotecas De La Universidad De Puerto Rico
    Colecciones Especiales de Bibliotecas de la Universidad de Puerto Rico Volumen 2 Colecciones Especiales de Bibliotecas de la Universidad de Puerto Rico Volumen 2 Colecciones Especiales de Bibliotecas de la Universidad de Puerto Rico Volumen 2 Coordinadora Esther Villarino Tur Editores Hilda R. Hernández Rivera León Santos Orozco José A. Pérez Pelay Esther Villarino Tur Iraida Ríos Arroyo Introducción José A. Robledo González Autores Aura Díaz López Edwin Ríos Cruz Marinilda Fuentes Sánchez Osvaldo Rivera Soto Rosalind E. Irizarry Martínez Robert Rosado Quiñones Miguel Ángel Náter Gustavo Salvarrey Iranzo Jorge I. Ortiz Malavé Miguel A. Santiago Rivera San Juan, Puerto Rico 2021 Diseño y diagramación por Esther Villarino Tur Cubierta frontal y posterior por Esther Villarino Tur basada en el diseño original creado por Luis Alberto Aponte Valderas para Colecciones Especiales de Bibliotecas de la Universidad de Puerto Rico, volumen 1, 2017 Logo CPDCC-UPR por Alex Colón Hernández Prohibida la reproducción total o parcial de esta obra sin previo permiso escrito por parte de sus autores. Edición, 2021 ISBN 978-0-578-92830-2 © Universidad de Puerto Rico Contenido Miembros de la Comunidad de Práctica Desarrollo Colaborativo de Colecciones de la Universidad de Puerto Rico (CPDCC-UPR) ........................................................................................ i Introducción José A. Robledo González ..................................................................................................... ii UPR en Aguadilla Sala Aguadillana
    [Show full text]
  • Aurea María Sotomayor Miletti
    Aurea María Sotomayor-Miletti (Writer and Professor) University of Pittsburgh Department of Hispanic Languages and Literatures [email protected] [email protected] Education: 5/ 2008 –– Juris Doctor. School of Law, University of Puerto Rico. Cum Laude. 9/1976-8/1980—Ph.D. Stanford University, Stanford, California. Department of Spanish and Portuguese. 8/1974-8/1976.—M. A. Indiana University. Bloomington, Department of Comparative Literature. 8/1968/-5/1972.— B. A. University of Puerto Rico. Magna Cum Laude. Employment History: 1-2011-Professor. Hispanic Languages and Literatures. University of Pittsburgh. 8-1998-12/1999. Acting Chair. Department of Spanish. University of Puerto Rico (Main Campus). 8-1994-12/ 2010. Professor. Department of Spanish. University of Puerto Rico. 8/1989- 7/1994. Associate Professor, Department of Spanish. UPR (Main Campus). 1/1986-7/1989. Assistant Professor, Department of Spanish. UPR (Main Campus). 8/1980-5/1983. Assistant Professor, Interamerican University (Main Campus), Dept. of Spanish. 8/1977-6/1980. Stanford University. Teaching Assistant, Department of Spanish. 1978-1979. Research Assistant to Prof. Jean Franco, Stanford University. Areas of Interest: Caribbean Literature, Poetry and Poetics, Women and Gender Studies, Law and Literature, Violence, Human Rights and Environmental Issues in Contemporary Latin American Literature, Puerto Rican Literature. Foreign Languages: Spanish (native-speaker), English, French and Italian (excellent reading knowledge, oral comprehension), Portuguese (reading knowledge and oral comprehension), Latin and German (some). Dissertations and papers: 8/1980 —Ph.D. Stanford University (Department of Spanish and Portuguese), The Parameters of Narration in Macedonio Fernández. Director: Prof. Jean Franco. Dissertation committee: Prof. Mary Louise Pratt and Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Cultural Educational Social
    CULTURAL EDUCATIONAL SOCIAL Established 1964 Publication of the Assyrian Foundation of America Volume 43, Number 3, 2019 Assyrian foundation of America In February, I had the enormous pleasure and privilege of attending a unique exhibit at the British Museum entitled, “I am Ashurbanipal, King of the World, King of Assyria”. It was an ex- traordinary experience to see archaeological artifacts attributed to the palace of arguably one of the most important kings in an- cient history, Ashurbanipal. Besides being a remarkable scholar and military strategist, he established the first and most impres- sive library of the ancient world. Within his incredible collec- tion of clay tablets lay one of the greatest epic tales ever told, the Gilgamesh. It is all the more appropriate that on the final day of the exhibit was a contemporary Assyrian folk music concert or- ganized by renowned Assyrian musician Honiball Joseph, founder of the Gilgamesh Art & Culture Foundation. The Assyrian Foundation of America (AFA) is a proud continuing sponsor of Honiball and his organization. Honiball Joseph is an accomplished musician, composer, conductor, pianist, and music educator with over thirty years of extensive international experience. In addition to numer- ous recitals, he has organized, conducted, arranged and composed several orchestral and vocal concerts throughout California as well as at the most prestigious concert halls in his native Iran. With the patronage of the AFA, Honiball has organized a unique repeat performance of the British museum concert here in San Francisco at the Marines’ Memorial Theater on Saturday, September 14, 2019. This is a great family event and I urge everyone, particularly those who were unable to join the festivities in London, to attend this concert that promises to be a spectacular and memo- rable experience.
    [Show full text]
  • View Centro's Film List
    About the Centro Film Collection The Centro Library and Archives houses one of the most extensive collections of films documenting the Puerto Rican experience. The collection includes documentaries, public service news programs; Hollywood produced feature films, as well as cinema films produced by the film industry in Puerto Rico. Presently we house over 500 titles, both in DVD and VHS format. Films from the collection may be borrowed, and are available for teaching, study, as well as for entertainment purposes with due consideration for copyright and intellectual property laws. Film Lending Policy Our policy requires that films be picked-up at our facility, we do not mail out. Films maybe borrowed by college professors, as well as public school teachers for classroom presentations during the school year. We also lend to student clubs and community-based organizations. For individuals conducting personal research, or for students who need to view films for class assignments, we ask that they call and make an appointment for viewing the film(s) at our facilities. Overview of collections: 366 documentary/special programs 67 feature films 11 Banco Popular programs on Puerto Rican Music 2 films (rough-cut copies) Roz Payne Archives 95 copies of WNBC Visiones programs 20 titles of WNET Realidades programs Total # of titles=559 (As of 9/2019) 1 Procedures for Borrowing Films 1. Reserve films one week in advance. 2. A maximum of 2 FILMS may be borrowed at a time. 3. Pick-up film(s) at the Centro Library and Archives with proper ID, and sign contract which specifies obligations and responsibilities while the film(s) is in your possession.
    [Show full text]
  • Rafael Cancel-Miranda Praised on His 90Th Birthday
    Rafael Cancel-Miranda praised on his 90th birthday Mayagüez, July 19 (RHC)-- A group of independence fighters on Saturday exalted the figure of nationalist fighter Rafael Cancel-Miranda, on his 90th birthday, at the Vivaldi Cemetery in Mayagüez, where his remains have been laid to rest since March 8th. Puerto Rican Independence Party (PIP) leader Julio Muriente Perez lamented that due to his irredeemable death, on July 18th he could not be shared with thousands of his fellow countrymen in his native Mayaguez, in western Puerto Rico, "where his immortal remains now rest." The former president of the Movimiento Independentista Nacional Hostosiano (MINH) said that perhaps the meeting would have been at the grave of the combative nationalist leader Pedro Albizu Campos, in the cemetery of Old San Juan, where Cancel-Miranda first went after stepping on Puerto Rican soil after his release from prison in September 1979, after spending 25 years in U.S. prisons. Muriente Pérez said that on this occasion "we would have liked to sing to him, recite his poems, remember his anecdotes, laugh at his great sense of humor, re-charge his batteries with his immeasurable desire to live and serve his people and humanity, evoke his admirable perseverance and firmness of principle." Likewise, he said, we would have remembered, with similar respect to his colleagues Oscar Collazo, Lolita Lebron, Irving Flores and Andres Figueroa Cordero, that "like Rafaelito they are our National Heroes." Born on July 18, 1930 in Mayagüez, he dedicated his life to the independence of Puerto Rico under the inspiration of Pedro Albizu Campos, whom as a Cadet of the Republic, a youth organization of the Nationalist Party, he welcomed in December 1947 upon his return from serving a 10-year sentence in Atlanta and New York charged with conspiracy to overthrow the United States government.
    [Show full text]
  • Invisiblity and Racial Ambiguity of Arab American Women
    INVISIBLITY AND RACIAL AMBIGUITY OF ARAB AMERICAN WOMEN “What Are You?” Racial Ambiguity, Belonging, and Well-being Among Arab American Women Laila Abdel-Salam Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy under the Executive Committee of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2021 INVISIBLITY AND RACIAL AMBIGUITY OF ARAB AMERICAN WOMEN © 2021 Laila Abdel-Salam All Rights Reserved INVISIBLITY AND RACIAL AMBIGUITY OF ARAB AMERICAN WOMEN Abstract “What Are You?” Racial Ambiguity, Belonging, and Well-being Among Arab American Women Laila Abdel-Salam Even within counseling psychology’s multicultural literature, attention to individuals of Arab descent remains narrow (Awad, 2010; Abdel-Salam, 2019). Despite counseling psychologists’ goals regarding multiculturally proficiency, the dearth of systematic empirical research on the counseling of Arab Americans remains conspicuous. The present study attempts to fill this gap by exploring the impact of racial ambiguity and legal invisibility on Arab Americans’ sense of belonging and well-being. This exploratory consensual qualitative research (CQR) investigation analyzed interview data from 13 non-veiled Arab American women. The interview probed their reactions to Arab Americans’ legal invisibility in the US, queried how they believed White people versus people of color racially perceived them, and examined their subsequent emotional responses and coping strategies. The study’s results revealed participants’ feelings of invisibility, invalidation and hurt when they were not recognized as a person of color (PoC) and brought the participants’ perpetual experience of exclusion to the forefront. The results not only have implications for professional practice and education but also for policy.
    [Show full text]
  • The Insular Cases: the Establishment of a Regime of Political Apartheid
    ARTICLES THE INSULAR CASES: THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A REGIME OF POLITICAL APARTHEID BY JUAN R. TORRUELLA* What's in a name?' TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................ 284 2. SETFING THE STAGE FOR THE INSULAR CASES ........................... 287 2.1. The Historical Context ......................................................... 287 2.2. The A cademic Debate ........................................................... 291 2.3. A Change of Venue: The Political Scenario......................... 296 3. THE INSULAR CASES ARE DECIDED ............................................ 300 4. THE PROGENY OF THE INSULAR CASES ...................................... 312 4.1. The FurtherApplication of the IncorporationTheory .......... 312 4.2. The Extension of the IncorporationDoctrine: Balzac v. P orto R ico ............................................................................. 317 4.2.1. The Jones Act and the Grantingof U.S. Citizenship to Puerto Ricans ........................................... 317 4.2.2. Chief Justice Taft Enters the Scene ............................. 320 * Circuit Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit. This article is based on remarks delivered at the University of Virginia School of Law Colloquium: American Colonialism: Citizenship, Membership, and the Insular Cases (Mar. 28, 2007) (recording available at http://www.law.virginia.edu/html/ news/2007.spr/insular.htm?type=feed). I would like to recognize the assistance of my law clerks, Kimberly Blizzard, Adam Brenneman, M6nica Folch, Tom Walsh, Kimberly Sdnchez, Anne Lee, Zaid Zaid, and James Bischoff, who provided research and editorial assistance. I would also like to recognize the editorial assistance and moral support of my wife, Judith Wirt, in this endeavor. 1 "What's in a name? That which we call a rose / By any other name would smell as sweet." WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE, ROMEO AND JULIET act 2, sc. 1 (Richard Hosley ed., Yale Univ.
    [Show full text]
  • A Case Study of Arabic Heritage Learners and Their Community
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by South East Academic Libraries System (SEALS) “SPEAK AMERICAN!” OR LANGUAGE, POWER AND EDUCATION IN DEARBORN, MICHIGAN: A CASE STUDY OF ARABIC HERITAGE LEARNERS AND THEIR COMMUNITY BY KENNETH KAHTAN AYOUBY Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Education, the University of Port Elizabeth, in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor Educationis Promoter: Prof. Susan van Rensburg, Ph.D. The University of Port Elizabeth November 2004 ABSTRACT This study examines the history and development of the “Arabic as a foreign language” (AFL) programme in Dearborn Public Schools (in Michigan, the United States) in its socio-cultural and political context. More specifically, this study examines the significance of Arabic to the Arab immigrant and ethnic community in Dearborn in particular, but with reference to meanings generated and associated to Arabic by non- Arabs in the same locale. Although this study addresses questions similar to research conducted on Arab Americans in light of anthropological and sociological theoretical constructs, it is, however, unique in examining education and Arabic pedagogy in Dearborn from an Arab American studies and an educational multi-cultural perspective, predicated on/and drawing from Edward Said’s critique of Orientalism, Paulo Freire’s ideas about education, and Henry Giroux’s concern with critical pedagogy. In the American mindscape, the "East" has been the theatre of the exotic, the setting of the Other from colonial times to the present. The Arab and Muslim East have been constructed to represent an opposite of American culture, values and life.
    [Show full text]
  • La Masacre De Ponce: Una Revelación Documental Inédita
    LUIS MUÑOZ MARÍN, ARTHUR GARFIELD HAYS Y LA MASACRE DE PONCE: UNA REVELACIÓN DOCUMENTAL INÉDITA Por Carmelo Rosario Natal Viejos enfoques, nuevas preguntas Al destacar el cultivo de la historia de la memoria como uno de los tópicos en auge dentro la llamada “nueva historia cultural”, el distinguido académico de la Universidad de Cambridge, Peter Burke, hace el siguiente comentario en passant: “En cambio disponemos de mucho menos investigación…sobre el tema de la amnesia social o cultural, más escurridizo pero posiblemente no menos importante.”1 Encuentro en esta observación casual de Burke la expresión de una de mis preocupaciones como estudioso. Efectivamente, hace mucho tiempo he pensado en la necesidad de una reflexión sistemática sobre las amnesias, silencios y olvidos en la historia de Puerto Rico. La investigación podría contribuir al aporte de perspectivas ignoradas, consciente o inconscientemente, en nuestro acervo historiográfico. Lo que divulgo en este escrito es un ejemplo típico de esa trayectoria de amnesias y olvidos. La Masacre de Ponce ha sido objeto de una buena cantidad de artículos, ensayos, comentarios, breves secciones en capítulos de libros más generales y algunas memorias de coetáneos. Existe una tesis de maestría inédita (Sonia Carbonell, Blanton Winship y el Partido Nacionalista, UPR, 1984) y dos libros publicados recientemente: (Raúl Medina Vázquez, Verdadera historia de la Masacre de Ponce, ICPR, 2001 y Manuel E. Moraza Ortiz, La Masacre de Ponce, Publicaciones Puertorriqueñas, 2001). No hay duda de que los eventos de marzo de 1937 en Ponce se conocen hoy con mucho más detalles en la medida en que la historiografía y la memoria patriótica nacional los han mantenido como foco de la culminación a que conducía la dialéctica de la violencia entre el estado y el nacionalismo en la compleja década de 1930.
    [Show full text]
  • A Case Study on the Fuerzas Armadas De Liberación Nacional (FALN)
    Effects and effectiveness of law enforcement intelligence measures to counter homegrown terrorism: A case study on the Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional (FALN) Final Report to the Science & Technology Directorate, U.S. Department of Homeland Security August 2012 National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism A Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Center of Excellence Based at the University of Maryland 3300 Symons Hall • College Park, MD 20742 • 301.405.6600 • www.start.umd.edu National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism A Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Center of Excellence About This Report The author of this report is Roberta Belli of John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York. Questions about this report should be directed to Dr. Belli at [email protected]. This report is part of a series sponsored by the Human Factors/Behavioral Sciences Division, Science and Technology Directorate, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, in support of the Prevent/Deter program. The goal of this program is to sponsor research that will aid the intelligence and law enforcement communities in identifying potential terrorist threats and support policymakers in developing prevention efforts. This research was supported through Grant Award Number 2 009ST108LR0003 made to the START Consortium and the University of Maryland under principal investigator Gary LaFree. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security or START.
    [Show full text]