Cultural Educational Social

CULTURAL EDUCATIONAL SOCIAL

Established 1964

Publication of the Assyrian Foundation of America Volume 43, Number 3, 2019 Assyrian foundation of America

In February, I had the enormous pleasure and privilege of attending a unique exhibit at the British Museum entitled, “I am Ashurbanipal, King of the World, King of Assyria”. It was an extraordinary experience to see archaeological artifacts attributed to the palace of arguably one of the most important kings in ancient history, Ashurbanipal. Besides being a remarkable scholar and military strategist, he established the first and most impressive library of the ancient world. Within his incredible collec- tion of clay tablets lay one of the greatest epic tales ever told, the Gilgamesh. It is all the more appropriate that on the final day of the exhibit was a contemporary Assyrian folk music concert organized by renowned Assyrian musician Honiball Joseph, founder of the Gilgamesh Art & Culture Foundation.

The Assyrian Foundation of America (AFA) is a proud continuing sponsor of Honiball and his organization. Honiball Joseph is an accomplished musician, composer, conductor, pianist, and music educator with over thirty years of extensive international experience. In addition to numerous recitals, he has organized, conducted, arranged and composed several orchestral and vocal concerts throughout California as well as at the most prestigious concert halls in his native Iran. With the patronage of the AFA, Honiball has organized a unique repeat performance of the British museum concert here in San Francisco at the Marines’ Memorial Theater on Saturday, September 14, 2019. This is a great family event and I urge everyone, particularly those who were unable to join the festivities in London, to attend this concert that promises to be a spectacular and memo- rable experience.

Wishing you all a beautiful summer and looking forward to seeing you at the AFA summer picnic on July 21!

Jackline Yelda President, AFA

Articles submitted for publication will be selected by Assyrian Foundation of America established in June the editorial staff on the basis of their relative merit to 1964 and incorporated in the state of California as a Assyrian literature, history, and current events. non-profit, tax- exempt organization dedicated to the advancement of the education of Assyrians. Opinions expressed in NINEVEH are those of the respective authors and not necessarily those of Yearly subscription fees NINEVEH or the Assyrian Foundation of America. US...... $40 International...... $50 2 3 Contents

4 AFA’s 9th Annual Appreciation Event 22 Turlock Students Honored Elizabeth Mickaily-Huber, Ph.D. State Seal of Biliteracy

8 Christian Persecution And Genocide 23 Beneel Babaei Cristina Maza Congratulations

10 Artist Moussa Malki 24 Rabi Tobia Ibrahim Giwargis In Memoriam Adonis Art Gallery

12 Noah’s Ark ‘Blueprints’ Extracted 26 How a U of T researcher discovered a lost Mesopotamian queen From Ancient Babylonian Relic By Paula Liu 27 Contemporary Assyrian Folk Music A Concert By Honiball Joseph 14 Mardi Gras 2019: Visions of the Sun Elizabeth Mickaily-Huber, Ph.D. 28 Assyrian Ktitchen Brian Rich 15 Nineveh Donations March 2019 through May 2019 30 War Against Children Nuri Kino 16 The Nestorian Steles in China and Japan Fred Aprim 32 The Nineveh Academic Chair The University of Salamanca 19 The Assyro-Chaldeans of France Elizabeth Mickaily-Huber, Ph.D. 34 Efrem Yildik Sadak Curriculum Vitae 20 Memorial Day Tamara Odisho Benjamin 36 Books Biography of RaphaelKhan 21 Shlama Foundation The Assyrians – Fifty Years in Sweden

37 Assyrian Section

Crew: Address letters to: Dr. Ninwe Maraha (Editor) Sargon Shabbas, Circulation The Editor Dr. Robert Karoukian Donatella Yelda NINWE MARAHA Dr. Elizabeth Mickaily-Huber George Bet-Shlimon NINEVEH MAGAZINE Tamara Odisho Benjamin Heather Bou (Layout Designer) P.O. Box 2660 Berkeley, California 94702 [email protected] 2 3 9th Annual Appreciation Event

by Elizabeth Mickaily-Huber, Ph.D.

Introduction

For the past 9 years, the Assyrian Foundation of America (AFA) has hosted an annual appreciation event as a way to thank donors for their generous contributions to the Foundation, in addition to providing its benefactors with a glimpse of their monies “in action”. This year’s event was ex- ceptional. AFA President Jackie Yelda opened the event by welcoming a special guest from Iraq, Rabbi Ashur Eskrya of the Assyrian Aid Society of Iraq. Next, she announced the creation and sponsorship of the Dr. Joel J. Elias Scholar’s Fund as well as the launch of the Assyrian Studies Association (ASA).

Dr. Joel J. Elias Scholar’s Fund The Assyrian Studies Association

Annie Elias, daughter of the late Dr. Joel Elias, one of the Dr. Robert Karoukian presented the creation of the founding members of the AFA explained that this Fund ASA, a new organization sponsored by the AFA, provid- had been created in memory of her father, one of the ing a venue for scholars of all things Assyrian (history, most educated and dedicated Assyrians of his genera- culture, language, etc) to share and contribute research. tion in America. She provided a warm-hearted account Although the ASA was sponsored by the AFA, it will of her father’s love of education and how he ingrained now stand as an independent non-profit organization in his children the idea that “no one can take away your that will support and promote Assyrian studies. Indeed education”. As a result, the creation of an educational the 2 speakers of this appreciation event are founding fund to honor her father’s memory seems particularly members of this association. fitting. 4 5 LEFT: From Left to right: Sargon Warda, Behrouz Yadegar, Sargon Shabbas, Martin Jacob, Jackline Yelda, Professor Hannibal Travis, Professor Mark Tomass, Linda Rasho, Remouz Malekzadeh, Dr. Ninwe Maraha, Dr. Robert Karoukian

RIGHT: Dr. Joel Elias kids; from Left to Right: Paul Elias, Edy Elias and Annie Elias

Lecture by Professor Hannibal Travis ritorial expansion acquiring land as far as North Africa to the West, Bulgaria to the North, and the Caucasus to Professor Travis writes books and articles on human the East. However, near the beginning of the 20th cen- rights law and genocide studies. His lecture, entitled, tury, the empire began losing land as a result of conflicts “Bridging History and the Law in Studying the Assyrian with its Russian and European neighbors who were also Minority in the Middle East” placed into context histor- engaging in territorial expansion and supporting inde- ical details of persecution and conflict that ultimately pendence struggles. led to the genocides of all the Christian communities in the Ottoman Empire, specifically the once flourishing At that time, Muslim Circassian refugees fleeing Russia communities of the Armenians, Assyrians, and Pon- began flooding into Ottoman territory, resulting in the tic Greeks. The tragic modern history of the Assyrian mass displacement of Ottoman Christian communities people has been largely overlooked as compared to the in what is now southeastern Turkey. What began as history of the Armenians. However, Professor Travis forced displacement soon turned into the mass murder provided documentation, such as contemporary news- of millions of Armenians, Assyrians, and Pontic and paper articles and eye-witness accounts, meticulously Anatolian Greeks. Although the exact numbers of vic- proving that a genocide was in fact perpetrated against tims is not known, it is clear that huge numbers of men the Assyrian people. and women were massacred, women were violated and taken as slaves if not murdered, and masses of children The Polish-Jewish Lawyer Raphael Lemkin coined the were left orphaned if not killed outright. The attacks on term genocide as a result of considering the persecu- Assyrian Christians in the Upper Tigris valley, in the tions of the Armenian and Assyrian peoples, alongside farming regions known as the Hakkari (which includes his primary focus, the Jewish and Slavic Holocaust. Ac- the patriarchal seat of Qudchanis), peaked in 1915. How- cording to his definition, genocide is the destruction, in ever, the massacres continued to occur in pockets until whole or in part, of a national, ethnic, racial, or religious the Simele Massacre in 1933. Despite some accounts of group. This annihilation can occur due to mass murder, revolts and rebellion, documents and eyewitness ac- or more insidiously by imposing measures to prevent counts indicate that these individuals were typically births or to transfer children forcibly from one group killed for no reason other than their Christian affilia- to another. tion, regardless of denomination. Ironically, given the motive of revenge for events in what became the Aus- Although most people think of the genocide as occur- tro-Hungarian Empire and Bulgaria, the Ottomans took ring in 1915, historical accounts going as far back as the special care not to kill foreign Christians so as to avoid 1820’s substantiate that the persecution of Christian further international conflict. communities in the Ottoman Empire began in a slow but systematic manner much earlier than that. In the Because there is no universally agreed definition of 19th century, the Ottomans were in full process of ter- genocide and due to political alliances, nations of the

4 5 world are often reticent to formally recognize the genocides of the Armenians, Assyrians, and Greeks. More- over, no international criminal court ever tried the per- petrators of these crimes against humanity, and now it is obviously too late. Nevertheless, modern concepts of compensation for these crimes in the form of reparations have been considered and even acquired in rel- atively small amounts by the Armenians and Greeks. However, complex federal and state laws make it impos- sible for the United States to sue Turkey in favor of its Armenian, Assyrian, and Pontic Greek citizens because some judges see Turkey as a U.S. ally. In the meantime, the European Union occasionally pressures Turkey to engage in cultural reparations such as the return of land and churches to the victimized Christian communities, or fair compensation in lieu of such return, as well as fair treatment of Turkish minorities in the future. Al- though this is a step in the positive direction, Turkey’s current Christian minority population is so small that any attempts at restitution would be minimal and hence unlikely to restore the Christian communities’ existence in a significant way.

Lecture by Dr. Mark Tomass

Mark Tomass is a professor of Economics. During the Appreciation Event, he gave a witty and entertaining presentation about a rather complex topic. His lecture was entitled, “Building the Assyrian Economy”. Dr. To- mass began by explaining that he was born and grew up in the “Assyrian Quarter” of Aleppo, Syria, where his maternal grandparents settled after they were deported from the North Mesopotamian city of Edessa (Assyrian: Urhay) in February 1924. Although all the residents of the Assyrian Quarter are ethnically Assyrian (Arabic: Suryan), the vast majority do not speak Assyrian because it was lost approximately 1000 years ago while they were living in Edessa, like all other Assyrians living in urban centers who lost their majority status and adopted the local vernacular necessitated by frequent trade and contact with local Arabs and later Turks and Armenian settlers. Indeed, his own life history sets the stage for his primary precept that there is the urgent need for Assyrians in diaspora to create a virtual nation regardless of the possibility or likelihood of the eventual formation of actual Assyrian nation state.

6 7 As Assyrians in the homeland continue their exodus due on ongoing group violence and as their neighboring religious and ethnic communities remain incapable of adopting the notion of individual freedom and the rule of law as a principle for organizing their social order, As- syrians have no recourse other than to build a virtual nation/economy that would connect Assyrians worldwide.

Professor Tomass explained the concept that, funda- mentally speaking, an economy is a platform that al- lows for the exchange of goods, services, and sometimes ideas. In order for Assyrians in diaspora to stop looking backward, but rather in the direction of a brighter future, they must understand the value and importance of creating a common infrastructure that would bring As- syrians together regardless of their religious-sectarian affiliation. Whereas historically, Assyrians have engaged in auto fragmentation because of religious ties, an economy that has no religious link would provide an environment that would allow for a common identity to emerge from their common infrastructure. At present, because of their geographical fragmentation, a conscious effort is needed to transform their identity-sharing group into a resource-sharing group, thereby insuring that resource-sharing will spontaneously maintain their identity in future generations.

The crucial requirement for this virtual economy is that the individuals who participate would be required to establish their Assyrian origins in some verifiable way. This verification could come, for example, in the form of a kind of “sponsorship” by membership in a bonafide Assyrian Organization, such as the AFA for example, by membership in a Church community, or through genet- ic relations with another verified Assyrian.

Assyrians from all over the world would become citizens of this virtual Assyrian nation and hence would be able to partake in this virtual economy. This platform would allow individuals to exchange employment opportuni- ties, engage in trade, sales, or education, form friend- ships or even find life partners within their shared As- syrian culture. The more the citizenship grows, the more influential the virtual Assyrian nation would be come. For example, a political system could be created where Assyrians could vote democratically for representatives of their virtual nation. Those representatives could then fight with more influence for common Assyrian causes.

6 7 CHRISTIAN PERSECUTION AND GENOCIDE IS WORSE NOW THAN “ANY TIME IN HISTORY,” REPORT SAYS

By Cristina Maza Courtesy of Newsweek.com

The persecution and genocide of Christians across the Christians did not get worse, and that was only because world is worse today “than at any time in history,” and the situation couldn’t get any worse than it already was. Western governments are failing to stop it, a report from a Catholic organization said. The authors criticized the administration of President Donald Trump for not holding Saudi Arabia accountable The study by Aid to the Church in Need said the treatment for its human rights violations and instead focusing on the of Christians has worsened substantially in the past two trade relationship between the two nations. In May 2017, years compared with the two years prior, and has grown Trump signed a $110 billion arms deal with Saudi Arabia more violent than any other period in modern times. during his first overseas trip in office. The report put spe- “Not only are Christians more persecuted than any other cial focus on Middle Eastern countries like Iraq and Syr- faith group, but ever-increasing numbers are experiencing ia, where the authors argued Christians would have been the very worst forms of persecution,” the report said. entirely wiped out if it weren’t for military action and the assistance of Christian humanitarian organizations, like The report examined the plight of Christians in China, Aid to the Church in Need. Egypt, Eritrea, India, Iran, Iraq, Nigeria, North Korea, Pa- kistan, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria and Turkey over the pe- “The defeat of Daesh [the Islamic State militant group] and riod lasting from 2015 until 2017. The research showed that other Islamists in major strongholds of the Middle East offers in that time, Christians suffered crimes against humanity, the last hope of recovery for Christian groups threatened with and some were hanged or crucified. The report found that extinction,” the report found. “Many would not survive anoth- Saudi Arabia was the only country where the situation for er similar violent attack.” 8 9 Left: A member of the Syrian forces places a cross in the rubble ahead of a Christmas celebration at the heavily damaged Armenian Catholic Church of the Martyrs in Raqqa, Syria. The persecution and genocide of Chris- tians across the world is worse today “than at any time in history,” and Western governments are failing to stop it, a report from a Catholic organization said.

Right: elatives of Coptic Christians who were killed during a bus attack surround their coffins during their funeral service, at Ava Samuel desert monastery, in Minya, Egypt.

The report, which was released in November 2017 but re- “A Christian pastor in India was left in a coma after being ceived renewed attention this week, is based on research beaten in a ‘planned’ attack apparently carried out by Hin- in the countries and testimony from victims. Its detailed dutva extremists,” the report noted. “Before slipping into attacks against Coptic Christians in Egypt and monaster- unconsciousness, the pastor told police that the attack was ies burned in Syria. religiously motivated.”

In Africa, the report focused on countries like Sudan, “You must never come to our village to pray. You should never where the government ordered that churches be destroyed, enter our village,” the men told the pastor, according to the report. and Nigeria, where ISIS-affiliated groups like Boko Haram have led a surge in attacks on Christians. In Eritrea, hun- In late October, Vice President Mike Pence pledged that dreds of Christians have been rounded up and imprisoned the Trump administration would redirect aid money for- over the past year because of their faith. The report also merly given to the United Nations to the U.S. Agency for documented numerous case studies in which Christians International Development, a move that was meant to ap- in countries such as India and Nigeria were murdered or pease Christian organizations that say the U.N. isn’t doing beaten for practicing their faith. enough for persecuted Christians.

Indian Christians gathers at St. Teresa’s Church for the midnight Christmas mass in Kolkata, India.

8 9 10 11 The artist Moussa (Moshe) Malke standing first from the right.

10 11 Noah’s Ark ‘Blueprints’ Extracted From Ancient Babylonian Relic By Paula Liu Courtesy of mb.ntd.com

British Museum curator Irving Finkel found a 4,000-year-old The tablet “turned out to be one in a million,” said Finkel. tablet that detailed the materials and measurements needed in the construction of Noah’s Ark. The story of the Babylonian flood drew attention because of its similarities to the flood in the Book of Genesis, which was well- According to a CNN interview, Finkel said the tablet was brought known, but this tablet provided even more startling information to him by Douglas Simmonds. It was given to Simmonds by his that people did not anticipate, according to Ancient Code. father, who picked up artifacts from Egypt and China after the war in the late 1940s. The tablet told of the Babylonian tale, and according to it, Enki told the Babylonian Noah, Atrahasis, to build an ark, and ac- When Finkel laid eyes on the tablet for the first time, he wasn’t cording to the old text, the ark used “quantities of palm-fiber sure what it was until he read the first line. He said it was then rope, wooden ribs and bathfuls of hot bitumen to waterproof that he realized that the tablet was part of the Babylonian flood the finished vessel.” story. Finkel said given the amount of rope described in the text when Simmonds took the tablet home for quite some time before stretched out in a line, would reach from London to Edinburgh. bringing it back. The Ark would have an area of about 2.2 square miles, which “When he brought it in, again, and let me take a proper look at it, is the roughly the size of one and a half football fields. The text I was able to decipher the whole thing and it was full of amazing also said the walls were 20 feet high. new materials.” The story of the flood seemed to be prevalent in a lot of cultures. One of the discoveries he made, something never thought about According to Telegraph, Finkel wrote that the stories have been by archeologists, was that the Ark was round. documented in Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, Syria, Europe, In- dia, New Guinea, Central America, North America, Australia, “To my knowledge, no one has ever thought of that possibility,” and South America. said Finkel. Noah’s Ark, the story most people are familiar with, has been the 12 13 Left: This clay tablet, which was excavated by Hormuzd Ras- sam, dates back to the Neo-Assyrian Period, 7th century BC. It narrates the so-called the Babylonian Flood Story. Mr. George Smith was the man who transliterated and read that story. From the Library of Ashurbanipal II at Nineveh, northern Mesopotamia, modern-day Iraq. (Wikimedia Commons/CC SA 4.0 International)

Right: Noah’s ark on the Mount Ararat. (Wikimedia Commons/Public Domain)

subject of much debate, including on whether a flood happened witnessing the wickedness and corruption of man. Noah, a man or was simply a myth. whom God deemed was righteous, was asked to build a ship.

From 1928 to 1929, important discoveries were made in Iraq, This ship needed to be big enough—so much that it would be where Mesopotamia once stood, including evidence that a mas- capable of saving himself, his family, as well as two of each of the sive flood took place. world’s animals.

“At Ur, excavation beneath the Royal Cemetery disclosed more After the ship was built, it carried Noah’s family and the animals than 10ft of empty mud, below which earlier settlement material through the flood water, and after 150 days, it finally touched came to light,” Finkel wrote. land.

Similar findings were made at the site of Kish in southern Iraq. A group of explorers with NAMI, a Hong Kong-based evangeli- cal Christian group, said that they found traces of Noah’s Ark on That left one question in the minds of many—where did the Ark Mount Ararat, Turkey, but their claims were challenged by the end up? scientific community.

Noah’s Ark’s Final Resting Place Despite that, it didn’t stop the rest of the world from continuing For years, people have wondered where the Ark was, and if the to look for the Ark. According to Daily Mail, a Californian ‘Ark flood really did happen. hunter’ believed that there was evidence that exists on Mount The Bible said the Ark touched land on the “mountains of Ara- Ararat, where the ark is said to have struck land, and its inhabi- rat” in Turkey. tants came out to populate the area.

Noah’s Ark told the tale of how God sent a cleansing flood after

Earlier research claimed to have found traces of the biblical Noah’s Ark on a mountain in Tur- key, and now a US researcher says he is con- vinced the ship’s remains are there. (Screenshot via Google Maps / CC0 / compositing by Tom Ozimek / Epoch Times)

12 13 Representation of the deity Shamash in the foreground

MARDI Ga S 2019: VISIONS OF THE SUN

by Elizabeth Mickaily-Huber, Ph.D.

The French words Mardi Gras are translated di- theme is selected for the celebration. For 2019, the theme rectly into English as “Fat Tuesday”. Every year, Fat Tues- was “Visions of the Sun”. day precedes Ash Wednesday, the day beginning the forty Throughout human history the sun has been a days of fasting for Lent prior to Easter. Historically, the source of awe and wonder. Early cultures tried to describe idea is that people would eat all the unique qualities of the sun in the kinds of fatty and sweet foods on form of deities, myths, and legends Mardi Gras to tide them over during that have inspired poets and artists, the forty days of fasting. They would among others. Drawing inspiration also celebrate somewhat hedonisti- from many cultures and civilizations cally, as they would have to remain that revered the life-giving qualities particularly pious during the days of the sun, this year’s Mardi Gras cel- of Lent. In many places in the world, ebration floats represented these cul- Fat Tuesday is celebrated with elab- tural figures in typical grandiose fash- orate parades and masquerade par- ion. ties, the most famous of which are One of the most impressive held yearly in Venice, Italy, in Rio de floats this year represented Shamash, Janeiro, Brazil and in New Orleans, the Mesopotamian god of the sun. Louisiana. In New Orleans, Carni- Shamash exercised the power of light val, as the celebration is also known, over darkness and evil and was also takes place on Canal Street, skirting considered the god of justice and eq- the old French Quarter of the City. uity. He is a heroic and ethical fig- Indeed, this celebration in the town ure, and it follows logically that the of New Orleans has a long histo- famed Babylonian king Hammura- ry dating back to some of the first bi obtained his Code of Laws from French settlers on March 3, 1699. Shamash, as legend would have it. Traditionally, the Parade is Even today, the center of our beloved led by the Rex (Latin word for King) Assyrian flag is graced with a repre- of the Carnival. The procession is com- An Assyrian Lamassu guards Shamash sentation of Shamash. The golden circle posed of lavishly colorful decorated at the center represents the sun, generat- floats in addition to musicians and people dressed in all ing heat and light to sustain life on earth. The light-blue forms of unusual costumes. Purple, green and gold are colored four-pointed star surrounding the sun symbolizes the traditional colors of Mardi Gras. Each year, a unique the land. 14 15 List of Donors for 2019 The below list includes donations received from 3/5/2019 to 5/20/2019 only! Any donations received after 5/20/2019 will be included in the next issue of the Nineveh Magazine.

Thank you for your generosity and support

Remouz & Jacob Malekzadeh $565 Andrious Mama $500 Maryam Pirayou $300 Chris Hamzaeff $240 Ashoorbell & Sherli Moradkhan $200

Pera Daniels $160 Donald J Lazar $160 Elias Hanna $120 Nina Charbakhshi $100 Ramona Moradkhan $100

Margaret Rasho $100 Ashur Yoseph $100 Freda Shahbaz $50 Wilson Karamian $20 Shamoon Ourshana-Olghi $20

*The amounts listed are charitable donations only and exclude subscription fees and membership dues

14 15 TheThe NestorianNestorian StelesSteles inin ChinaChina andand JapanJapan

by Fred Aprim April 18, 2019

In the latter part of May 2013, I traveled to Chi- the churches. According to the respected Librarian and na with the primary purpose of visiting the famous Orientalist Giuseppe Assemani, the inscriptions consist Church of the East Monument, also widely known as of sixty seven names, including one bishop, twenty-eight the Nestorian Stele, in the city of Xi’an. The Stele is said presbyters and thirty-eight others, most of whom are to have been erected on January 7, 781 during the reign designated as monks. The Syriac inscriptions are mainly of the Tang Dynasty (AD 618-907) by missionaries of at the bottom of the Stele, as well as on its two sides. the Church who traveled to the western region of Xi’an. The black marble Stele was unearthed in the late Ming As I was studying about the history of the Nestorian Dynasty (1623 - 1625) beside Chongren Temple, outside Monument in Xi’an, the replicas erected in later times of Xi’an, by farmers working on the land. They were began to surface, and were discussed in academic litera- alarmed and alerted the authorities quickly of their find- ture. It was mentioned that two replicas existed in Japan ing. – a very popular one sitting atop Mt. Koya and another in Kyoto. Since the late 19th century, a number of European scholars were in favor of moving this amazing Stele and In March 2019, I traveled to Japan with plans to see the history it represents out of China. In 1907, the Danish both of these replicas. I had some idea where to go in scholar and adventurer Frits Holm arrived to Xi’an with order to find the Mt. Koya replica. However, I had no real plans and intentions to move the Stele to Europe. clue as to where to start my search for the one in Kyoto. However, the local authorities were alerted and they in- Suddenly, I recalled an earlier communication I had tervened to prevent this action. The Stele, complete with with a certain Ken Joseph. Joseph is a Japan-born Amer- its turtle base, was soon after moved from its original ican whose ancestors were among the missionaries who location near Chongren Temple, where it lay open to the brought Christianity to the Far East around 1,500 years elements of nature for three centuries, to its permanent ago. He stated that searching museums in Kyoto was Room No. 2 location in the Beilin Museum (Forest of the most likely path that would lead me to the second Steles Museum) in China. The museum is constructed replica. within the intact ancient walls of the city of Xi’an. With this move, the Chinese authorities ensured the safe- When I got to the ancient Christian city of Kyoto, guarding of the Stele. I sought help from the very polite and helpful hotel receptionist. She began calling various museums in Disappointed with not being able to move the Stele the city asking for the Nestorian Stele, using the term out of China, Holm wrote that he made a facsimile of it Christian monument or perhaps the Japanese term Kei- and took it with him to New York, where he later made kyo that means Christian. After several phone calls, the an exact replica. Holm’s replica was displayed in New Stele was located. I was excited beyond description. The York for about 10 years, but it was eventually purchased next day, I took a taxi to the Kyoto University Museum, by a wealthy New Yorker and sent to the Pope as a gift. where the Stele is showcased in the large lobby as one Another replica from this first replica is on display in the enters the museum for a moderate fee. Bunn Inter-Cultural Center on the campus of George- town University in Washington, D.C. I saw that the replica appeared very close in size to the original Xi’an Stele. However, it lacked the turtle The inscriptions that appear on the Stele are writ- base on which the original Stele sits. This replica is ten in both Chinese and Syriac scripts. The Syriac mounted on top of a block. Unfortunately, the museum inscriptions include words and names, telling of how receptionist did not have a brochure that I could retain one known as A-lo-pu arrived in Ch’ang-an in 635 AD nor was he able to provide any information about it ei- bringing along the sacred scriptures, how he proceeded ther. Upon my return to the U.S., I wrote to the museum to eulogize to the various emperors and dynasties, and requesting further information about the circumstances explained how the former issued edicts and ordered that prompted the museum to acquire this replica and that the portraits be taken and transferred to the walls of about its origin. I am still waiting for a response. 16 17 The second replica of the Xi’an’s Nestorian Stele stands on top of Mt. Koya (Koyasan) — the Holiest mountain in Japan. This replica was erected on Septem- ber 21, 1911. Mt. Koya is a secluded town where visitors could use a cable car to reach the peak. The famous Kobo Daishi, the Great Teacher of the Law and the most honored of Japanese saints wanted to build a monastery for himself and his monks that would be peaceful, quiet and difficult to reach.

He founded the monastery of Konga-buji in the year 816 AD where he preached the tenets of a new sect A Plate in front of the Second Room at Beilin Museum, of Buddhism known as Shingonbu. This became the Xian describing the stele in the room. largest Buddhist sect in Japan. Interestingly, Kobo Daishi had traveled to Xi’an earlier, in 806 AD, noting that he Description of the Stele in Xi’an, China was so impressed with the Church of the East teachings that he incorporated some of its Christian tenets into his esoteric form of Buddhism. Thus, it is safe to argue that Shingonbu is a mix of Christianity and Buddhism.

The exact circumstance for the erection of this replica is debatable, however it seems that this Chris- tian-Buddhist connection might have been the reason for the later plans to have a replica of the Nestorian Stele placed on this holy Buddhist mountain. The replica sits at the entrance of Kobo Daishi’s mausoleum. Moreover, it is worth mentioning that about half a million pilgrims of all ages and classes have climbed the Holy Mountain to visit the tomb of Kobo Daishi.

I was elated to visit Mt. Koya (Koyasan) to see this important replica and to learn about Kobo Daishi. Fur- thermore, thanks to the Internet, many of my questions about the location of the Stele in Japan were answered, thus helping me to find it. I was surprised to observe offerings present at the base of the Stele that included coins, a small statue, and a small cup of Saki. Offerings such as these are very typical in Japanese culture, I was told. So, I placed my own coin as my personal offering The first replica of the Nestorian Monument at and said a prayer. the Kyoto University Museum, Kyoto, Japan. 2019

It is obvious and clear that this copied Stele could not be called a genuine replica since it is not exact and it lacks the width and depth of the original Stele in Xi’an, China. Nevertheless, the inscriptions may have been produced via facsimile and probably are accurate.

According to the Rev. Arimasa Kubo, in his “Keikyo (Syrian Christianity) and Japan,” an account of Nestori- anism’s development in Japan is put this way: “Keikyo” is a Syrian Christianity and is also called “Nestorian Christianity.” The Japanese name “Keikyo “(in Chinese “Jingjiao”) was used to call this teaching when it came to China and meant the “luminous teaching.”

Moreover, according to Professor Sakae Ikeda of Kyoto University, there existed a Nestorian aide to Sho- toku Taishi a.k.a. Prince Shōtoku (February 7, 574 – April 8, 622). The prince was a semi-legendary regent and a Syriac inscriptions on the first replica of the Nestorian Monument in Kyoto. 2019 16 17 politician of the Asuka Period in Japan who served under Empress Suiko and was the son of Emperor Yomei. During the time of Shotoku Taishi, there were some Nestorians unofficially present in Japan. Professor Ikeda claims that the name of this Nestorian aide was “Maru Toma.” In Aramaic “Mar” means lord and “Toma” is Thomas. Thus, “Lord Thomas.”

If you decide to visit this Stele, take the train to Koyasan. As the train reaches Mt. Koya, a cable car is located at the base of the mountain to take the visitors to the top. After reaching the top, buses drive the visitors to town. Get off at either bus stop 11 or 12, look for Ichino- hashi course at a fork or road split, which is very close to where the Stele is.

Directions to the Nestorian Monument on Mount Koya, Koyasan, Japan. As I turned my back and left the Nestorian Stele on Mt. Koya behind me, a picture of the other replica at the University Museum in the ancient city of Kyoto that I touched couple days earlier came to my mind. Then I pictured myself gazing at that amazing original Stele in Xi’an, China some six years earlier. I shivered with joy, realizing that what I experienced was something that only a handful of individuals have been fortunate enough to witness. How lucky am I, I said to myself, wondering how many others out there have lived this amazing adventure? It was most exciting to be able to witness the three Steles in both countries: in China where I felt determination and greatness and in Japan where I witnesses the grace and discipline of a divine people.

Syriac inscriptions on the second replica of the Nestorian Monument on Mount Koya, Japan. 2019. The Nestorian Stele is arguably one of the most important artifacts in the history of Christianity where we observe the fusion of Christian theology with Chi- nese philosophy, thanks to the existence of two distinct scripts on one unique monument. I believe that the Nestorian Stele can serve as the foundation for future studies of East-West relations. Our Assyrian forefathers were great people when civilizations were being first built. They became mighty as they established their empire, in addition to post-empire, when they converted to Christianity and became great missionaries to Far East Asia. As Assyrians, we should work hard to educate the world about this extraordinary history, about what it stands for and to follow in the monumental footsteps of our ancestors.

FURTHER READINGS John Stewart, “Nestorian Missionary Enterprise” (A Church on Fire) Alexander Wylie, “Researches in China” P. Y. Saeki, “The Nestorian Monument in China” Dr. Fritz Holm, “My Nestorian Adventure” Ibid, “A Japanese author on the Chinese Nestorian Monument” Abbé Huc, “Christianity in China” Abraham Yohannan, “The Death of a Nation” Joel E. Warda, “The Flickering Light of Asia” https://www.atour.com/religion/docs/20040521a.html https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2001/07/24/travel/religious-sites- Placing offering at the base of the second replica of the relics-indicate-christ-beat-buddha-to-japan-2/#.XLu4rvlKjIU Nestorian Monument on Mount Koya, Japan. 2019 18 19 The Assyro-Chaldeans of France call upon President Macron to acknowledge the Genocide

by Elizabeth Mickaily-Huber, Ph.D.

In an article published in the respected French Newspaper Le Figaro on February 15, 2019, author Jean Chichizola states that the Assyro-Chaldeans* of France are requesting that President Emmanuel Macron enact a “Day of Commemoration” in memory of the Assyro-Chaldean genocide victims of 1915, as he did recently for the Armenians. Chichizola states that the Assyro-Chaldeans point to the fact that the genocide of 1915 was against all Christian communities living in the affected regions of the Ottoman Empire (Armenians, Assy- ro-Chaldeans and Pontic Greeks) and was not specific to the Armenian community alone.

Effectively, President Macron announced on February 5, 2019, during the annual dinner of the Coor- dination Counsel of the Armenian Organizations of France, that the country wished finally to acknowledge the realities of history, thus declaring April 24 as “Day of Commemoration of the Armenian Genocide” of 1915. However, two days later, the President of the Union of Assyro-Chaldeans of France (UACF), Nemrut Yalap, representing over 20,000 Assyrians, Chaldeans, and Syriacs living in France, responded quickly in the form of a letter stating clearly that if France wants to truly acknowledge history head-on then “France must not forget anyone”.

Macron’s announcement represented the fulfillment of a campaign promise made to the Armenians of France. In solidarity with these Armenian compatriots and desiring to avoid any sense of competition, the UACF letter first congratulated President Macron on his decision to recognize officially the Armenian Geno- cide. However, the communication pointed out justly that hundreds of thousands of Assyrian souls also perished between 1915 and 1918. Further, the missive factually stated that those Assyrians who were not massacred by the Ottomans, often ended up dying from hunger, illness, or exhaustion on the road to exile. As a result, the UACF requested that, if President Macron truly desires France to come face-to-face with history, then he should go beyond the talking point and designate April 24, or some other day, to acknowledge and remember the hundreds of thousands of Assyro-Chaldeans violently exterminated during the Genocide of 1915.

In the years that followed World War I, the reality of these massacres was well known and undeniably acknowledged. In an article dated July 13, 1919 in Le Figaro newspaper French Academician Denys Cochin wrote: “The Turkish Fuhrer does not distinguish between Orthodox Greeks, Catholics, Nestorians, Chaldeans or even Yezidis” and evoked that the victims “perished by sword or fire... chased out of towns and forced along the road” while “women and children succumbed to exhaustion on foot and in the tears of exile”. It is dolorous and painful that, over one hundred years later, the Assyro-Chaldeans must fight to revive this history, to impose it on others, in an effort to not remain a forgotten people.

* For clarification, it is helpful to note that the Assyrians, Chaldeans, and Syriacs of France refer to themselves by a com- mingled term in the French language “Assyro-Chadéans”.

18 19 Memorial Day Tamara Odisho Benjamin

Every year since the end of the Civil War in America we commemorate and remember those who served and gave their lives for the United States of America on Memorial Day, which takes place on the last Monday of May. As a long weekend, many use this time to kick-off the summer. This year, as we got ready to have friends over and bbq I began to think about the reason we gathered, I thought about those who gave their lives for our freedom. I also thought about those who continue to fight, both local and abroad. Since World War II, we have not battled any nation on our soil, but the battles do rage here in America. They are daily battles fighting for our rights and freedoms. Whether it’s freedom for social justice, those that affect speech or freedom of choice, the daily struggles of making ends meet and the list goes on. The struggles are not new, they have occurred as long as we humans have roamed the earth. However the problem with the current situation is that it seems like we are moving back- wards into history. We are rebuilding the mountains moved by our past and creating hurdles that once seemed a distant memory. This not only creates delays in moving forward as a society but I believe this doesn’t honor those fallen men and women who died for our freedoms. The soldiers will always be on the front lines fighting, it’s innate in us as humans to want our lives to progress and move forward. Think cave people and fire, water and wells, creation of homes and buildings, innovation in industry and technology, think internet, cell phones, computers, tablets. But when you are fighting for something as basic as food and water, sometimes the other battles have to wait. As we begin to prepare for the anniversary of Seyfo, we remember those fallen, those who fought to survive and those who continue to fight in our motherlands. For those of us fortunate to not know war or the harshness of struggle, let us take time to remember and help where we can. We should try to help our brothers and sisters, and when you ask how, you should know that organizations like the Assyrian Foundation of America are dedicated to helping. Our board and members are always talking with agencies and people on the ground in Iraq, Syria, and Turkey, they are working to help those most affected. They continue to work hard, and with our monetary resources, they are feeding, sheltering, connecting our people to their families. We would be naive to believe we can resolve all battles, but we should aim for that goal. If you would like to help, send a check to Assyrian Foundation of America P.O.Box 2660 Berkeley, CA 94702 or donate directly from our website via paypal.

Seyfo Monument in Liege, Belgium; by the Artist Moussa (Moshe) A few of the Assyrian-Americans from Malke. Standing from the left: Nada Malke and Moshe Malke. Chicago who served in WWII

20 21 Shlama,

Thanks to the generosity of the Assyrian Foundation of America, Shlama Organization have been able to rebuild two homes destroyed by ISIS in Bashiqa. These home repairs are the longest running projects in Shlama’s history. Due to the town’s security problems and the blockade placed by various militias and armies, it took Shlama exactly one year to finally finish these two homes. Eleven displaced people- five of whom have been living in Baghdad while the other family of six have been living in Erbil for close to five years now- are now back in their homes!

With your support, we were able to repair and paint walls; install new doors, windows, a shower, a toilet, and a water heater; fix the ceilings; install new water piping; and complete much needed electrical work.

As we begin the recovery phase and assist the indigenous people in return- ing to their villages, we will face great financial challenges throughout the rebuilding process. However, with your continued support, we can help families prosper in their ancestral homeland. Again, thank you for giving back to the Chaldean Assyrian Syriac community in Iraq!

Shlama Foundation www.shlama.org

20 21 Stanislaus County Board of Education member Alice Pollard, Turlock High student John Betbabanta (Assyrian), Pitman High student Elsin NazarJamalabad (Farsi) and Stanislaus County Super- intendent of Schools Scott Kuykendall pause for a picture at the State Seal of Biliteracy Award night in Modesto Tuesday night (Photo contributed).

Turlock students honored with State Seal of Biliteracy

Courtesy of Turlockjournal.com

One of the many assets of the Central Valley of Califor- like Iran for three days, and you will appreciate living in nia is the diversity of its population, made evident by the the best country in the world.” vast array of citizens who represent international cultures and speak a variety of languages. On Tuesday night, the Other student speakers were Alondra Sandoval, Denair Stanislaus County of Education applauded students with High School (Spanish), Zayuki Perez, Ceres High School mastery in multiple languages at the State Seal of Biliter- (Spanish) and Monica Rivera, Orestimba High School acy Awards. (Spanish). Each student expressed gratitude for their parents’ sacrifice and support. Superintendent Scott Kuykendall welcomed the students and their families to the Gallo Center for the Arts in “These students know adversity and resilience,” said Car- Modesto, a group that included students from Ceres Uni- men Morad, Assessor and interviewer for the Assyrian and fied, Denair Unified, Hughson Unified Newman-Crows Farsi language for the Stanislaus County Office of Educa- landing Unified, Patterson Unified, Riverbank Unified, tion. Morad also serves on the city of Turlock and Stanis- Turlock Unified and Waterford Unified school districts. laus State University Taskforce on Diversity and Inclusion.

Student speakers included John Betbabanta of Turlock The State Seal of Biliteracy is an award given by the State High School (Assyrian) and Elsin Nazarjamalabad of Pit- of California in partnership with county offices and local man High School (Farsi). school districts. It recognizes and honors student attain- ment of proficiency in English and at least one other world “Language is a key that unlocks many doors. In a world language by high school graduation. Appearing on the that has many locked doors, it’s an advantage like no oth- transcript of the graduating senior, the State Seal of Bilit- er,” said Betbabanta, who will be attending UC Merced eracy serves to verify a student’s linguistic proficiencies to next year to study Environmental Engineering in hopes to potential employers and interested colleges. find a solution to solve the water crisis in California. Stanislaus County was the first county office to adopt this Elsin Nazarjamalabad immigrated to the United States program in the nation since it was implemented ten years three years ago from Iran and didn’t speak a word of En- ago; 1,682 students have received the Seal of Biliteracy in glish when he arrived. Now, English is his fifth language. 32 world languages. Students who have received the State Seal may note this accomplishment when they apply for “I attended Pitman High School and with the support of colleges, scholarships and jobs. Employers are always my teachers and family members, I learned to speak En- looking for people who can reach across language and glish,” said Elsin. “I don’t understand why kids complain culture barriers so students who are proficient in multiple about everything here. Try living in a third world country languages become highly attractive to future employers and college admissions offices. 22 23 Congratulations

Beneel Babaei graduated from Columbia Law School on May 20th 2019 as a Juris Doctor

Beneel Babaei graduated Phi Beta Kappa and cum laude from UC Davis a year early in 2014 with degrees in Political Science and English. He then worked at a local law firm before starting Law School in 2016 with a Butler Fellowship (half-tuition merit scholarship).

At Columbia Law, he was a Harlan Fiske Stone Scholar for superior academic achievement each of the three years, accumulated over 100 pro bono hours, served as the Notes Editor for the Columbia Journal of Law and the Arts.

Some of his accomplishments were, successfully settling a large prisoner’s rights claim, successfully resettling a refugee applicant, and worked at Major League Baseball and for The Honorable Judge Jesse M. Furman of the Southern District of New York.

He also served as the president of the Middle Eastern Law Students Association, where he advo- cated for our people in a variety of capacities. Beneel will be starting as an associate attorney at the globally renowned Latham & Watkins in San Francisco in the fall.

Beneel was surrounded by family and friends in New York, who came to celebrate this big day.

22 23 In Memoriam

Rabi Tobia Ibrahim Giwargis June 14, 1932 – March 22, 2019

My name is Ramona Giwargis. I’m the daughter of Rabi Tobia Giwargis. The world knows Rabi Tobia as the father of the As- syrian language, a giant of our nation and a writer who devoted his entire life to the Assyrian Church of the East (eeta) and his nation (oompta). But for me and my sister, he was the best father in the world. He always thought about us and put us first. He worked his entire life so that my sister, mother and I would be comfortable and live a good life. He never thought of himself. He saved every penny for us. He never wanted to see us be sad. I remember one example. When I graduated high school, my mom and I went car shopping for me. I fell in love with a convertible Mustang. My mom said no. She said this car is not safe for you. I came home in tears. My dad

said, “Daughter, what happened? Why are you crying?” I explained everything to him. He said, “Daughter, don’t cry. Your father is not dead. Come, let’s go – let’s buy it right now. I don’t want to see your tears.” I still drive that car to this day. Whenever we had difficulties in our lives, he would say, “Baby, don’t be sad. Your father is standing behind you.” Our hearts are broken, dad. But we’ll never forget you. You’ll always be with us and in our hearts. Dad, I always worked hard so that you’d be happy and proud of me. No one can take your place. Our nation lost a giant and a pillar like you. But my sister and I lost a father who was kind, selfless, caring and loved his family. But I know you’re in Jesus’ hands now, you’re in a good place and you’re happy. God rest your soul in peace, dad, I love you with all my heart – for always. One day I’ll see you and I’ll hug you again.

Tobia Giwargis, teacher, author and translator passed away on March 22, 2019 at the age of 86 in Turlock, California.

During his lifetime, Rabi To- bia’s patriotism and great love for his mother-tongue have been the driving force for his significant contributions to the Assyrian language and literature. He translated and edited numerous history and literature books from differ-

ent languages into the Assyrian language, wrote books for pre-school, and submitted articles for journals and magazines such as the Assyrian Observer, Voice of the East, Bet-Nahrin Magazine, Mezalta Magazine, in addition to many other publications for the Church and Assyrian organizations. Moreover, he was the Assyrian language editor for Nineveh Magazine in Berkeley, the Assyrian Star in San Jose, and Atour magazine in Los Angeles.

Rabi Tobia’s funeral took place on Thursday, March 28 at 11 a.m. at the Assyrian Church of the East in Turlock at 2107 E Monte Vista Avenue, followed by the burial and service at Larsa Hall. In addition to many messages of sympathy, the Assyrian American Association of San Jose expressed its deepest regrets to the Assyrian community for this tremendous loss. May he be survived and remembered for generations through his teachings of the Assyrian language by means of his great masterpiece the English-Assyrian Grammatical Dictionary which will continue to enrich our Assyrian language for generations to come.

24 25 In Memoriam

Memories of belated Rabi Tobia Giwargis By Sargon Shabbas

I would like to add few sentences from my memory growing in Baghdad, Iraq about Tobia (Bron Khaloo) as we all called him lived and grew up in Camp Al Gailani where many Assyrian families lived after escaping World War I once they left refugee camps of Baqooba.

Rabi Tobia used to visit us regularly and meet my father William Shabbas to discuss Assyrians; their situation and achievement of our rights. He was very active helping our Assyrians in the north who were seeking and fighting for their rights. Once Iraqi government knew this, he was told that his life was in danger and that is when he decided to leave Baghdad and escape to Iran. One day he came over to our house when we had an Assyrian actor named Eloosh playing in an Italian movie; Hercules. He took us all to see this movie. These are few of my memories and later when we came to the United Sates I got to meet him when he also moved from Iran to USA. He assisted my cousin Julius Shabbas editor of Nineveh magazine in the 80’s with the Assyrian section and he became the Assyrian Section editor for many years. God rest his soul and I know now he is with my cousin probably discussing the old times when they used to both worked on our Nineveh magazine.

Tobia I. Giwargis: the teacher, author and translator In Tehran, Iran 1- Book of Our Smallest Ally, first edition translated to Assyrian language in 1967. 2- Book of the Assyrian Proverbs, translated from many languages, in 1967. 3- Pocket Calendar, created for 136 years, in 1970. 4- Dr. Pera Samas` book of the History of Assyrian Literature (2), edited in 1967. 5- Dr. Pera Samas` book of the History of Assyrian Literature (3), edited in 1967. 6- Editor in Chief of Assyrian language for Ashur Magazine from 1976-1984. 7- Editor of Shweela Magazine in 1985.

In San Jose and Turlock, California, U.S.A 1- Assyrian Advanced Grammar and Expression in English, book (1) in 2004. 2- Assyrian Advanced Grammar and Expression in English, book (2) in 2006. 3- Assyrian reading book for preschools, book (1) in 2010. 4- Assyrian reading book for preschools, book (2) in 2010. 5- The Booklet of the Mesopotamian Soul of Western Culture, by Prof. Simo Parpola, translated to Assyrian language in 2012. 6- Assyrian Encyclopedia in Arabic language, by Dawood Yossif, translated to Assyrian language in 2012. 7- Ninib`Drama, edited and translated from Assyrian language to Gorshoni in 2009. 8- Editor of Assyrian language of Nineveh Magazine in Berkeley from 1988 to present. 9- Editor of Assyrian language of the Assyrian Star in San Jose from 1988-1989. 10- Editor of Assyrian language of Atoor Magazine in Los Angeles in 1990. 11- Assyrian articles in Assyrian Observer of London, England, 1990. 12- Assyrian articles in the Voice of the East, magazine of the Assyrian Church in Chicago in 1994. 13- Assyrian articles in Bet-Nahrain Magazine, Series, in 2000. 14- Assyrian articles in Mezalta Magazine in Chicago in 2000. 15- Assyrian articles in Assyrian American Civic Club Magazine in Turlock in 2005. 16- Assyrian articles in Assyrian Business Society Magazine of Ontario, Canada, in 2007. 17- Assyrian articles in Messenger, magazine of Assyrian Church in San Jose, in 2007. 18- Assyrian articles in Beth Kokheh, magazine of Assyrian Church in Australia, in 2012. 19- Editing and printing of six books of Assyrian poems by Assyrian poets. 20- Translated to Assyrian the by-laws of the Assyrian American Civic Club in Turlock, the Bet-Nahrain organization and the Assyrian Universal Alliance in San Jose. 21- From 1965 to present, I taught hundreds of Assyrian individuals including priests, deacons, doctors, attorneys, teachers, schools and university students. 22- Two DVDs of the teaching of the two volumes of the Assyrian Advanced Grammar and expression in English in 2014. 23- Book of Our Smallest Ally, second edition reprinted in 2015 in Chicago. 24 25 How a U of T researcher discovered a lost Mesopotamian queen – without leaving the library

The memory, and remains, of Queen Hama neural networks in health-care organizational paleo-pathology report, and I started putting were effectively lost – until the University of decision-making. It was put together by Nida together hints about this one coffin that the re- Toronto’s Tracy L. Spurrier “found” her in a Shahid and Tim Rappon, who are both grad- port said has a woman and a child buried in it.” tomb that may have since been destroyed by uate students at the U of T Institute of Health the Islamic State. But rather than unearthing Policy, Management, and Evaluation. Their ex- By cross-referencing with other reports, in- the 3,000-year-old Mesopotamian queen on an hibit looks at how health-care organizations are cluding texts in German, Spurrier verified archeological dig in Iraq, Spurrier, who is work- using artificial intelligence to provide more pa- the sarcophagus contained a crown, and that ing on her PhD in the department of Near and tient-centred, efficient, and cost-effective health there was no child – most of the bones actu- Middle Eastern civilizations, helped identify care. ally belonged to the woman. In the middle of Queen Hama by poring over old historical texts the display, Spurrier explains that the queen’s in a U of T library. “We are proud to showcase the excellent re- body dated back to King Assurnasirpal II in the search of the winning students to the thou- Neo-Assyrian Period, around 3,000 years ago. Keen to share Hama’s story – and her own – sands of people who visit Robarts every day,” Below the text is the republished report on the Spurrier created the exhibit on the first floor of says Larry Alford, U of T’s chief librarian. In findings from the tomb’s initial discovery – with Robarts Library after U of T Libraries named the case of Spurrier, Alford says the research a cover image of Hama’s crown, a golden piece her one of four recipients of the inaugural Grad- exemplifies why libraries preserve materials for with floral details and winged female genies. uate Student Exhibition Award. She named it the future cultural and scholarly record. “Even “Finding Hama: On the Identification of a For- if the original monuments are lost, they remain Hama’s tomb was barely touched because of a gotten Queen Buried in the Nimrud Tombs.” discoverable through researching in our collec- curse inscribed on the tomb, with the gold and tions,” he says. artifacts rivalling the tomb of King Tutankha- “I felt so special – it’s not every day that you win mun in Egypt, according to Spurrier. “I feel very an award,” says Spurrier, while seated by the With a combination of colourful posters and lucky, this is fabulous,” says Spurrier, who also display. “The librarians, I could see their faces objects, Spurrier’s exhibit walks onlookers teaches at U of T Scarborough. “I have found were so happy for me, and happy that this proj- through the story of Queen Hama’s discovery. something amazing in this research that I can ect got such a good turnout. “I teach, and I talk The left side includes an introduction that ex- share with the world – that I can put my name a lot, but it isn’t about me – it’s about Mesopo- plains the scope of Spurrier’s research and im- on.” tamia, ancient mythology, about these stories.” ages of the original tomb, first discovered three decades ago in the ancient Mesopotamian city With modern-day Iraq and Syria embroiled in The award recognizes work, based on papers of Nimrud – near present-day Mosul. “These ongoing regional conflict, Spurrier says she felt and projects, that demonstrate an effective use are some of the excavation reports of the an- a call of duty to uncover the region’s past: “Screw of library resources. Graduate students from all cient city of Nimrud, as background,” explains ISIS. They think they’re erasing this history, but three U of T campuses are eligible, regardless of Spurrier, as she pointed to a borrowed Mesopo- I’ve already proven you don’t need to be at this their discipline. tamian sculpture on the top shelf. site to make new discoveries, to find new things. They’re trying to anger us.” Two other exhibits, on display until the end of Spurrier’s curiosity about Hama began when February, were also created as a result of the she came across a rarely studied book in her de- There are still questions that remain unan- awards. Sandhya Mylabathula, who is working partment’s rare book archive that was brought swered about Hama, including how she died on her PhD at the Faculty of Kinesiology & Phys- to U of T from Baghdad by another professor. or why her coffin was placed in this particular ical Education, was recognized for “Concus- The book, published in 2000, contained dense spot. But Spurrier was nevertheless glad her sions: The ‘Impact’ of Injury.” The exhibit takes tomb information. “I was looking through the exhibit helped to make sense of the findings. a look at the science behind concussions, con- shelves and I thought ‘What is this book? I’ve “This has to be more understandable to a gen- cussion policies and the recovery experience. never seen this book – Robarts and most librar- eral audience,” she says. “That’s my thing, you ies don’t have it,’” Spurrier says. “I started going have to make things more approachable to the The other winning entry focuses on artificial through that book and other books and the public.”

Saturday, Sep 14, 2019 7:00 PM Marines’ Memorial Theatre 609 Sutter St, Second Floor San Francisco CA 94102 Tracy L. Spurrier, who is working on her PhD in U of T’s depart- tThe jeweled gold crown found on Hama’s head depicts pome- ment of Near and Middle Eastern civilizations, is one of four win- granates, grapes, leaves, flowers and female genies (photo Tickets are availble at: Assyrian Foundation of America (San Francisco) ners of the inaugural University of Toronto Libraries’ Graduate by Sgt. Noreen L. Feeney, 318th Public AffairsOperation Cen- Student Exhibition Award (photo by Perry King) ter, US Army)

26 This concert is sponsored by 27 Saturday, Sep 14, 2019 7:00 PM Marines’ Memorial Theatre 609 Sutter St, Second Floor San Francisco CA 94102 Tickets are availble at:

26 This concert is sponsored by Assyrian Foundation of America (San Francisco)27 A spread of various pickled vegetables (oregano carrots, basil-infused okra, thyme-soaked black turnips), spreads, olives, preserves, cheeses, yogurt and tapenade, served at Assyrian Kitchen.

Assyrian Kitchen’s classes, meals offer food for thought on ancient civilization

Courtesy of Chicago.suntimes.com Brian Rich/Sun-Times

Growing up in Rogers Park, Atorina Zomaya was immersed in her Assyrian culture, learning the language and sharing The couple, hoping to share their cuisine and history of bountiful traditional meals with family and friends. their often persecuted people, have since embarked on opening Assyrian Kitchen’s brick-and-mortar location, at But while all the elder relatives prepared elaborate meals, 5481 N. Northwest Highway, in Jefferson Park. the recipes weren’t always shared with the younger generation. “Not only do we share the food culture with our guests, and with our students in our cooking classes, we also give So seven years ago, Zomaya started interviewing family them the historical aspect to get a better understanding of and documenting recipes from the centuries-old civiliza- who Assyrians are, what makes them unique, and where tion. they are in the world today,” said Zomaya, whose Bagh- dad-born parents met at the Assyrian American Associa- Zomaya launched Assyrian Kitchen’s first class on ancient tion at Devon and Clark. cooking at the University of Chicago’s Oriental Institute that same year. The event sold out. Sarkiss, already a successful owner of Zaytune restaurant in Bridgeport, said collaborating with his fiancee has made “My personal aspiration is to put Assyrian cooking on the his dreams come true since he had toyed with a “Mesopo- map because there isn’t a place here in the city I could go tamia” menu project in culinary school. or take a friend,” Zomaya said. Taking inspiration from the world’s oldest cookbook (clay At that cooking class in 2012, Zomaya enlisted help from tablets) with recipes from Assyrian kings in 1700 BC, al- chef and fellow Assyrian Daniel Sarkiss. Little did the pair most all of Assyrian Kitchen meals start with mashing gar- know, they would reconnect years later and become en- lic, onion and leek with spices including caraway, fennel, gaged. thyme, basil, parsley, sesame seeds and sumac. 28 29 Daniel Sarkiss and Atorina Zomaya are the co-owners of Assyrian Kitchen.

Kipteh soup has lamb and cracked wheat meatballs sim- Assyrian Kitchen will have a line of artisanal products in mered in a tomato basil broth. Epitu D’Silgha is a savory the future. But for now, you can can book an online reser- pastry filled with sautéed Swiss chard, leeks and freshly vation for Sunday brunch that features authentic Assyrian mashed turmeric. favorites served family style. Zomaya and Sarkiss make everything from scratch, in- At the center of the meal is a spread of various pickled cluding cheese. Assyrians have over 200 cheeses, includ- vegetables (oregano carrots, basil-infused okra, thyme- ing a caraway and fennel seed flavored “buried cheese” — soaked black turnips), spreads, olives, preserves, cheeses, a cheese that is buried in clay pots, allowing the whey to yogurt and tapenade. The delightful assortment — a mix drain through holes in the bottom of the pot. of tangy, sweet and savory — can be eaten alone or as an accompaniment to a main dish. If you’re in the mood to make your own Assyrian food, check out the variety of classes, including pickling and Kubba is a meat and grain dumpling that comes in many baking bread lessons, on Assyrian Kitchen’s website. varieties: fried as a croquette, boiled like a dumpling, stuffed, baked in tray form or served raw as tartare. On the Zomaya and Sarkiss — who hope to sell their own line brunch menu, there’s a beef and bulgur wheat kubba cro- of Assyrian pantry products (like pickles and cheese) and quette stuffed with spiced lamb, currants and pine nuts. write a cookbook — are planning on scheduling set restau- There’s also a stuffed kubba that cracks open to a center of rant hours soon. For more information call or visit https:// wild mushrooms. www.assyriankitchen.com.

Hot tea being poured.

Assyrian Kitchen is located at 5481 N. Northwest Highway in Jefferson Park. 28 29 War Against Children

By Nuri Kino Courtesy of Medium.com

I finally answered my phone. Even though my head was ach- taboo. ing and my eyes wouldn’t open. Boys were also used as slaves for physical work, such as “They found Christina. We think it’s her. I’m on the way to a building underground tunnels, bridges and other things that checkpoint to identify her.” IS needed. In 2015, IS also proudly boasted to the world that they had succeeded in brainwashing little boys to become I couldn’t believe my ears. Christina was alive? Oh my God. warriors in service of the caliphate. They broadcast video It had been almost three years since the three-year-old girl clips of children cutting off the heads of adults while swear- was ripped out of her mother’s arms by an IS-terrorist. The ing allegiance to IS. mother was shoved into a bus and taken away. Children could also be sold outside the caliphate, thus be- Christina became one of the faces of IS war crimes against coming an economic goldmine for IS. children, a symbol of the genocide against Christians in Iraq. Posters were printed with pictures of her that were used According to Yazidi organizations and desperate parents in protests. We all knew who she was. who, since 2014, have been trying to track missing children through social media and studying pictures of children who However back then, in 2014, we didn’t know what they were are now slightly older, several have been sold in Turkey and going to do with all the children. Thousands of Yazidi chil- Saudi Arabia. dren had been kidnapped, along with Christians, Turkmen and other Shiites. A five-year-old girl was also reportedly sold in Syria. She is now up for sale again by her owner, for $20,000, according to After a few days, we found out. Parents and other adults who a video posted in closed groups on Facebook, Telegram and managed to bring along cell phones were able to tell us that WhatsApp. The girl’s father has seen the video, but can’t get children were being sold in markets. The terrorists would enough money together to buy back his daughter himself. reportedly also brag on their channels about having taken children. Boys and girls were being used for different things. A 13-year-old boy is also for sale. He costs $30,000, and this offer is mainly directed at parents and relatives. There are also According to the IS price list, a girl cost between $2,000 and agents who buy children and trade them among themselves. $8,000 US. A virgin cost more; the younger the child, the Networks of activists also collect money to help buy children more expensive. Little girls between the ages 9–12 cost the free. When the kidnappers, or “owners” have received their most. Their owners would sometimes film what happened to payment, it doesn’t always mean that the child comes home. the children when they were disobedient. They can be killed anyway, as we have seen happen.

Boys were raped as well. But no one spoke about it. It was Since IS territorial conquests have been recaptured, children

The last photo of Christina before she was kidnapped.

30 31 ADFA’s Amar Sabri with Christina and her mother Aida.

have been found in the desert. Some have died and been bur- because she had wet herself. The man had therefore chained ied in mass graves that are now being opened. her outdoors, under the sun. The man’s wife had done nothing to stop it all: on the contrary she had encouraged it and quietly Those who survived are broken physically and emotionally. looked on while the girl slowly died in the sun. It was so bizarre that we thought it was made up. In recent months, new work has intensified among activists, journalists and human rights organizations worldwide. The We now know that it actually happened. But it wasn’t Christina children who have been found alive must be identified and who died. It was another little girl who was only five years old returned to their families and relatives. when she was tortured to death. The IS-woman who looked on was one of the caliphate’s ‘morality police,’ and she is now be- Emad was one of the Yazidi children who was taken in ing prosecuted in Germany for, among other things, having let a 2014. He was found in Mosul with gunshot wounds. First, he five-year-old die in the sun because she peed on herself. was sent to his uncle in a refugee camp, and then to his mother, who had been granted residency in Canada. Another boy Christina’s fate was different. She was rescued by a Sunni family was also found in the ruins and was barely recognized, when who pretended to buy her from IS. The family kept her until IS activists posted pictures of him on social media. His mother lost Mosul. They then brought her to the Iraqi army and asked could also be traced to Canada. them to help her find her family.

These are the sunshine stories in this bottomless tragedy that That same night my phone rang, and wouldn’t stop ringing un- a genocide entails. But usually it is more difficult. til I answered it. It was my ADFA colleagues Allen Kakony and Amar Sabri. Amar had left Sweden to document the situation In many cases, the children have forgotten their native lan- in the internally displaced camps. A few hours later he sent us guages. In other cases, they have forgotten their names and pictures of himself sitting with Christina, who had just met her their families. In some cases, there are fights over the chil- mother. dren: One family is certain that it is their son and another that it is theirs. Because some were infants when they were stolen from their parents. “This is a good night, “I thought.” She is eight years old now, and it’s the beginning of the rest of her life. I don’t know where she is The organization I founded, A Demand For Action, is trying going to end up. “ to help identify some of the children. The tiny little part we play in this is a job that every day causes my heart to break Germany, Canada and Australia have received children who into a thousand pieces. And every night I see the children’s have been kidnapped, and their parents. Just flown them straight faces in my insomnia. Those found and those who are lost from the refugee camps, given asylum and residence permits to forever. At four in the morning I never remember the chil- these very weakest and victims of the most brutal of war crimes. dren who came home again. Only the parents who are still searching. Why hasn’t Sweden and other countries done that? Just filled a Hercules plane. I sometimes watch videos and listen to radio stories of children who were reunited with relatives in Northern Iraq, to You might say to me: “That’s not your problem. You can’t help be able to cope with what the rest of the day might bring. everyone.” Candy and chocolates are thrown at them by relatives and neighbors. Then come the kisses and hugs. There is always Can you then at least take one of my nights from me? One of something about the children’s eyes that doesn’t look right. those long nights when the children’s faces never stop flashing They are staring around. through my mind.

In the fall of 2015, rumors went around that Christina, who Just take one of those nights for me. was ripped out of her mother’s arms in Nineveh in Iraq, was dead. This article was first published in the Swedish newspaper Svenska Dagbladet. It’s translated by Daniela Babylonia Barhanna, proof read The couple that “owned” her would become angry with her by Susan Korah. 30 31 The NINEVEH ACADEMIC CHAIR at The University of Salamanca

The University of Salamanca that was founded in 1218 has been production wider than the Hebrew, Greek and Latin. Despite creating over the years Extraordinary Chairs (Domingo de Soto, this, it is little known in the western world. In this sense, the Venezuela, Martin Granizo, Larramendi, Sicily, Chile, etc.) Nineveh Chair will try to make known the most important As- that assume an important role in the transmission of a specif- syrian writers. One of the most important tasks of the Nineveh ic knowledge concerning an important figure or a culture. On Chair at the University of Salamanca will be the translation of the other hand, it has also been secularly an important objective ancient texts into different languages to make this world and of the University and the city of Salamanca - with its local and this great culture known to western society. provincial institutions - to offer their spaces to welcome other cultures and spread the knowledge between the university com- Art munity and the social environment. The Assyrian artistic heritage is enormous but little known in the western world. The Nineveh Chair will bring the Assyrian The claim to create the Nineveh Academic Chair within the artistic heritage closer to the westerners through exhibitions of institutional framework of the University of Salamanca is jus- artistic backgrounds from pre and post-Christian eras. tified for several reasons. Salamanca has been one of the first Spanish-speaking universities that since 1311 has been cultivat- Research ing Semitic knowledges and promoting openness towards other The Nineveh Chair will promote joint research, primarily with cultures and languages. Since the 14th century, the University university researchers worldwide, as did the Assyrian research of Salamanca has been one of the institutions that has cultivat- centres in Helsinki, which today is a world reference on ancient ed the trilingual spirit that has lasted to this day. Hebrew and textual documentation. Salamanca, with the Nineveh Chair, Aramaic studies, at the University of Salamanca have been ex- will become a world reference in its commitment to modern As- panding their field of action and today has become a reference syrian studies. This will serve above all for the purification of at European level for the solid base offered by its degree. The the errors transmitted over the last two centuries to the concep- chair is another step of this commitment that aims to expand tion about the historical-linguistic reality of the Assyrian peo- the field of learning. The Assyrian legacy is the great unknown ple. The investment of the funds will have as a priority this first in the Western world despite the enormous contribution it has phase of research work. had to the humanity in the past. The definition that has been given to Assyria is not accidental: the cradle of civilization. The It will promote a research focused on the Assyrian language, Assyrians have contributed to science, art, humanities more history and culture to create a critical mass that has not been than anyone else. Its language, its laws (Hamurabi code), its an- systematically developed in the Western world so far. cient academies, Babylon, Nuhadra, Edessa, Nisibis have served as inspiration for many training centres that today are the oldest Specific Nineveh Academic Chair Purpose and Activities universities in Europe (Bologna, Paris, Oxford and Salamanca). The purpose of the Nineveh Chair is to support people, compa- Casiodoro himself reports that the statutes of the University of nies and institutions related to the Assyrian cause, through the Nisibis served as inspiration for the creation of the University of transfer of knowledge generated in recognized universities and Bologna and in my opinion, afterwards of the University of Sal- education centres. amanca. The literary production of these academic centres had an enormous impact on the vision and formation of the ancient For the fulfilment of the described purposes, the following ac- western world. tivities will be carried out: Through research, seminars, debates, meetings with scholars, 1. Promote the study of the Assyrian language and culture world- magistrates, journalists, artists, we will promote knowledge of wide. Assyria in its various socio-cultural and linguistic aspects. These activities will respond to a planning that will involve the vari- 2. Promote all kinds of activities conducive to promoting the de- ous institutions and cultural, social associations present in their velopment of the artistic, historical, linguistic and socio-cultural ancestral homeland and will deal with current and historical heritage of Assyrian society. issues. 3. Promote the research of comparative studies in language, lit- As for the historical theme, we will work on key moments of As- erature and history of the Assyrian people. syrian history in its different epochs, starting from antiquity to the present. Special attention will be paid to the late and mod- 4. Support and develop academic activities to make known the ern periods to provide a coherent historical scheme since the historical and cultural wealth of the Assyrian people. history of the Assyrians has not always been transmitted as it deserves. 5. Support the dissemination of the modern Assyrian Aramaic language through research works in different modern languag- Culture es where there is an Assyrian community. Study of all that can serve to deepen the knowledge of Assyrians to improve the topics that do not reflect the true and rich visage 6. To strengthen the bond of union between the different Chris- of this great nation, today erased from the geo-political map. tian communities of the Assyrian people through forums, congresses, international seminars. Language and literature The Assyrians were bilingual from the dawn of history, they 7. Seek economic means to offer scholarships to offer the new used the Assyrian, lingua franca of the empire and then Arama- Assyrian generation the opportunity to train in its historical, lin- ic for the expansive policy they used in antiquity. It is a phenom- guistic and socio-cultural legacy. enon little explored and little studied. In the late middle ages (2nd century to 14th century) it had its golden age, with a literary 8. Find the means to create at the University of Salamanca the 32 33 chair of Nineveh that must offer all kinds of academic activities, in the diaspora or in our homeland. face-to-face, and virtual courses on the language, literature and history of Assyria. To ensure that the financial resources of the Nineveh Chair are managed correctly and transparently, the State University of 9. Encourage the creation of the academy of the Assyrian sci- Salamanca will use the same mechanisms that it has applied to ences to develop and create the different working groups that the other chairs. There is a rigorous control over incomes and should watch over the conservation and development of the outcomes that can be consulted in the virtual platform of the language, history, and Assyrian culture. University of Salamanca. Accordingly to the best practices of European High Education Institutions, everything that is in- 10. Promote the creation of a scientific research journal of the vested in the Nineveh Chair, will be used only and exclusively Assyrian language and culture. for the purposes it pursues. In the same way, the contributors will be informed with the annual report in order to know in 11. Support the development of projects that the Assyrian intel- what and for which purposes the contributed capital has been lectuals or those related to the Assyrian cause intend to carry used. out for the reconstruction of the Assyrian society abroad and within their ancestral territory. All this will serve to ensure the proper development of the projects and activities that the Nineveh Academic Chair will under- And, in a generic way, carry out as many actions as are condu- take after its creation at the University of Salamanca. cive to the best achievement of their purposes. As first actions, the Nineveh chair will commission at least 3 To carry out these activities in a serious and professional man- experts to prepare two online courses of the modern Assyrian ner, the Nineveh Chair has to have, at least, an annual budget Aramaic. of about 80.000-100.000 Euros, half of which will be dedicated to scholarships for young Assyrians who want to be trained in Between 2019 and 2020 the chair will convene the Assyrian in- their linguistic, historical and socio-cultural legacy. Hence, two tellectuals for a first world congress to deal with the national Assyrian talents will begin studying at the University of Sala- identity, language and history of Assyria. manca, preferably for the degree or the Doctoral Dissertation in Assyrian language, history or literature. These scholarships To facilitate the possible donations we have created the will be awarded through a contract and conditions of commit- non-profit Association: Mesopotamian Alliance ܢܝܪܗܢܬܝܒܕ ment so that the candidate has to contribute to the Assyrian ܐܕܝܘܚ that already has an official register and a bank account. cause at least 10 years. While we train them, we will also prepare the ground so that Bank account: Caixabank when they finish, they can develop at the University, where Address: c/ Zamora 49 - 37002 Salamanca/Spain there is an Assyrian community, what they have mastered. Our IBAN: ES88 2100 1263 2502 0037 4933 academic contacts with those universities, where there is an As- BIC/ SWIFT Code: CAIXESBBXXX syrian community, will provide the candidates with access and the opportunity to develop what they have been researching at the doctorate level. We must learn to invest our resources effi- If you want to participate and contribute to the Assyrian cause, let’s ciently in those centres where there is an Assyrian community start with EDUCATION.

32 33 Personal information: VICERRECTORADO DE RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES First name/Surname: Efrem YILDIZ SADAK EFREM YILDIK SADAK Address: Patio Escuelas 1 37008 Salamanca Spain VICERRECTOR Telephones: 0034 677535012 E-mail: [email protected] & [email protected]

CURRICULUM VITAE SHORTENED

Academic background: He has developed his school and academic training in several countries: Germany, Italy, France and Israel. After obtaining his Baccalaureate in Philosophy and two degrees in Ecclesiastical and Biblical Studies, he completed his studies with a Doctorate in Biblical Theology, with the consequent linguistic formation in both classical languages (Greek and Latin) and Semitic (Hebrew and Aramaic). Specialized in Semitic languages, he also manages a large repertoire of modern languages:

Spanish, English, French, German, Italian, Hebrew, Modern Assyrian Aramaic, Turkish, among others.

Professional Experience: Professor of Hebrew and Aramaic Studies at the Faculty of Philology, University of Sala- manca since 1997.

Teaching activity: He is currently a Full Professor at the Faculty of Philology, Department of Hebrew and Arama- ic Studies. After many years of teaching in biblical and rabbinic literature, Old Testament institutions and Biblical Aramaic in the Hebrew Degree, with the creation of the Degree in Hebrew and Aramaic Studies, he has specialized in Aramaic history, language and literature. He has participated in numerous national and international Congresses. He has given seminars and courses on his specialty in European countries, the Middle East, Latin America and the United States. He has also participated in Staff mobility for teaching, at University of Cambridge, Department of Middle Eastern Studies (2007, at the University of Bucharest, Faculty of Philology (2009).

34 35 Research Activity: He has participated in several national and international research projects. He is a committee member of several national and international scientific journals. He is the author or coordinator of a large number of books and articles in national and international journals on Aramaic language, literature, history and culture of the Aramaic-speaking peoples. Among his numerous works the following publications could be highlighted:

Yildiz, E.”The Assyrians: A Historical and Current Reality”. Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies. 01/17 (1998), pp. 39 - 49.

Yildiz, E.”The Aramaic Language and Its Classification”. Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies. 2/51 (2000) pp. 219 - 243.

Yildiz, E.Cuestiones de actualidad en la lengua española.”Los arameísmos en la lengua castellana”. Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca,2000, pp. 205 – 214.

Yildiz, E., Le catechesi mistagogiche di Teodoro Mopsuesta, Edizioni Cantagalli, 2001.

Yildiz, E., Nuevas aportaciones al estudio de la lengua española: innovaciones filológica.”El concepto de tiempo en Oriente y Occidente”, Luso-Española de Ediciones, 2001, pp. 369 – 379.

Yildiz, E.Hijas de Israel. Mujeres de Sefarad. De las aljamas de Sefarad al drama del exilio. “La mujer semita: su evolución histórico-social, Ediciones de Castilla la Mancha, 2010”. pp. 15 – 33.

Yildiz, E., The ancient Universities of Edessa and Nisibis: Their teaching method and activities. Journal of Assyrian Academ- ic Studies. 27, (2011) pp. 143 - 159.

Yildiz, E., The Assyrian Heritage. Threads of Continuity and Influence. “The Assyrian Linguistic Heritage and its Survival in Diaspora”, Elanders Sverige AB (Sweden) 2012.

Manzano Rodríguez, M. A.; Cantera, A.; Falero, A.; Muñoz Solla R.; Yildiz, E.; El Hour R., Séptimo Centenario de los Estudios Orientales en Salamanca. Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca 2012.

Yildiz, E., Las tres inscripciones arameas de Barrakkab pertenecientes al Arameo Oficial. Helmantica-revista de filología clásica y hebrea. 64/191, (2014).

Yildiz, E., Gramática del arameo modern, Córdoba 2015 (the first Grammar of modern Assyrian Aramaic published in Span- ish).

Yildiz, E., Himnos de Navidad y Epifanía (translation and commentary on texts by an author of the 4th century AD. C (Sant Ephrem of Nisibis), Madrid 2016.

Yildiz, E., Bravo N., El Icono: Historia Simbología y Técnica, Salamanca 2017.

Yildiz, E., Le Soureth. La Langue des Assyro-Chaldéens, Salamanca 2017.

Yildiz, E., Sureth, Een Moderne Taal, Salamanca 2019.

Academic Management: He has performed the tasks of Vice-Dean of International Relations and Institutional Coordinator of Socrates / Erasmus and “Intercambio” exchange programs (2004-2011) at the Faculty of Philology. He has been working as a Degree Coordinator in Hebrew and Aramaic Studies from 2011 to 2017. He is also a member of the Commission of the Degree in Hebrew and Aramaic Studies. Currently he is Vice Chancellor for International Relations of the University of Salamanca; member of the committee at CRUE for International Section, member of Executive Board for “Cursos Internacionales” of the University of Salamanca; member of the Commission for the Reform of the New Study Plans according the ECTS System, Hebrew and Aramaic Studies of the Faculty of Philology of the University of Salamanca. He is Executive Board member of Coimbra Group which is made up of 39 European Universities. He is also coordinator and legal representative of the University of Salamanca in the new European consortium: European Campus for City Universities (EC2U). English Language Editor of the scientific journal: Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies, published in Santa Barbara, United States.

34 35 Books

Biography of RaphaelKhan: Great Assyrian Leader (Aramaic version)

by David Raphael

$00.00 U.S. $00.00 U.S.

Biography of RaphaelKhan: Great Assyrian Leader tells the long overdue true-life story of the renowned World War I Assyrian hero who fought on the side of the Allies (Britain, France and Russia) against the Ottoman Empire.

Biography of RaphaelKhan is a thrilling read, and an eye opener to a part of history from wartime Urmia/Persia, Hakkari/Turkey and mass exodus to Mesopotamia (Bet-Nahrain), and the final attempt to regain back the ancestral homelands. It’s about survival of the small Assyrian nation, once ‘Mighty Assyrian Empire’ — the cradle of civilization — struggling to preserve its national identity against the evils of aggression and massacres perpetrated during WWI events (1914-1918).

The Assyrians and Armenians have suffered massive genocide over the last centuries. The Assyrians have lost control of their ancestral lands and are in a struggle for survival. Today, the Assyrian nation stands at a crossroad.

About the author After studying at two universities (Al-Hikma Jesuit Missionary Uni- versity and Nebraska Wesleyan University), author David L. Raphael spent the greater part of his life in foreign purchase, translation, copy editing, and as a cultural advisor. He is currently retired and spends his time studying and researching Assyrian history books. David intends to publish a thesaurus in the Assyrian language in the future. He lives with his wife and two sons in U.S.A.

The book is available in Hardcover & Softcover at Amazon.com ISBN - 978 - 1 - 4575 - 6110-8

36 37 Books

The Assyrians – Fifty Years in Sweden

In the spring of 1967 the first group of Assyrians came to Sweden. Dur- ing the fiftyThe years since Assyrians then, the Assyrian community – has Fifty grown steadi- Years in Sweden ly and is today one of the largest immigrant groups in Sweden. Many of them are born in Sweden and are fully integrated Swedish citizens. Oth- ers have Income the recently spring because ofof the 1967 continued the persecution first they group suffer of Assyrians came to Sweden. Dur- in their homelands. This booking describes the how fifty the Assyrians years arrived since in Sweden, then, how the they Assyrian community has grown stea- establisheddi-ly churches and and organizations,is today howone the livelyof the debate largest went immigrant groups in Sweden. Many about their right to stay in the country, how they achieved as entrepre- neurs andof in soccer,them and are how theirborn relationship in Sweden with Swedish and society are has fully integrated Swedish citizens. changed over the years. The book also features a number of interviews, giving a Oth-ersvariety of Swedish have Assyrians come the chance recently to tell us directly because of of the continued persecution they their experiencessuffer of whatin theirit is like tohomelands. live in Sweden. Svante Lundgren, ThD, is a researcher at the Center for Middle Eastern Studies at Lund University. This bookThis is a translation book of describes the Swedish original how of ‘Assyrierna the Assyrians – arrived in Sweden, how they es- Femtio år i Sverige‘, by Svante Lundgren, which was published by Ni- neveh Presstablished in December 2017.churches and organizations, how the lively debate went about https://www.ninevehpress.com/product/thetheir right to stay- assyriansin the-fifty country,-years-in-sweden/ how they achieved as entrepre-neurs and in soccer, and how their relationship with Swedish society has changed over the years. The book also features a number of interviews, giving a variety of Swedish Assyrians the chance to tell us directly of their experiences of what it is like to live in Sweden. Svante Lundgren, ThD, is a researcher at the Center for Middle Eastern Studies at Lund University. This book is a translation of the Swedish original of ‘Assyrierna – Femtio år i Sverige‘, by Svante Lund- gren, which was published by Ni-neveh Press in December 2017. https://www.ninevehpress.com/product/the-assyrians-fifty-years-in-sweden/

ܣܝܓܪܼ ܘܼܿ ܝܓܼ ܐܝܒܼܵ ܘܛܼ ܐܢܵ ܦܠܵ ܡܼܿ ܐܚܵ ܢܡܠܵ ܬܵܵ ܝܠܼ ܘܐܼ ܣܝܓܪܼ ܘܼܿ ܝܓܼ ܐܢܵ ܘܡܿ ܪܵ :ܢܡܼ ܿ ܵܐ ܵܢܐ ܸܫ ܼܡܝ ܹܝܠܗ ܵܪ ܿܡܘ ܵܢܐ ܼܓܝ ܼܿܘ ܼܪܓܝܣ؛ ܵܒܪ ܵܬܐ ܵܕܪ ܼܒܝ ܼܛܘ ܼܵܒܝܐ ܼܓܝ ܼܿܘ ܼܪܓܝܣ. ܼܕܘ ܹܢܝܐ ܸܒ ܵܕܥ ܵܝܐ ܵܝܠ ܿܗ ܵܩܐ ܵܒ ܼܒܝ، ܼܛܘ ܼܵܒܝܐ، ܼܐܝܟ ܵܒ ܵܒ ܐ ܼ ܿ ܿ ܹܕܠ ܵܫ ܵܢܐ ܵܐ ܿܬܘ ܵܪ ܵܝܐ، ܼܓ ̄ܢ ܵܒ ܵܪܐ ܼܕܐܘ ܼܡܬܢ، ܼܿܘܚ ̄ܕ ܵܟ ܵܬ ܼܵܒܐ ܹܕܟܠܗ ܼܿܚ ܼܝܘ ܼܬܘܗܝ ܼܕܒ ܼܝܚܘܗ ̄ܗ ܵܘܐ ܵܩܐ ܹܥ ܵܕܬܐ ܼܘܐܘ ܵܡܵܬܐ. ܼܐܝ ܵܢܐ ܵܩ ܼܬܝ ܘ ܵ ܩܐ ܵܚ ܼܬܝ ܩ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܝܼ ܡܡܘܵ ܝܬܼ ܚܘܵ ܐܢܵ ܐܕܵ ܐܩܵ ܗܠܚܹ ܠܦܸ ܝܗܘܬܘܝܼ ܚܼܿ ܗܠܟܿ .ܢܠܼ ܥܼ ܐܘܵ ܗ̄ ܢܡܚܸ ܬܼ ܐܟܹ ܐܫܵ ܡܵ ܗܼܿ .ܐܝܢܹ ܘܕܼ ܘܓܼ ܝܝܼ ܦܨܵ ܡܟ ܘܗܿ ܐܒܵ ܒܵ ܕ̄ ܚܼܿ ܐܘܗܝܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܸ .ܢܝܼܿ ܝܕܼ ܐܩܵ ܗܠܹ ܐܘܵ ܗ̄ ܐܡܹ ܚܵ ܐܟܹ « ܝܢܼ ܦܹ » ܠܟ .ܐܘܵ ܗ̄ ܢܡܚܸ ܬܼ ܐܠܹ ܝܗܘܢܼ ܓܵ ܠܥܼ ܟ̰ܝܗ .ܢܠܼ ܐܘܵ ܗ̄ ܝܘܼ ܗܵ ܝܝܼ ܦܨܵ ܐܬܵ ܘܝܼ ܚܘܼܿ ܬܗܼܿ ܪܵ ܐܘܵ ܗ̄ ܚܘܼܿ ܗܵ ܿ .ܐܢ ܹ ܫܵ ܚܸ ܢܠܼ ܐܘܵ ܗ̄ ܐܙܚܵ ܐܘܵ ܗ̄ ܐܥܹ ܒܵ ܐܠܹ ܟ̰ܝܗ ܿ ܿ ̄ ܹ ܼܿܚ ̄ܕ ܼܛܘ ̮ܦ ܵܣܐ ܸܡܢܘܗܝ ܸܒ ܼܵܕܟ ܵܪܐ ܼܿܝܘܢ ܵܐ ܼܵܕܝܐ: ܿܗܝ ܵܥܕ ܵܢܐ ܕ « ܵܗ ܼܐܝ ܼܣܟܘܠ» ܼܦܘ ܵܪܩ ܼܠܝ، ܵܐ ܵܢܐ ܼܡܢ ܵܡ ܵܡܐ ܪ ܹܚ ܼܫܠܢ ܼܓ ܼܫܘ ܹܩܐ ܵܡ ܼܫܝ ܵܢܐ ܵܩܐ ̄ ̄ ܵ .)convertible Mustang( ܐܢܵ ܕܵ ܐܕܚܼܿ ܠܐ ܗܠܹ ܦܢܸ ܝܒܼ ܠܸ .ܝܬܼ ܩܵ ܬܵܢܒܙܼܵ ܵ ̄ ̄ «.ܝܟܼ ܝܼܿ ܝܕܼ ܐܩܵ ܐܬܪܝܗܙܵ ܗܿ ܠܝ̄ ܐܠܹ ܐܢܵ ܝܫܼ ܡܵ ܐܗܵ ܐܵ » :ܗܿ ܪܵ ܡܸ ܐ .«ܐܠܵ » :ܗܿ ܪܵ ܡܸ ܐ ܝܡܼ ܡܵ ̄ ̄ ̄ ܐ ܹܬ ܼܐܠܝ ܼܿܒ ܵܝܵܬ ܸܒ ܼܟ ܵܝܐ. ܵܦ ܵܦܐ ܐ ܸܡ ܹܪܗ: « ܵܒܪ ܼܬܝ، ܼܡܘ ܼܕܝ ܹܠܗ ̄ܗ ܼܵܘܝܐ؟ ܵܩܐ ܼܡܘ ̄ܕ ̄ܝ ܸܒ ܼܟ ܵܝܐ ܼܿܝܘܬܝ؟» ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ̄ ܿ ܵ ̄ ܵ ̄ ܿ ܵ ̄ ̄ ܼܗܘ ܹܩ ܼܐܠܝ ܵܩ ܼܬܘܗ. ܐ ܸܡ ܹܪܗ: «ܵܒܪ ܼܬܝ، ܠܐ ܼܒܟ ܼܝ. ܵܒ ܼܒ ܼܟܝ ܹܟܐ ܹܠܐܝ ܹܠܗ ܼܡܝܵܬ. ܼܩܘܡ ܐܼܙܠܚ ܵܙ ܼܒ ܼܢܚ ܠܗ ܼܗܪ ܐ ܼܵܕܝܐ. ܹܠܐ ܵܒ ܹܥܝܢ ܸܕ ܹܡܥܐ ܿ ܿ «.ܢܘܢܼ ܙܸ ܚܵ ܝܟܼ ܢܝܼ ܥܕܼ .ܢܘܼܿ ܝ̄ ܗܘܝܿ ܪܛܵ ܒܸ ܐܡܘܝܵ ܡ̄ ܘܝܕܼ ܐܸ ܠܗܼܿ ܐܢܵ ܝܫܼ ܡܵ ܝܗܿ ̄ ܿ ܿ ܼܿܗܪ ܼܿܚ ̄ܕ ܸܩ ܵܛܪܐ ܵܗ ܹܘܐ ̄ܗ ܵܘܐ ܼܠܢ ܓܘ ܼܿܚ ܼܝܘ ܼܬܢ، ܹܟܐ ܵܬ ܹܢܐ ̄ܗ ܵܘܐ: « ܵܒ ܼܒܝ، ܵܠܐ ̄ܗ ܹܘ ܼܐܡܘܢ ܸܚ ܵܫ ܹ ܢܐ؛ ܵܦ ܵܦܐ ܸܟ ܵܠܝܐ ̄ܝ ܹܠܗ ܼܿܒܬܪ ܵܚ ܿܨܘ ܼܟܘܢ». ̄ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܸܠ ܼܒܢ ܼܝ ܹܠܗ ܼܫܡܝܛܐ. ܼܐܝܢܐ ܗܝ̰ܟ ܥܕܢܐ ܹܠܐ ܼܡ ܸܢܫ ܼܝ ܼܚܠܘ ܼܟ. ܼܗ ܵܡ ܵܫܐ ܸܒܕ ܵܗ ܹܘܝܬ ܸܡ ܼܢܢ، ܼܡܢ ܓܘ ܸܠ ܼܒܢ. ܦܦܐ ܼܗ ܵܡ ܵܫܐ ܟ ܼܘ ܸܠ ܼܫܠܝ ܩܐ ܼܕܐܢܬ ܩ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ̄ ܵ ܵ ܵ ̄ ܵ .ܗܠܩܹ ܒܸܼ ܕ ܟܼ ܘܦܘܼ ܫ ܐܨܹ ܡ ܐܠܹ ܐܫܢܐ ܟ̰ܗܸ .ܝܼ ܝܒܼ ܐܝܕܚܘܸ ܐܪܝܬܚܼ ܐܘܗ ܬܝܘܹ ܗ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ̄ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ̄ ܿ ̄ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܼܐܘ ܼܡܬܢ ܼܛܘ ܸܠ ܹܩܠܗ ܼܚܕ ܼܓܢ ܵܒܪܐ ܼܐ ܼܝܟ ܼܕܝ ܼܘ ܼܟ. ܼܐܝ ܵܢܐ ܐ ܵܢܐ ܵܘܚ ܼܬܝ ܛ ܼܘ ܸܠ ܼܩܠܢ ܼܚܕ ܒܒܐ ܼܪܚܡܢܐ، ܼܚܘܒܢܐ ܘܒ ܵܥܝܢܐ ܸܕܟ ܼ ܠܦܬܘܗܝ. ̄ ̄ ܿ ܵ ̄ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ .ܬܘܝ ܐܝܕܹ ܚܘܸ ܗܠܝ ܬܗܼ ܪ ܟܘܬܟܼ ܘܕܘܼ ܬܘܝܸ ܐܚܵ ܝܫܡܕܼ ܐܬܹ ܕܝܐܼ ܘܓ ܐܝܕܼܵ ܐ ܢܘܝܼ ܐܥܕܝܒܸ ܐܢܝܐܼ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܼܐܠܗܐ ܼܡ ܸܢܝ ܼܚܠܘ ܼܟ، ܦܦܐ؛ ܹܟܐ ܒ ܼܥܝ ܼܢܘ ܼܟ ܒܟܠܗ ܸܠ ܼܒܝ، ܵܩܐ ܼܗ ܵܡ ܵܫܐ. ̄ ̄ ܿ ܿ ܵ ̄ ܿ .ܫܝܪܕܢܡܼ ܟܼ ܘܢܼ ܩܦܼ ܚܘܵ ܟܼ ܘܢܼ ܝܙܼ ܚܵ ܕܒܸ ܐܡܘܝ ܕܚܼ 36 37   ܰ ܶ ܶ ܫ    ܰ    

. .     :     . .       :     . .     :     . .     :    . . ȷ    :  ȷ  . .    :      . .     :    . .   ȷ    :    

38 39 ܵ ܕ ܼ ܗܝȂܼ Ȕ ܵ ǶȎـــȏܵ Ȍܵ ȂȦȋܼ Ƕـــȥܼ ،ǧـــǶܪܹܐȋǷܵ Ǫܸ ǵܹȈـــȉܼ ȢǪܵ ǩȤـــǶܗܝ ȏܵ ܵȂȎǵܼ ȋܼܿـــǧ : : ǩȤȋǦܵ Ǫܘܹ

̈ ܵ ܵ Ǩܹܬܬܕܙܼܿ ȃȎܼ݇ ǦǪ ܝǶȎܼ ܘܘȨܿ ܸ ḛ̏ ܵ ܵ ̈ ܵ ܝ ǧܹȏȗȴǪܼܿ ȃȎܼ݇ ǦǪ ܝ ܼ ܬܬܕܙܘܼܿ Ƕȉܼ ȅܘܵ ǧȎȨܵ ǹǪܸ ȃȏܼ ȗȴܵ Ǫܘܼܿ ܠǶǫȋܼ ܘܬܼ ܝܕܼ ȃǫܼ Ǫܵ ܠǶǫȋܼ ܘܬܼ ܝܕܼ ܠǶǫȋܼ ܘܬܼ ܝܕܼ ȃȌܼ ܸȁ ܠǶǫȋܼ ܘܬܼ ܝܕܼ

  ܰ ܶ ܶ ܰ ܫ         

. .    :     . .     :    . .     :     . .    ȷ :     . .    :      . .     :    . .   ȷ  :      . .     :      12 .    .   . .    :    . .       :   38 .       :    39 . .   ȷ   :     . .    :  ȷ   . .  ȷ   : ȷ   . .      :       . .  ȷ   :      . .     :    ȷ   . .      :     . .     :     . .     :       . .     :      . .      :     . .      :     . .      :  ȷ  ܵ ܵ ݇ ܵ ȁȠȋܵــǨȨ ܼܿܕȉܼ ȅ ܼ Ǧ ȋــȃ ܼܿ ܘȦܼ ȋــȨܝ ȦȎ̈ ǦȈܹــ ǧ ܕ ܵ ܕȋ ــ ǨȨ ܿܐܘܦ ܐ Ȏܼــȏܹ̈ Ȇȕȋ ܸ ȃ ــȋ ܹǧ .ܘܘǵȁܵ ܨ ȤȚܼܘ Ȏܵــǭܼ ǧــȂȌܼܿ ȦȈ̈ ǵȉȢܹ ȥܸ Ƕܵــǧ ܼܘȥــȁȤܵ ȌȈܵ ǵȉǹܹ Ǫܸ Ƕــǧ ݇ܘܐ ȂȋܼــȤܹܗ ǭܵــǶ ܵ ܸ ܸ "،Ƕǫܼ Ȉܗܝ ǵȈܵ ȖǪܼܿ ܵܕǶȈǳܼ ܸǫụ̑ Ƕȋܼ ǩ ܼܟ ̇ܕܗܘ ܸ Ȩܵ ȅܘǨ ܵܕȗܸـǭ ܵ ȠـǶ ܐ ȉȡܼـǭ ". ȃ ܿ ݇ ܵܗ ǭܼ ،ǵǮȁܵـǶ ܪȏȗȴܵ ǫȈܼܿ ǵȉȦܹ ܸǭܹـị̑ ǧـȂ ܼܿ Ȏ ܵ ȴȡܼܿ Ȑـǵܝȏ ܼܘȋـǵȉܹ Ȃ ܼ Ǫ̣ ܸȤȡǶ ܼܐȁـȂ ȇ ܼ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܼܐǧȎȨܵ ǹȈܸ ǩȤȢܵ ȁ ܵܘǶȉܼ ȅ ݇ "ܘܐ ȤȂȋܼܹܗ : ܼܿ ǳ݇ Ǹǧ ܪȂȗܵ ، ܼܐ Ƕܵ ȅܼ ܿܬܘ ܼ ȅ ܼـǶܢ Ȩܼ ȁܵܘ ȋܵـȅ ǧ ܵ ܸ ،ܘȏܹܵ Ȇȕȋ ــ ȋ̇ ǧــǵܘ ǫܵ ȏ݇ ܹǭــǧ ܵܕȏǭــȋǶܵ ȁܵ ȃــȎܸǳȂȢȚܼ ،ǧܹــǵ ܼܿܕǼȌܸ ȋــȈ ȐــǦ ܵܗǨ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵܙ ܵܘǭــǧ ܼܿܕȏȗȴǪܹــǧ ܵ ܕȡــȂȉܼ ȅǦܼ ȋܼ ǧ ܼــȨܘܢ Ȧȏܵ ȆȈܸــȂܼ ḛ̏ ǧ ܵــǩǳ ܘȁǳܼ ǫ̣ ȗ ܼــȨܘܢ ܵ ܿ ܿ ̈ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܼ ȷȈǶȉǸ ܼܐ ȗ ȇȁܼ ܢǩǳ." ܵ ܵȂ ܼܕܐ ǵܵ Ǫ̣ ܼܬ ܼܘȅـǳ ܿܨ ܼܕܪܘܗܝ ܼܙȁـȡܸ Ƕȋǵ ܼ ǩȤـȉǸܹ Ƕ : ̈ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܼ ܿ ܢ"ǶȌȁܼ ܹǳǸ ܼܘȠȚܘ ǶǸܼܢ ܕ: ǫȥ̣ ܿـǶܩ ǫ̣ ǭܼـȢȕܼ ȋ ܼ ǩܹȴـȉȡܵ ȃـȷ ܕǨ ȳܘܹ ܘȦܸȎܹـǨ ǧܘܹ ȋ ̈ ܵܘȃȉܼ Ȇȉܸ ȅܼܿ ǨܹȨȌܵ Ǹ ܼܿܘǧȌܹ̈ Ȃȕܼ Ǫܼܿ ǧȋǷܸȎܹ̈ ȃȌܼ ǹȉܸ ȋ ܹܕǧȏܵ ܵȂȉȈ ܘ ܵܙ ȉܿ ȁȤȋܼـǵܘܢ ܵ ܿ ܙ. ǧȎܵ ȤܸǮȎܙ. ܼܿ ܝǵȂ ȉܼ ȢǪܵ ܿ ݇ ܵ ̈ ܕǧܹȘȋܸ ܼܿܕǸ ܼـǳܘܬǨ ܐ ȂȔܼ ܿـȤܗܘܢ ǭܵـȏȂ̈ ȗܼ Ƕܹـǧ ܸܕȎȨܵ Ǹـǧ ܵܘȉܼ ȅـǶ ܸܘȂǫܼܿ Ȉـǵܝ ݇ ȤȁȨȡܼܹܗ. ȅܼܿـǳ ܐ Ȧ̈ Ȏܹܵـǧ ܵܕȋ ܵـȈܵ ǨȨـǦ ܵܗȈǳܿ ȁǵȔܼ Ǩـǵܘܢ، ܵܕȈـȉܵ Ǽȏܼܿ ǻܼܿ ȷـǨȨ ܵ ȥܼــǶܪܹ ܿܐǵȈܘܢ ȨȂܼ ȋܼܿܘȁܹــȌǸܼܿ ǧــị̑ ǩȤــȁȨܼܿ Ǫܵ Ȑــǵܝ ܼܿܘȨȦܼ ȋܘȁܹــȦȏܵ ȆȈܸ ǧــǧ ܵ ܸܕȡȤܵ Ǫ ܵــȁܵ ǩǳــǵܘǨ ܸܘȋǷܵ ǪــȈܵ ǶȉǸܼ . ǩȤــȋܼ ȷــǵȉȥܹ ܸȤǭǶ ܵܬȈ ܵــȏ̈ ȋܵ ȁǶܵ ǨȨܹــǧ ݇ ̈ ܿ ܵܘܬȉȂܵ Ȉܼ ǨȨܵ Ȉ ܵـǶܬǨܹ. ܵܗ Ǯȁܵـǵ ܐ Ȧ̈ Ȏܹܵـǧ ܼܕȂȗ ܿـȤܗܘܢ ȦȈܼـǵȂȏܼܿ ȉܵ ǭʧ݇ Ƕܝ ȁǳ̈ Ǹܸܹـǧ . . ǧܹǹ̈ ȁȠȚܘܼ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ Ȃܼ ǪܼــȨܢ ȈȨܸǫẠ̇ Ǹܹܵــǵ ܼܐ ȁܼــȂǪܼ ȇــǨȨ ܕȏܼ ǭــǶ ܼܟ . ܘȈــȷ ܵܗ ܵܘȁــǧ ܕǸȤܸ ȚــȨ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ Ȉܿ ǶȗܿــǶܠ ị̑ــȐ ܼܐ Ȏܹ̈ــǧ ܼܕܘ ȏ̈ ȅܹܵــǧ ܵܘȈــȷ ܵܕܪܸܬ Ǹܼܿ ݇ــȌܵ ȉȥܵ ǳــȉܼ ȗܼ ǧــȎ̈ ǦǪܼ ".Ȑܹــǧ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ̈ ܵ ܸܗǧȎȨǸܸ ǧܹȏȋǷȋܹ ܘǶȦܼ Ț Ƕȉܼ ȅ ـȁ ܹǻǧـǵܘܘ ȤȚȠȈܸܘȎـǧ. ܸ ܘܨȤȚܘȎـȅܼ ǧـǳ ܘܨ ȂǼȕܵ Ǫܸܵـــǭܵ ǧـــȂȌܼܿ ȥ̈ Ƕܵـــȏܵ ȉܵ Ȃȋܼ ǧـــǨȨ ؛ ȉܵ ȂȌǸܼـــȷ ܸܘȁǳܵ ǸـــǼܵ ȉțܵ Ǫܸ ǧـــǧ

40 41 ܵ ܿ ȉܼ ȗܼــȃ ، ܵܐ Ȏܵــǧ ܼܿܗܪ ị̑ــȐ ܵܐ ܼܵܕȁــǪܸ ǧــȉȋȤܸ ǭܼܿ ǳܸــȏܼ ǭܵ Ȑــǭ ܵ ȃــȗܼ ǶــǩȤȚǶ ܸܘǪــ ǳ ̈ ܵ ܿ ܵ Ȥǫ̣ ȗܸܢ Ƕǭܵ ǨǶܵ ǭܵ ܼܬȥȳܹـǧ ܘȉܹ ȉܵ ܸǭـȁȴǪܼ ȷـȋǶܵ ȡܵ ǨܹǷـǧ ܕ ܼܿ Ȍȅǳܵ Ǹـǧ ܵܕ ȦǪܼـǸ ȃ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ǨܹǷ̈ ȌǪܸ ܼܕȤܼ Ǯʧ Țܝ . ܘܐܸܢ Ȥܿ ȡܸ ǶǪܼܗܘܢ ܼ ǳǪܸ ǧܹȏȗȴǪܼܿ Ȋȗ ܐ Ȥȋܼܚ ǧȡܵ ܼܿܕǸ ݇ـǳ ܵ ܵ ܿ ǧǹȉܵ ȥܸ ܕܕܹ ̣̈ ܹܐǧǪ ܨǧȢȕܵ Țܸ Ȋȗܼ ǵܹȈȷܹȈ ܘǵ ȉܹ ȂǮܼ Ȃȉܼ ǭ، ܘܐ Ƞȋ ȷȈ ǧȎܵ ܼܐȃȈ ܹ ܵ ̰ ܿ ǵȂȂǪܼܿܝ، ܼܐ Ƞȋ ȃܼ ȆǸܼܿ ܼܐȃȈ ܵܕȤǼȎܸܢ Ȥܼ ȌȈܵܝ ܪǧܵȂȗ. ܵܗ ȋܼ ǵǮȁܵـǶ ܵܕȘܼ Ǫـȃ ܹܵ ܵ ܼ ܝ ". ". ܝ ܼ ǫ̣ ȗ ܩǶܿ ǫȥ̣ ܝǳܼ ǫ̣ ȗܕǳ ܕ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ " ܼܿ ǩȤȁȤܼ ȥܼ ȃǫȉܼ ȅܼ ǧȁܵ ǶǫȂܼ ǻ ܼܿ .. ǶǫȂ ܼ ǻ . ܨȚـȂȎܵ ǶȚܼ ȃܵـȉǹܼ ܸȆȥ̰ Ƕȋܼ ǧـǶ ܼܟ ." ܿ ̰ ܵ ̰ ݇ܐ ȤȂȋܼܹܗ ܪȅܼܿ ǧܵȂȗـǳ ܼ ܘȤܼ ȚܨܘȎܹـȁǶțܼ Ȕܵ ǧܹـǧ ܵܙ ܵܘǭـǧ ܼܿܕȏȗȴܵ Ǫܹـ ȤȚܼ ȠȈ ǧܘ Ȏܵـǧ . . ܿ ܸ ܵ ܵ ܗ ȉ ،ǵǮȁܵܨ ȤȚܿܘ ǷǪܵ ǵȉܹ Ȃǫȡܼ ǧȎܵ ܵܘǧǭ ܼܿܕȏȗȴǪܹـȋܼ ،ǧـȁȨܼ ȡܵ ǵȉȦܹ Țܸ Ƕـǵܝ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܸ ȏȂܵ ȦǪܼܿــǧ، ܘ ȉܹ ܸǫ̣ ȁܼ ǵȁ݇ــȉܼ Ǫܵ ǵــǶܗܝ Ȉ ܼــȨ ܵܪȫ ܵܕܨȋــȋǶܵ ȁܵ Ǻــǧ ، ܘ ȏȗȴǪܼܹܿــǧ ܵ Ǽܵ ǸȤܵ Ǫܸ ــ ȋܵ ǳ݇ ȡܵ ǧــȋܼ ǳ݇ ȡܵ ǧــǶܗܝ. ܼܿܘȅــǳ ܵܗܘ Ǹܵ Ȥ Țــȡܼ ،ǧــǶ ܸܘǵܹȈ ܸܕǪــǳ ܵܨȈܹــ ȷ . . ǧǭȤܵ ȋܼܿ ܘܗܕ̇ ܫܹܪ ǧȥܵ ܹܪ ܚܸȤȚܕܵ ȐȌܼܿ ȁܐܼ Ȋȅ ܝǵȂȂǪܼܿ ȣȚܸ ܬܘܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܼ ǧܨ ȤȚܼܘ ܵ Ƕȡܼ ǵȉǹܹ ȁȤȚܼ Ȏ ܵܪǧǪ ܼܿܕǧǹȔȤܵ Țܼ ǳ݇ Ǹ، ܼܘǶȏȂܼ ȗܗܝ ȉܵ ȂțȎܼـȗܼ ǵـȊ ̈ ̈ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܸ ǩȤȋǶȗܼ ǳ݇ Ǹܼܿ Ȑị̑ ǧǼܵ ȉțǪܸ ǧȦȏܵ ȅܸ ǳ݇ Ǹܼܿ ܘ Ǧܵ Ǫܹܙǧܵ ȋܵ ǳ݇ Ȣܵ Ȉ ȷȈ،ܙܘǧܹǭ ܼܿܙܘǭܹـǧ، ܵ ܼܐȏܵ ȁــȢܹ̈ ȁȨȥܼ ǧ ــ ǶȦǪ، ܼ .ǧܪ ȁܵ ــ ǧ ܵ ܗܘ ȉǫ̣ ȂȦǸܼــȡ ܵ ǵــǧ ̇ܕܗܘ Ȧȏܵ ȅܸ ــ ǻǶȦܼ Țܵ ǧܹــ ǧ ܿ ǵȁܵܘܘ ǳܵ Ȃȏȗ ܼ ǳ݇ ǹǩ ܼܿ Ȉ . ܼܐȡܼ ǳȅܼܿ ، ǧȏܵ ȁـǶ ܸܪǷǸ ، ǵܹȏǪܹܐȈܹـȗ ܼ ǵـȊ ܪܹ ȥܵـǧ ܵܕܗܘ ǳ݇ Ǹܼܿ ǧȢȈܵ Ƕǻܼ ܼܐܘ ܵܪܙǨ ܵܘǫȢ̣ܵ ܸȎ ǩǳǸـȦȂܼ ǫỊ̏ ǧܹـǹ̈ Ȏܼܿ ǧـǨܹ Ȩ ܸܕȎȨܵ Ǹـǧ ܵܘȉܼ ȅـǶ . ܿ ܵܗ Ǯȁܵــȉܹ ǫ̣ ȂȦǸܼ ǵــǵ ܼܕȈܵ ǶȉǸــȷ ܼܕܐ ܸܪȉܹ ̈ ȋــȁܵ ȷــǵܘǨ، ݇ܕܐ Ȧ̈ ȎܹܵــȈ ǧܹ ــ ȁܵ ȷــǵܘܘ ȷ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ǩǳȡȤǪܸ ܐ ǩȤȋǷǪܸ ȷȉȚ. ܸܨ ȤȚܼܘǵܹȈǦܹȘǪ ǧȎ ܵܕܨȷܹȈ ܵܘǶȋܼ ǨܹǷǸ ܼܕܝ ȁـǵܘǨ Ƕܼ ȡܼܿܘǧܹȋ. ܵܬ ǶȢܼ ȋܵ ،ǧȋܵ ܼܙܘܗܝ ǵȉǹܹ ȁȨȚܼ ܼܐȌܼܿ ȁـȉȘܹ ȁǳȁܼ Ȑـȡܵ ǵـǧ ܸܕȎȨܵ Ǹـǧ ݇ . ȕܸȘܼܿ ȦȤ ܼܿ Ȍ Ǹܼܿ ܬȤǪܼܿ Ƕȉܼ ȅܘܵ Ǩܘǵȁܵ ǧܹȏ̈ ȥܸ Ȥȕܼܿ ܸȘ ǫ̣ ȥܼܿ ȤǪܼܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ݇ ܵ ị̑ــǪ Ȑ ــ Ȩܪ ǪܼــǩȤȡǶ ܿܘܨ ȁȠǸܿــǨȨ، ܸܨ ȤȚܼܘ Ȏ ــ ȚǵܹȈ ܼ ǧــǶܪȡ Ǧܹȋــǧ ܕ ȎȨǸܸــ ǧ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܼ ܼ ̈ ܵܘȉܼ ȅــȨܼ ȁܵ Ƕܘȋܹــȁܵ ǧــǵܘܘ ܘ ،ܪ Ǫܵــȏܹ̈ Ȇȕȋܸ ǧܹــǧ ܼܘȂȈــȨ ܵܗܘܐȈــǵܘܢ ḛ̏ ܼــǶ

40 41 ܵ ݇ ܿ ̈ ܵ ǵȉǼܹ Ȉܸ ǶȚܼ ܼܿܙܕܬܬǨܹ ܕ Ȑị̑ ǧȌǹܵ Ȉܼ ܬ ǶǸܼܬ ȏܼ̈ țȈǶǭܼـǶܗܝ ܼܘȋـǵȉܹ Ȃܼ Ǫ̣ ܸȤȡǶ ̈ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ȡܵــ ǧ ܪȂȗܵــ ǧ ܵܘܗܘ ȋǦܵ Ǫܹ ــ ǫܹ Ȣȋܵ " : ǩȤــȏܼ ȋܸ Ȋــȃ ܼܐ Ȏܹ̈ــǧ ܼܿܙܕܬܬȨȈܼ ǨܘܪȂȔܵــ ǧ ܿ ܵ ܵ ݇ ܼܿܕǶȔ ܼ Ȥ ȅ ܼ ܟ ǩܘǶǫȉܼ Ȇ. ܼܿ Ȉ ܼܟ ȤȁȤܼ ȥܼܿ " ܼܘܗܘ ȂȗȤȈ ǵܹȈǦȡܹܵـȕܼܿ ȡܸ ǧـȨ ܼܘܗܝ ȗܼـȍ ݇ ܵ ܿ Ȩܼ ǫ̣ Ȕܵܘ Ȏܵــț ܼ .ǨȨܘܐȁــȂ ܼܿ ȇܕȥܼ Ƕܼ ȋــǶܗܝ ȁܵــǵܘȏȂܵ ȦǪܼܿ Ǩــǧ، ܪȂȗܵــǧ ܐ Ȃȋܼ ــ Ȥܹܗ: ܵ ܵ ܼ Ȃȉȋܼܿ ȷȈ ܵ ،ǧǹܵ ȂȎܼ ǧǹܵ ȂȎܼܸـȁ ܵ Ƿـǫ̣ Ǹܼܿ ǧـǩȤ ܕܕܐ ܸ ȁܿـǶܡ ܵܘȉܼܿ ȘȈـȍ، ܵܗ ܸܘܬ ܪ Ǫܵـǧ ܵ ܼܿ Ȍܵ Ȃȕܼ Ǫــ ȏȥܼ ǳȈ ܵ ǧــǶ ܼܟ ܘ ܿܐܘܦ ܸ Ȣܼ ȚȨ ȈــȨܘ ܼܟ ȂǪܼ ܼ ــȃ." ܵܗ Ǯȁܵــǭܼ ،ǵــǵܹȈǦǪܹ Ƕ ܬܪܹܝ ȏȗȴܵ Ǫܼܹܿــȕܹ ȁȴǻܼ ǧــǧ ܼܘܕȂȗــȤܹܗ ȤȚܼ ȠȈܘ Ȏܵــǧ ݇ܘܐ ȂȋܼــȤܹܗ: " ܵܗǨ، ܵܐ ܵܗǨ ܵ ܸ ܵ ܵܙ ܵܘǧǭ ܼܿܕȨܼ ȡܵ ȃȏܼ ȋܸ ǧܹȏȗȴǪܘ ܼܟ ." ܵ ،ܬ ǧȋܵ ܨ ȤȚܼܘ ǵȎܸ Ƕȋܼ ǧȎܵܪܹܗ ȡ ǧȡ ܵ ǧܵȂȗȤȈ ܵ ܵ ܸ ܵ̈ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܕ ܵ ܗܘ ǵȉܹ Ȃܼ ǫ̣ ȁ ܼ ǵȁ݇ ȷȈ ܐ ȃȎܼ݇ ܼܿܙܕܬܬǳȏܼ ȋܸ ǳ݇ ǹ ܼܿ Ȉ ȤțȕǪ ܸ ǳȅǩ ܼܿ Ǩܝ ȏܼ ȋܸـǶܗܝ، ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܐȷȈܸ ܼܐ ȇȁܼ ܵܕ ǧǼܵ ȂȦȚܼ ǧȏȥܵ ܼܿܕǳܼ ȁǳܼ ȁܘܬǨ، ܼܘǶȋ ܼ ܸܕȤȅܹܗ ǧȡܵ ܕܐ Ȏܼ݇ـȏȗȤǪܼ ȃܹـǧ ǧȏȁܵ ȷܹȈ ܕܕ ܼ ǶȂܼ ȁܗ ܐܸ ȷȈܵ ݇ܕܐ ǧܹȦ̈ Ȏܵ ܵܕǨȨܵ ȋ ! ܘǨȨȋܵ ǶǹȈܼ ǵ̇ ȉȁܵ ȷܹȈ ܼܿܕȢȋـȤܸ ̣ܒ ܿ ݇ ݇ ǳȏܼ ȋܸܝ ܕܐǧܹȎȴܹǸ ܵܕ Ȩܼ ȡܵ ǧȏȥܵܘܗܝ. ǳȎ ǧǫȉܵ ȅܼܿ ǧȅܼܵ ǦȈܼܹܐȈܹـị̑ ǵـȚǶܼ ȥܵ ȐـǶܗܝ ݇ ݇ ܘܐ ȤȂȋܼܹܗ : " ܸ !؟ǳȏܼ ȋǧܝ ܕܐǧȁܵ ǨȨȉܵ ǹܼܿ Țܵ ܹ ȎȴܹǸ ܨ ȤȚܿܘ ȷȈܵ ǧǫ̣ܵ ǻ، ܵ ǧȎܵ ܿܐܘܦ ܸ ܿ ܼܐ Ȩܸȗǳȁܵ ȨȎ݇ ܕ ܵ ǧȌܵ Ȕ ܵܙ ܵܘܕǩ ܕǧǪȴܹ ܸȗ ܸܘǩܹȴȢǪ ܵܕǭـǶ ܵܕܐ ݇ܗȋܵ Ǩ ܵـȦ̈ ȂȚܼ ǨȨܹـǧ ܵ ܵ ܵ ̈ ǫܹ ̈ ȂȉȔܼــị̑ ǧــȋܵ Ȑ ܵــȨܘܬǨܹ ܕ ܵ ȋ ــ ȴ ܵܘ ܼܬܝ ܵܐ ܼ ܬܘ ȁȳܹــ ǧ ܵܘܗ ܿܕ ܼܟ ị̑ــ ȋܵ Ȑ ܼــȤܝ ܪȂȗܵــ ǧ ܼ ܿ Ȩܿ ȁܵܘ ǧȋܵ، ܵܐ ȋܼ ȃȎܼـǵȉȋܿ ܸȤǸǶܘܢ ȉܼ ȗܼـǶܗܝ ǫܼ ǪܵـǶܗܝ ܘȌܼ ܸȁـǶܗܝ ܼܿܘȏǪ ̈ـȃ ܿ ܿ ܵ ؛Ȩܼ ȋܘܗܝ ǵȉܿ Ȃțܼ Ȃȥܼܘܢ ǨȨܵ Țܵ Ȑị̑ ܼܕܐ ܵܪǧȗ ܵ ܢܘܕȈـȌǸܹ ȳܼ ȷـǧ ܼܙܘ ȏܿ ǼǪܸـǵܘ ȊȆȈ ܼܕܐȨȁ ܵܗܘ ܿܐǵȈܘܢ. ܼܐǧȏܵ ȁ ܵܗȗǳܘ Ƕܼ ȋܼܿܪǧ Ȣȕܹ̈ Țܸ Ȑȋ ̣ ǵȉܹ ȁ ǩܹ ܼܿܕȏǪ ̈ـȋ ȃ ܿ ܵ ܼܐܘ Ȩȋܼܘܗܝ ܬܪܹܝ ǧܹȏȗȴǪܼܿ ܼܐȃܼ ȆǸ . ܐܸܢ ǶȈǦܼ Ȍȕܵ Ǫܵ ܼܟ ȈǶȢȥܿ ܼ ܢǶܿ ǫȥ̣ ، Ƕܩ ، ̰ ܿ ȗ ". ". ȃȈܼ ǳȡܵ Ȋȗ ܼ ǧȁܘܗܵ ǨȨܵ ȂǼǸܼ ܕ ܿ ܿ ݇ " Ƕȋܼ ܼܕܝ ܐܸܢ ܐ ǧܹȦ̈ Ȏܵ ܵܕȤȢܼ Ǫܵ ǨȨܵ ȋܝ Ȃȉܼ ȗܼـǵܝ؟ ܵܐ ȎܵـȈ ǧܹـȘǪܵ ȷܸـȐ ܼܿܕǫ̣ Ǹ ܼـȤܝ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܪȂȗܵـــțܸ Ȏ ǧـــǦǪܼ Ȋܘ ȎȠȈܵـــȋܼ ".ǧـــǵȎܸ Ƕܪܹܗ ܸܨȤȚܘȎـــǧ. ـــȁǵܗ ǫȉȅ ǮـــǮ ǧ Ǹܼܿ ǵȉǹܹ Ȃܼ ǫỌ̑ ݇ـǳ ،ܬܪܹܝ ȉܹ ̈ ȡܵـȷ ܘ ܼܿ ،Ȩܵ ȁȨܼ Ǹ ܼܐȁـȨ ݇ "ܐ ȂȋܼـȤܹܗ : ܵܗܝ ǫȥ̣ ܿـǵ̇ ȉȡܵ Ƕ : "ܐ

42 43 ܿ ̈ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ Ȑị̑ ǧǫ̣ܵ Ȕܵ ǳ݇ Ǹܕܼܿ ܠܗܼ ǧܹȏȋǶȁܵ ܝܹܪܬ ȇȁܼ ܐܼ ǧȁܵ ܗ݇ ܨܘ ǧȏܵ Ȃțȅܼ ǧȋܬ ȃȉȦܼ ȂȚܘܼ ܵ ܸ ܿ ܿ ȏ ܼܿ Ǫ ̈ـــȋ، ܵ ȃ ܼـــȨܢ ܼܐ ȏȁܼـــȃ ܼܕǼܵ ȂȉȚـــị̑ ǧـــȉǼܵ ȡܸ Ȑـــȷ ܘțܵȂȔـــȏܸȁǷǸܸ ، ǧܸـــǵ ، ܘ ȋ ــ ǵܸȏܸȉǪǶܼ . ̇ܗܘ ܵ ȆȎܵ Ƕܿ ǫ̣ Ȕ ــ ǧ ܗܘ ܼܹܐȈــȚǶܵ ȦǪܵ ȃــǧ ܵܕǫܼ Ǫــȃ ܘȌܼ ܸȁــȃ ، ܘȅܹــǧ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ Ȃܼܿ ǸܵــǺ ܵܗܘȗܼ ǨــȂܼ ǫ̣ ܹǭ ȊــǶ ܵܬȅܼܿ ǨــȦܵ Ǫܸ ǳــǶܪị̑ ǩــȐ ܼܐܬܪȈܼ ǩــǦܬܪǩ ܼܿܗܠ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܕǦȈ ȐȈǦܼ ܹǼȋܸ ܵܗǨȨȋܵ Ǩ ܼܿܘܗܪ ǵǪܵܘ ȋǶܵ ȁܵـȎܵ Ƕܿ ǫ̣ Ȕܵ ǧـȋ ܼ ǧـǵȉǹܹ ܸȂȎǶ ܘܐ Ȏܵـȋ ǧـǶ ܵ ܿ ݇ ̈ ܵ ܵ ȃȉȦܼ ȂȚܼ ܕǩȤȋܵ ȷȈ ". ܕǧܸȘȋܸ ܐ Ȥܿ ȂȔܼܗܘܢ ǧܹȏȂ̈ ȗܼ Ƕǭܵ ܕܪǧܵȂȗ ܵܘȉܼ ȡـǶܗܝ ܿ ȉܹ Ș݇ ȂǼȡܼــȌȅǳܵ ǹȈܼܿ ǵــțܹ Țȳܵ ǧــǧ ܼܿܗܠ ̣ܕȋــȕܼ ܸǮȎܵ ȐــȨܢ ȉȢܹ ȂȏǸܼــǭܵ ǵــǶ ̈ ܕ. ǧܹȘȋܸܕ. ܿ ܿ ܨ ȤȚܿܘ Ȏܵـــȅܼܿ ǧـــȢܵ Ȃȗܼ ǳـــị̑ ǧـــȐ ̇ܕܗ ܘ ǪȤܵ ȥܼـــȎܵ ǳȢܵ ȋܼ ǧـــǧ ܸܕǫܵ ȈـــǳȎ ǧܹܐȈܹـــǵ ݇ ܵ ܿ ܸ ܼܘǧȅȤܵ Ǫܸ Ȋȗܼ ǵȉǼܹ ȂȢȔ ܕܪǧܵȂȗ ܘܐ ȤȂȋܼܹܗ: " ǫ̣ Ǹܼܿ ǧȁܵ ȃܼ ȆǪܼ ܼـȤܝ ȆǪܼ ܼـȃ، ܿ ܵ ǵȉȢܹ țܸ Ȕ ܿܨ ܼܕܪܘ ܼܟ ̣ ـȐȋ ܿ ܕܕȳܕȂȔܵ ǶȎܼ ǧܹ̈Ȃǫȡܸ ǩܹ ܼـǶ ܼܟ ȁȴܼ ȋܼـǪ ".ǩܹȤܘ ȉܼ ȢܵـǶܗܝ Ǫܘ ܵ ܵ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܸ ǧܵȂȉǸǧ ܘ ܪ Ƕȥܼ Ȣܵ ȂȡܼܪܹܐȋǷܵ Ǫܸ ǵܹȈـǩȤ ܼܿܗܠ ܕܪȂȗܵـȈȷȉȥܹ ǧܹـȋ ̣ ǵـȂȆܼ Ǫܸ Ȑܵـȋ ǧ ܵ ܼܘܪܘ ǶǸܼܗܝ ǧ ܵ . ǵ̇ ȉǹܵ ȁȠȚܼܗ ǵǮȁܵ، ܪ Ƕȋܼ ܵȂȗܙǵܹȈǳܸȁ ݇ܘܐ ȤȂȋܼܹܗ Ȏܵ ǳܸȘܵ " :ǪـǪ ǧ: " ܕȈǦܼܿ ܹǼȋــȈܵ ȐــǦ ܵܗȋܵ Ǩ ــ ǨȨܵ، ܵܐ Ȏܵــ ǧ ܬܸܪȕȘܼܿ ȁܹــȏ̈ ȥ ܸ Ȥܹــȁܸ ǧــǶܢ ܵܗܘǨ، ܼܿܘǸ ܵــȤܬǨ ܵ ܿ ܼ ǶȚǧܪȡ ܵ ȃȈǦܼ ܹȋ ܕ ܼ ǶȎܿ ȴȌȗ ̇ܗ ܑܼ ܘǧȏܵ ȁ ܼܿ ܗܪ Ȑị̑ ̇ܕܗ ܵ ܘǨȠܵ Ǹ ̣ܘȋـȐ ̇ܕܗ Ǽܵ ǫ̣ ȥܼܿـǧ ܿ ǧȦܵ ȂǪܼ ܼܕȃ̈ ȏܼܿ ǫȈ ǵȉțܹ Ȃȥ ܼܐܘ Ȩȋܼܢ، ܼܐȋܼ ǧȡܵ Ȑܸȗǳȁܵ ȷܹȈ ǧȏܵ ȁـȡܵ Ƕ ܼـȨܝ ܵ ȈـȈ ȷ ǵȉȉܿ ȂǼȡܼܘܢ ، ȍܐܸ ȁ ܵ ȡ ܵ ȷȈܵܕܪ ܹ ܼ ȉـȡܵ ȃ ݇ـǳ ܡ ȂǪȴܼܿ ܸȗـǵܝ ̣ܘȋـȐ ܵܕܗܘ ȋǶܵ ȁܵـǧ ݇ ܿ ܵ ܗܘܹ ܼܐȃȈ ܪȂȗܵـǧ ܵܕȋ ܵـȌǹܵ ȉǪܼ ǨȨـǧ ܼܿܕȔܼ Ȥȅـȃ ، ̇ܘܗܘ ȏܼ ȋܸـǳܝ ܵܕȉܼ Ȃܼ Ǫ̣ ǵ݇ ȁـȃ ܵ ȃǫȉ. ǩȤȁȤܼ ȥܼܿ ȃǫȉ. ܼ ȅܼܿ ǧȡܘܵ ܝȨܼ ȡܵ ȷȉܹ ȋܵ ǧܹȅ ȷȉȂܵ ǹǪܼܿ ܵ ܵ ݇ ݇ ܵ ̇ ܿ ܵ ܸܨ ȤȚܼܘȎــǳȎ ǧܹܐȈܹــǵ ܼܘȉܹ ǫ̣ ȁȨȁــȗ ܼ ǵــȊ ܕ ܝܗ ȅȤǪܸــǧ ܐǸܹــȤܬǨ ܕܪȂȗܵــǧ ܸܘȏܼ Ȧ ܵ ȉǪـــǶܗܝ ܸ ȏǧ ܵ ǹ ܵ ȋȦ ــ ـ ܼܿܘȉȉȌܼ ȋـــǶܗܝ ȏܵ Ȉǳܵ Ȧȋܼܿـــǧ ݇ܐ ȂȋܼـــȤܹܗ : " ǫܼ Ȉܸـــȃ : " ܿ ܿ ܸ ǵȁܵ ǧܵȂȉǮܵ Ǫǧܘȡ ܵ Ǩ ܕܐܸ ܿܕǶȁܡ ǳǪܸ ܼܬ ǳ݇ ǹǪܼܿ ȐȢȚܸ ܼܕȉܹ ȁـǵ ܼ ܐ ȅܼ ܵـǶ ܼܬܝ؛ ȏܵ Ȇܵ ȁܼܿـǧ ܐ ܵ ܵ ".ǩȤȂțܼ ȥܼܿ ǧǭȤܵ ȋܼܿ Ǩܗܵ ܐܕܵ ȫܪܵ ȨȈܼܿ Ǩܘǵȁܵ ȃȥܼ ȤǮǪܸ ȷȉȂܵ Ǹܼܿ ǳ݇ Ǹܘܼܿ .ǧȋܵ ܘȨܿ ȁܘܵ

42 43 ܿ ܵ Ȣܼ̈ ȋܵــǶ ܼܿܙǵȁܝ Ǹ̈ ǶǼܿ Țܹــǧ ܘ ܼܬ ܼܪȁǶȔܹــȂܼ ǭʧ݇ ǷȈܵ ǧــǵȂȎܼܿ Ƕܝ ȴǼܼ ȥܸܘȎــ ǧܹ ܸܕȂǹȕܵ Ǫــ ǧܵ ܿ ܵ . . ܝǵȁܪܼ Ȩ݇ Ǫܵ ǩܪȨ݇ Ǫܵ ܘܘǵܵ ȁ ܵ ܿ ܿ ȏȂܵ ȗܼــǧ ܕܨ ȤȚܼܘ Ȏܵــǧ ܿܐܘȚــȉܵ ȂțȎܼ ǨܹǷ ̇ــȗܼ ǵــȊ ܪ Ȃȗܵــǧ ̇ܕܗܘ Ȣȕܵ Țܸــȅܼܿ ǧــǳ ܵ ܵ ܸܿ ǳ݇ Ǹܼܿ Ȋȗܼ ǧǫ̣ܵ ȁȨȁܼ ܼܐȂȢȥܼ ǩȤȕܵ ȁ ܵـȂ ǹȋܵ ǨǷܵـțܼ ȂȦǪܼ ǧـǶܪǩ. ܼܘǶȢȈ ܼܪǪـǶܗܝ ܵ ܵ ܵ Ƕǫȉܼ ȅܼܿܗܝ ǩȤȂȦܼ ȅܼܿ ܘ ܼܿ ؛ܙ ܼܗǧȢȕܵ țȈܸ ǩȤǼȏܵ Ǫ ܸ ǧǫ̣ܵ ȁȨȁܼ ǩȤȁ ܕǧǪȴܹ ̈ ܸȗ . ܼܿܘǳȅ ܵ ǧܨ ȤȚܼܘ Ȏܵــ ܼ ،ȡــǶ ܸܪȉܵ ȡܵ ǵܹȏǪــȁܵ ǵ݇ ȥܸ ȷــǧ ܵܘȤܿ ȅܘ ȁܵــǧ ܼܕțܼ ȂȥــǶܪȈǦܹǼȋ ǩܹــǵ ݇ ܸ ȁȨܵ ȏȈܵـــ ܗܝȨ ܼ̈ ܘ ܸܘǫܼ ȈـــǶܗܝ ܐ ȉܹ Ȃܼ ȅܼـــǵ ܵܕܨȈܹـــȷ ܘ Ǹܵـــȋܼ ǨܹǷـــǶ ܼܕܝ ȁܵـــǵܘǨ ݇ ܵ ǶȢܸܼ ȂȗǶȋܼܗܝ. " Ȍܵ ȉȥܵـȈܼ ǧـǶ ܼܟ ȁܵـǧ ܪȂȗܵـǫ̣ܵ ǻܵ ǧـǧ." ܐ ȂȋܼـȤܹܗ ܨ ȤȚܼܘ Ȏܵـǧ، ܸ ܿ ܵ ǧȅܕܼܵ ܗܕܼܿ ǧȡܵ ܟܼ Ƕȉܼ ȗܼ ǧȋܵ ܘܸ ܿ Ƕȡܼ ǵȉȁܹ ܝܕܼ Ƕȋܼ : ȡܸ ǶǪ" ܼ ܘܗܹȤ ǧȢܵ Ȃȡܼ ܪ ȷȉܵ ȢǪܵ ̈ ܟܼ ܘܪܼ Ƕțܼ Ȃȥܕܼ ǨȨȗܵ Ƕȉܿ Ǫܵ Ȑị̑ ܬǶȁܸ ǩܹܪܘǳܼ Ȧȋܵ ǧȢܹ̈ ȂȏǸܼ ȷȉܹ ȡܘܵ ǧܹȏ̈ Ȧܵ Ǹܸ ǧܹȏȅܼ ܸȳ ܼܿ "ǧȏܵ ȥܵ ܸȤǹȋ؟ "ȋ ̈ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܪȤǪܼܿ ǧܵȂȗ ܼܐ ܼܿܪǧܹȏ̈ ȥܸ ȤȕȘܼ Ǫ ܼܐ ǳǪܸ ȃܼ ȆǸ̰ ܵܗܘǨܹ ܵܗܘǨ، ܼܐǧ țܹ ȚǶȥܵ ǧȏܵ ȁ ܼܿܕǧȦܵ Ǹ ܿ ܿ ̈ ܵ ܵ ܿ ǵȁܵ ǧȕܵ ȁȤȚܼܘȊȗܼ Ǩ ܵܕܗܝ Ȩܼ ȚǨܘܗܝ .ǶȉȤ ܼ ȈǶܼ ǭ Ȩȁǵܼ ǭܗܝ، ܼܐ ǧȅܵ ȥܼ ȇȁܼ ̰ ݇ ̰ ܵܕȂȗȳܹــȏ̈ ܹ Ȇȕȋܸ ǧܹــ ȂȉǪܸ ،ǧܹ̈ــȁܵ ǧــǵܘܘ ܼܘȁȴȗǶȋܹــ Ȍȥܼ Ƕǭܼ .ǧــǶܗܝ ȉܵ Ȃǹȋܼــ ȷ ݇ ܼ ،ǵܵ ȁܘǨ ܹܘǧȡǶܵ Ȕܵ Ȋȅ ȊȂǪ ݇ܘܐǩǳǸܵ ǧȎܵ ȤܹǸ ܼܿܬȁܵ ǧǼܵ ȉȚܵ ǨȨǹܵ Ȏܸـǵܘị̑ ǨـȐ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܼܿ .ܨ ܼܕܪܘܗܝ ǧȢȂȗܼ ܗܘ ǶȦǪܼܪȤȁǶȎܼ ǧȁܹܗ ܕǷǸܹܐǵܹȈ ܸܨ ȤȚܼܘȎـǧ ܼܗ Ƿȋܼܘȋܹـǧ، ܼܐị̑ ǧȏܵ ȁـǪܵ Ȑ ݇ـȨܪ ܼܕȚـȤȅܸ Ƕܹܗ ȂǪܼ ܼـǶܗܝ ȁǦܼ ܵȂȉȋܸـȚܼ ȨـǶܪȡܵ ǵܹȈǦܹȋـǧ ܵܕܗܘ ݇ ܨ ȤȚܼܘ ǵȁܵ ǧȦܵ ȁȤȚܼ ǧ ȎܵܘȐị̑ Ǩ ݇ܐȎȴܹǸܹـǵ ܵ ، ǧܗ Ǯȁܵـǭ ǵ ܼـǶ ܸܘ ȉǪܹ : ܵܐ Ȏܵـȕܼܿ ܸȗ ǧـȗ Ȥ ܿ ܿ ̰ ܿ ܸ ܝǵȁȴܼ Ȃȋܼ ܐ݇ ȍȗܼ ܹǹȁȴȔܼ Ǩܹܬȴܼ ȂȦܼ ȗǧ ܵ ǧȌȅܵ ǳ݇ Ǹܼܿ ܕ ȐȌܼܿ ȁܐܼ ȃȈܐܼ ܘܗܵ Ȩȁܐܼ ǧܹȏ̈ ȥ ܸ ܿ ȴǻܿܘǧܹȎ ܼܨȉǹܿ ȂȚـǵܘܢ ȗܼـȋܵ Ȋ ܼܿـȨܢ Ȃܵ ȏȂܵ ȥܼܿـȉȉܿ ȂǼȡܼ ،ǨȨـǵܘܢ ǫܼ ǫܵ ȈـȈ ȃ ܿ ܘȃȌܼ ܸȁ ܘǵȂȉȆܼ Ȉܝ ܢǵȉǫܿ ȂȉȔܼ ، Ȩܵ ȋܵ ȃ̈ ȏܼܿ Ǫܘ ܢ Ȑȏܼܿ ܵȂȏܸ̈ ȢȈ ܼܘܬǵȉǹܿ ȂȈܘܢ ̈ ̈ ǫȈܵ ܼܿــȨܢ ܼ ܘȋـــǵȉܿ Ǫܸ Ƕܘܢ ܢȏǫܵ Ȉ ܼܿــȌܵ Ǹ ܵ Ȩ ̈ـــȂǫȦǪܸ ǨܹȨܵــǧ ܼܘܙܘ ȏܿ ǼǪܸـــǵܘܢ ܼ̈ ȌȈــȐ. ȏܼܿ ȆȈܵ Ƕ ܵܐ ȎܵــȂȥǶǻ ܼ ǧܵــǧ ܵܗܘܐ ܼ Ȉــȃ ܵ ܪȏܼ ǭــǪ ܵ ȃ ݇ــȌȅܵ ǳ݇ Ǹܼܿ Ȩــǧ ܼܿܬ ȥȳܹܵــǧ،

44 45 ܨ ȤȚܼܘ Ƕȉܼ ȡ ܵ ǧȎܵܗܝ ܼ ǶȚǶܼ ȦǪܵ ǵܹȈǷȁȤǪܼ ، ǵȉȘܹ ȂǼȡܗܝ ̇ܘܗܘ Ȣܼ ȋܵـǶ ܼܙܘܗܝ ܵ ܸ ܼ ܙǶȗܪȷȈܵ ǧǹܵ ȁǶȥܼ ǩ ܼܿܗ ǳȏܼ ȌȈܸ ǧܹȎǶȌȁܼܝ ܕǷǸܹܐǵܹȈ. ܵܘȨܼ ǫ̣ Ȕܘ Ȏܵـȋ̇ ǨȨـǵܘ ܵ ݇ ݇ ǧǫܵ ȏ݇ ܹǭ ܐǵ̇ ȉǹܵ Ȃȥܼ ،ǧȎܵ ȤܹǸ ܘǵȥܹ ܵܐȈܵ ،ǵ̇ ȈـȗǳȂܵ Ǫܸ ȷـȋܼ ǧـǶ ܼܕܝ ܼ .ȡـǶ ܸܘ ȡ. ǵȉȋܹـǶ ܵ ܼܐǳȅܵ ، ǧȏܵ ȁ ܼܕȤȂȗ ̇ܗ ǵȈܵ ܿܘǶȎ ̇ܗ ، Ȩܿ Țܵܘ ̇ܗ ǳȏ݇ ȋܸܪܹܫ ܼ ȉǹܵ ȂȢȚـǵ ܼ ܘȈǳܵ ȁȤȚ ̇ـǵ ܘȁȤȚ ܵ ̣ ȋǨــǸܼܿ Ȑ ܼــǳܘ ܵܬ ̣ܘȋــȥܵ Ȑ ܵــǶܬǨ ܼܕȎــǶܪǩ، ܵܗ Ǯȁܵــȉȉܵ ȁȨȚܼ ،ǵــ ȤȚܼ ȠȈ ǵ̇ܘ Ȏܵــǧ ܵ ܸ ܿ ܵ ݇ ܵ ݇ ܬ ܼܗǩȤȁ ܘܐ ȤȂȋܼ ̇ܗ : " ȅȷܼܵ ȉܼ ȋܼܿ ǧȁܵ ȃȉȅܼـǧ ܵܕǫ̣ ǻ ܵـȉȅܼ ،ǨȨـȈܵ ȃـȷ ܐܙȈܸـȨ ̈ ܵ ܿ ". ". Ǩܹܬܬܕܙܼܿ ܝܹܬܪܸܬ ܟǶȏܼ Ǫ̣ܵ ǵ݇ ȁܘܵ ǧȌǹܵ Ȉܼ ȐܵȂțȁܕܵ ܠܗܼܿ ܼܿܗ ܼܵܕȅــȨܼ ǫ̣ Ȕܵ ،ǧܘ ȎܵــȂȦܼ ȅܼܿ ǨȨ ܵــȤܬȉܼ ȡܵ ،ǨــǪ ،ȨȁǦܼ Ȉܵ Ƕܘ Ȏܼ݇ Ǧܵــȃ ܨ ȘǪܵ ܿــȨܘ ̇ܗ ̈ ܿ ܸ ܿ ܿ ܵ ݇ ܨȥȡ ܼ ǧܹ̈ȂȘȎـǶܪܹܐȤ ܼ ǵ̇ Ȉܪ ܼ Ȉǩܘ ȡܹـȆ ܼ ǧـǳȎ̈ Ƕܹ ܼܕȦȂܵ ȈـǫȘ̣ܵ Ǫ ܸ ،ǧ ܵـȂȌȉǻܼ ǩǳܵـǨܹȨ ܵ ܵ ܸ ܵܘțܼ ǻـــǵȂȁܼܿ Ƕܝ Ȏܼ ȨǪܵـــǶܪȈܵ .ǩـــȷ ݇ܐ ܼܙȉܵ ȁـ ̇ــǵ ܪ ǪܵـــȌǹܵ Ȉܼܿ ،ǧـــȈǦțȁܹ ǧܹـــǵ ̈ ܵ ܘ ȉȢܹ ȂȌȔܼ ̇ ــȨǫ̣ Ȕܵ . ǵ ܼܘ ȎܵــǨȨ، ܵܕȈــȂܵ ȉȅܵ ȷــȂȢȗܼ ،ǨȨــȤ ̇ܗ ܬܸܪܬܹܝ ܵܙ ܵ ܕܬܬǨܹ ܕܬ ܵ ̇ ܵ ݇ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܼܕܕȁǦܼ ȏȉȁــȁȨܼ Ȃțȁܼ Ȩــǵܝ ܗܘȡ Ǩــǧ ܸܨ ȤȚܼܘȎــǧ ܘǵȁ ܼ ܗܝȉȂܼ ǫ̣ ȁــȡ ǵ ܼــȨܘ . ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ̇ ܵ ܸܨ ȤȚܼܘǳǸ ǧȎܹܐǵǪ ǵܹȈܘ ȈǦ ، ǨȨȏȋܸ ǵܹȏȂȘǻܼ ،ǧǼȉȚܹـǵܘǸܵ ȤȚ ܹ ǼȔـȈǦ ǧܹـǵܘǼȔ ȋǶ. ȋǶ. ܵ ȁܵ Ǻȋܨǧ ܵ ܕ ȫܪܵ ȨȈܼܿ ܿ ܵ ܨ ȤȚܼܘ ǧǸܵ Ȥț Ǫܸ ǳȅܼܿ ǧȎܵ ܘ ǧܵȂǹȋܵ ܼܿ (ܗ ȦȌ ܼ ȗܼ ǶȦȋܼـǭ (ǶـǪܵ Ƕȗܼ Ƕـǧ ̈ܕȂȌܼܿ ȥܵـǧ ܵ ܿ ܸ ܼܨǵ ܼ ȤܵȂǸ ،ǨȨܵ ȂȚܘܗܝ ǧȢȕܵ Țܸ ǳ݇ Ǹܼܿ Ȋȗܼ ȉܹ ȂțȎܼ ܕǧǪ ܹ ȴܸȗ ܘȗܸ ̈ـȂȗȤǪܸ ǨܹǷܵـǪ ǧ Ȥȁܿ ǧǭȤܵ ȋܵ ǳ݇ Ǹܼܿ Ƕǭܵܘ ǧȡܵ ؛ ȨǪܵ ȷȉܵ ȂȢȔܼ ܵܗȦȁȴȚܼ ǩܹȳܹـǧ ܸܕǹȢ̈ Țܹـǧ ܘȉܹ ̈ ȉܵ ܸǭـȷ ܿ ܵ ̈ ܿ ǧȏܵ ȅܼ ܸܪ ǳ݇ Ǹܘܼܿ ǧǫ̣ܵ Ȃܼ ȅܬܼ ǧȢȦܵ ȋܼ ǳǹǪܼܿ ǧȁܵ Ȥ̰Ǯ Ǫܸ ǨܹȨܵȂȢȥܘܼ ǧܹȁȴȆǪܸ ǧȏܸܵ Ȃȥܘܗܘܼ ܿ ܵ ܿ ̈ ̈ ̈ ܵ ܿ ȏܵ ȂȎǵܼ ȋܼــǧ. ܘȨܼ ǪܘȂȗȳܵــǨܹȨ ܸܨȂȚــǧ ܘ Ȃȉ ȥܸܹــǧ ܼܐȆȁــǧ ܼܕȂǻــȦȁȴȚܼ ǩܹȴܹــǧ ȂȈȠܵ Ǫܸܵــȁܵ ǧــǵܘܘ، ȁܵ ȨȦܵ Ǫܸــǧ ܸܘȂǹȕܵ Ǫܵــǧ ، ܵܘȡ ̈ــȋǳܼ Ǫܸ ǨܹǷــǶ ܵܬǨ ܕܐܸ Ȏ̈ ǶțȈܼܹــǧ ̈ ܵ ̈ ̈ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܙǶȗ ܼܪܘȗܼ ǧǻܵ Ȥ̰ Ǯ Ǫ ܸ ǧܹȎـȚ ȊـǨȨ ܕܐ Ȏܼ݇ـȎܵ ȃـǩܹȳǶ ܨȂȚܹـǧ ܸ .ܕȂȋܵـǧ ܘǭـǨܹǵ ܵ ܸ ǵȁܵ ǧȦܵ ȌǼܵ Ǫܸܘܘ ǧܵȂȋܸ̈ Ƕǭܵ ܸܘǳȏܼ ȌȈܸ ǧǼܵ Ȣȉܵ Ǫܝ ܸܕȉܵ țȏǪـȁܵ ȷـǵܘȡܵ Ǩ ݇ـǳܡ

44 45 ܵ ̈ ܵ ȉȡܼ ܸȤțȋــị̑ ȃــȐ ܙǸܸــǨܹ Ȩ ܘȕ ܹ ̈ ȆܸȎــǧ ܕܐ ܵܗȅܸ Ǩ ܵــȨܘ Ǩ ܼܕȉܹ ȁــǵ ܼܕȂȗ ܵــǭܵ ǨȠــǶ ܿ ܼ .ܐ ȃȉȡܼ ܼܿܗ Ƕȁܼ Ƕܼ ǫṇ̀ ȋܼܿ ȃǫܼ Ȉܸ ،ȐȌȁܸܗܝ ǵȉȁܹ . ܘܐܸܢ Ȭȋܵ ȷܹȈ ،ȷȈܵ ܵ ܕǸȤܸ ȚـȐ ܕȚ ܸ ܵ ܸܘǪـȦȂܸ Ț ǳـǶȚܼ Ȑ ܵܪǼܹȚـǼ̈ ȢǪܵ ǧܹـ "ȏ̈ Ȃțȅܼ ǧǨܹـǧ ܵܕȋ ܵـȨ . ܵܗȉȅ݇ Ǩ ܼـȃ ، ܼܘȚــȠܝ ܿ ܵ ǵܹȈȠȂȌǸܼ ȃȦȂܼ Ȉܼ ،ǧȏܵ ǸǷܵ Ǫܼܿ ǩȤȂǻܼܿ ǧȁܵ ȃȏܼ ȋܸ ܵܘܬ ǶȎܼ ܼܪܝ ܵܗ ȈܵـȈܹ ȷـȉȁܹ ȷـǵ ܿ ܵ ݇ ܵ ݇ ǩȤȂܼ Ǯȥʧ ." ܐ ȤȂȋܼ ̇ܗ Ȩܼ ǫ̣ Ȕܵܘ Ȇܼܵ Ȉ ܼ .،ǧ ǧǪȤܵ ȆǪܵ ǨȨȎܵ ܨ ȤȚܼܘ ȎܵـǹǪܼܿ ǧ ݇ـǳ ܼܪȏܵ ȅـǧ ܸ ܿ Ȥܿ ȅܵܘ ȁܵــȚܼ ǧــǶ ܸܪǵȉܹ Ț ݇ܘܐ ȂȋܼــȤܹܗ ȅܼ Ȥܼ ܵȂǸ" :ȨȚــȃ ܿܘ ȉȈܹــȈ ܵ ǵــǦ ܵܗǫܵ ȏ݇ ܹǭ ǨــȈ ǧــǦ ܿ ܵܗ ǮȁܵــǪܸ ǵــȗǳܵ ȁܵ ǳ ــ Ȩܝ ܹܕȈــȁܸ ȷــǶܢ Ǧܼ ǻܵܘȈܹــȆܼ Ȍܼܿ ȗܼ ȷــȁܵ ȃــ Ȩܼ ǫ̣ Ȕܵ ǧܘ ȎܵــǨȨ Ȇܼ ȁȤǪܼ ܵــȁ ܵ .ǨȨܐ Ȏܵــǧ ܪ ܹ ܿ Ȇܼ Ǯܼــȃ، ܵܐ ܵܗǫ̣ ǻܵ Ǩ ܵــǫụ̑ ǨȨ ܼــǶ ܵܕȡܵ ǵ̇ Ȉ ܼــȨܝ ȋǶܵ ȡܵــǧ ܿ ܵ ܿ ".ȤܸǮʧ ȥܵ ȃȅܼ ܪܼ ǶȎܼ ܬܘ ȃȅܼ Ȥܼ ܸȁܗܼܿ ȁȤܵ ȋ ܵ ܕǧ ܿ ܿ ܵܐ ܵܗǭܵ Ǩ ܵـȅܼܿ ،Ǩǵـȉܵ ȂȢȥܼ ǳـȉܼ Țܼ ȴțǪܼ ǨȨـȨܘܗܝ ، ܵ Ȩܼ ǫ̣ Ȕܘ Ȏܵـȉܵ ȉ ȁȨȚܼ Ǩ Ȩ ̇ـǵ ȉܿ ǪܵـǶ ̇ܗ ǫܵ ȏܹ݇ǮȈܵـǧ ܕܨ ȤȚܼܘ Ȏܵـǧ ܘǷǸܹ ܵܐȈ ̇ـȆȈܸ ǵ ܵـȨܘǨ ܕ Ȃȗܼ ܵـȁܵ Ǩ Ƞـǵܘǭܵ Ǩــ Ƕ ܿ ܸ ܿ ܼܐ Ƕȉȡܼܗܝ. Ƕǫܿ Ȉܸ ̇ܗ Ƕȉܼ ȗܼ ǵܹȈǳȂȡܼܗܝ ܼܘܪǧǪǶܵ ǹǪܵ ǵ̇ ȉȦܵ Ȃȗ ܕȁܵ ȷܹȈـǵܘǨ ̇ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ̇ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܼܗ Ƕȉȗܼ ǧܹȎǶȌȁܼܗܝ . ܗǵȉȂȢȥܼ ،ǵǮȁ ܸܨ ȤȚܼܘȎـǭ ǧـǹȈܼ ǶـǨȨ ܼܕܐȁـǳܘܗ ܼܘȉȦܵ ȁȤǭ ــ ǵ̇ ̇ܗܘ ȅܸ ܵــȨܘȤܼ Ǹܼܿ Ǩܘ Țܵــ ǧ ܼܿܘȏܵ ȗܵ ܸȤȌȋــǧ ܼܕȁ ܵــǵܘǸܼ ܸȤǭ Ƕȋܼ ǨــǶܗܝ. ܿ ܨ ȤȚܼܘ ȎܵــȉȦܹ ȁȤǭܼ ǧــǸܼܿ ǵ ݇ــȡǶܵ Ȕܵ ǳــȡܵ ǶȌܼ ȗܼ ǧــǧ ܼܿܘǸ ݇ــȉܵ ȡܵ ǳــȷ ܿܕܐܘ ܼܟ ị̑ــȐ ݇ ܸ ܿܨ ܼܕܪܘܗܝ ȉǼܹ ȂȉȚܼــȏܼ ǭܵ . ǵــǶܗܝ ȉǹܵ ȂȎܼ ̇ــǵ ܘܐ ȂȋܼــȤܹܗ : " ܿܐܘ ܿܘ ܿܘ ܿܘ ܼܟ، ǭܵــǶ ̇ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܼ ǶȚܼ ܼܪܕ ǧȕȁܵ ܵܗ ܼܘܝ ȃȆܼ ǫܼ Ǫܵ ܘȆܼ Ȍܼ ܸȁـȃ. ܐ Ȏܵـȅܼ Ȩܼ ǫ̣ ǻܵ ǧـȈܹ ȃـȏܵ Ȧȏܸ ȋܼ ȷـǪܸ ، ǵـǳ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ǸȤܸ Țܼــị̑ ȐــȐ ܼܬܪ ȥܵــȨȈܼ ǧܪ ȥܵــǧ ܘ ȂǪܼܿــȢܼ ȋܵ ǳــǶ ܼܙܝ ܿܙǶȗ ܼܪܘ Ȏܵــ Ǫܸ ǧــ Ȧțܸ Ȇȋܼܿ ǳــ Ȑ ܿ ȕȂܹ ̈ ȡܼܿــȡܵ ǧــǧ ܵܬ ȎܼــǶ ܼܪ ȃȅܼ." ܼܿܘȅــǳ ܨ ȤȚܼܘ ȎܵــȉȢܹ ȁܼ Ȩȥ ǧــȨܼ ǫ̣ Ȕܵ ،ǵܘ ȎܵــǨȨ ܸ ܵ Ȥܼ ȋܘ ǵ̇ ȈǦܹȚܵ ̇ܗܘ Ȩܵ ȅܸܘ Ƕǭܵ Ǩ ܵܬ ǶȎܼܪȕȂܹ ̈ ȡ ܼܿ .ǩـȉܿ Ȇܼ Ȃܼ ǫỊ̏ ǧـǵܘܢ ܵܘܬ ȎܼـǶ ܿܪܘ ̇ܗ ܵ Ȉ. ǧܵȂțȂܵ Ȉ. ܸ ǧܵȂǼȋ ܸ ǵȉܹ ǫ̣ ȁȨȁܼ ǩܪǶȎ ܼ ǳ݇ ǹǪܼܿ ǳ݇ Ǹܘܼܿ ǵܹȈǳȁȤȚܘܼ ǵȉȢܹ ȂȌȔܼ

46 47 ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ȉȡܵـــȏܵ ܵȂȎǵȋܼ ȷـــǧ ܕܙȋܸـــǩȤ ܘ ܼܕ ȎǳȎܼـــȉȢܹ ȂȏǸܼ ǨȨـــǭ ǵـــȉǪܵ ǶـــǨȨȗǶ ܵܕȨܼ ǫ̣ Ȕܘ ȎܵــǨȨ ܼܘȦȋــǶܪܹ ܵܐȂȕܵ ǮǪܸ ǵ̇ ȈܵــȂȌǻȴܼܿ ǻܼܿ ǧܵ ــ ȕȂܼ̈ ȡ ܼܿ " : ǨܹȨــȁȴǪܼ ȃ ــ ǨܹǷ ܿ ܿ ܵ ǧȏȁܵ ܼܘȷȈܵ Ƕȉǻ ܿܕܨȂȉܼ ȗܼ ǧǫ̣ܵ ȁȨȁܼ ǵȉȁܹ ȷܹȈ ǩȤȚـǵܝ، ȡܵـȋܼ ǧـǶ ܼܕܝ ȏȁܵـǧ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܼ ܸ ؟țܼ ȉǸ ǧȁȤܵ ȋܵ ǧȁܵ ǵܵ Ȍܵ Ḛ̑ ǪǨـǶ ܼܟ ܵܗ ܵܘȁـȐ ܵܗܘȦȂܼ Ȉܼ ،Ǩـȃ ܐ ܼܵܕȁـǪܸ ǧـȌܸ Ǹܵ ǳـȠ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵܘܬ ȎܼــǶ ܼܪܝ Ȉܹــȉȁܹ ȷــǮȦʧ ݇ Ǫܸ ǵــǩȤ، ܐ ݇ܗȋܼ ǨــǶܕ ȏܵ Ǽܵ Ȕܵــȉȁܹ ǧــȂܼ ǫụ̑ ǵــǩȤ ܵ ".Ƕܼ ǭܘܗܝ ܼܿ Ǩܗ ܼܵܕȨܼ ǫ ̣ Ȕ ܵ ǧȅܘ ȨȎܵ ܗܘ ܵ ܹܐǧܹȋǶǻȤܼ ǻܼܿ ǵ ̇ Ȉ ܋ ܼܬȂȈـȣ ܵܗܘܐ ܵ Ȉ ̇ـȈ ǵ ܵ ܵ ܿ Ƕȉܿ ȗܼ ̇ܗ ، ܘǵȁܵ ȷܹȈܘǶȋܼ ǧȗǳȂܵ Ǫܸ Ǩ ܼܕܝ ǩǳܵ ǫ̣ ȗ . . ܿ ݇ Ȉ̇ــǵܘ ǫܵ ȏ݇ ܹǭــǧ ݇ܐȎܵ ȤܹǸــǧ ܵܕȋــ Ǹܼܿ ،Ǩ Ȩܵ ݇ــǳ ܨ ȤȚܼܘ Ȏܵــǹܵ ȁȤǭܼ ǧــȁܵ ǧــǵܘȗܼ ǨــȊ ܵ ܸ Ƞܼ Ǹܵܘܗܝ ǧܹȁǶܼ ȅǶ̰ ḛ̏ܵ ܸܘǵǪܵ ǧǪǦ̣ܵ ܹȅ Ȑị̑ ǧȁܵ ǵȏܵ Ǫܝ ܕ Ǹܼܿ ݇ـȅܸ ǳ ܵـȨܘǨ ܕ ȉȋǶǭܼـȷ ܿ ܼܕǵȁܵ ǨȠܵ ȂȗܘǶǭܵ Ǩ ܼܐ Ƕȉȡܼܗܝ ܿܙǶȗ ܼܪܘ ǨȨȎܵ. ܨ ȤȚܼܘ ǵȁܵ ȷܹȈ ǧ Ȏܵܘȁܵ Ƞȋܵ Ǩـǧ ܵ ܸ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵܕǵȉȥܹ ܸȤǭ ܘ ǵȉǼܹ ܸȉȚ ܐǵȁܵ ǧȁܵ Ƞȋܵ ȷȉȚܘǨ ܕ ȁܼܿ ǩܹǳȎܵـȐ ܕȚـȤ ܸܚ . ȅܼܿـǳ ܵܗܘ . ܿ ܿ ǵǪܼܿ ܼܵܕǧȅ ܼܙܘ Ȉܵـǵ ܵܙȏȂܼ ȗܼ ، ǨـǶܗܝ ȉܵ ȂțȎܼ ̇ـȗܼ ǵـȊ ܬܸ ȏȎܵـǧ ܸܕȢܵ ܵȂȕ Ǫـȁܵ ǧـǵܘǨ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܘ ܸ Ȑị̑ ǧܵȂțǹǪ ܕܪܬǨ ܕȨܼ ǫ̣ ȔܘǨȨȎ . ܸܨ ȤȚܼܘǧȎ ܼܬܘ ǵܹȏȌǸܸ ܕȋȨȈ ǧܹǼȋـǧ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ǧȋǶܵ ȡܵ ܵܕǸܼܿ ǺܸȆȦ̰ ȋ ݇ـȤȚܼ ǳܨܘȚـǧ ܼܕܗȁܸـȤܹܗ ܘȉȡܹ ܸȤȚـị̑ ǵـȏܼ ȡǶܵ ȗ ȐـǶܗܝ. ܼܿܘܗ ܼܵܕǧȅ ، ܕܪܹܐȷȉȂܵ Ǹܼܿ ǵܹȈ ܼܘǳȅܼܿ ǵȉǹܹ ȁȤȚ ܿܨ ȠȎܼܘǧǪǦ̣ܵ ܹȅ Ȑị̑ ǧܹȎ . ܼܐǧȏܵ ȁ ܼܿܗܪ . ܿ ܼ ȋܼــȏܼ ǭܵ ǵܹȈǦܵȂǼȋܼ ǶــǶܗܝ ȋܵ ȨȈܵــǧ ܼܘȉǹܹ ȁȤǭ ــȗܼ ǵــǸܵ Ȋ ــ Ƞ ܼܘܗܝ Ƕȡܼ ܵܪǪــ ǧ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܬܙ. Ǩܬܙ. ǵ݇ Ȉܸ ܘܙܼ ܘ Ǩܬǵȁܘܬ ܼ ܟܼ ܕܼ ܗܵ ܝܗܘܵ ǨȨȎܘȨܼ ǫ̣ Ȕܕܵ Ȩܼ ǫ̣ Ȕܵܘ ȋǶǻȤܼ ǻܼܿ ǨȨȎܹܵـȁܵ ǧـǵܘị̑ ǨـǮȦܼ ܿ ȂǪܼ Ȑ ܼـǳܘ ܿܬܘ ̇ܗ ܼܐȌܼܿ ȁـȐ ܕܨ ȤȚܼܘ Ȏܵـǧ ܸ ܿ ܿ ܕܪܹܐȷܹȈǶȚȤܼ Țܼ ȷȉܵ ȡܵ ǵܹȈ: " ܵܐ Ȇܼ țܼ ȉǸܵ ǧȎܵـȁܵ ȃـǧ ܿܬܘ ܼܬܘ ǫ̣ ǻܵ ܵـǨȨ ܼܿ ܗȁܸ ܼـȤܝ ." ܗ ܿ ǦȈܵ ܵܗǨ ݇ܐ ȤȂȋܼܹܗ ǳȅܼܿ ܵܗܘ ǧܹǻǶȦܼ Țܵ ܼܐ Ƕȉȡܼܗܝ Ȩܼ ǫ̣ ȕȈܵܘ ȎܵـǨȨ ܵܕȈǦܵ ȁǷܵ Ǹ ̇ـǵ . ݇ ܿ ܿ " ܼܐ ǧȆȁܵ Ǧȋܼ ȨȎ݇ ܐܬܹ ܼܐǶȈ ܼܟ Ȩܼ ȡܵܝ ǦǪܵ ܵܗȎܵ ǳܵ ܸȗ Ǩـȅܼ ǧـǨȨȋܵ Ƕ، ܵܐ ȎܵـȦܵ ȂǪܼ ǧـǨȨ ܿ ܵ ܵ ̇ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܕǶܼ ǭ̰ ". ȃȈǦܼ ܵȂȉȋ ȃȏܼ ǭ ܸܘȨܼ ǫ̣ Ȕܵ ǵȉǪܘȉȢǪܵ ǨȨȎـȤ Ǹܵ ȷܘ Ȕܵـǧ ܼܘȏܵ ȂǫǪـǧ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ ǵܹȈǦ ܸ ǧȅܼ ǦȈܼ . ȨȁȨܼ ȡǨܨ ȤȚܼܘǧȎ ܬǶȁܸ ȷܹȈǶȚȤܼ Țܼ " : ܹȎܢ ȁܵ ȃܼ Ȇܼ ȂǪܼܼـǧ ܬܘ ܼܬܘ

46 47 ܵ ܿ ̇ ܿ ̇ ܿ ȨǼȂȌȡܼܘܗ ȁܵـǵܘȳܵ ܸǳǸܵ ǨܘȎܹـǧ ܵܕǸـȠܘܗ ܼܘܐ ȁܼـǸܼܿ ȇ ݇ـǼܵ ȂȔܼ ǳـȁȨȚܼ ǧـǨȨ. ܵ ܘܬǧܹȆ̈ Țܸ ǶȚܼ ǨȨܵ Ȉ؛ ǧܬܪܹܝ ܿ ȂȎܵ ȳܵ Ƕǭܹ ܼܿ ܘȋܵ Ƕȅܼ ǳ݇ Ǹـǧ، ܼܿܬ ȨȎܼܘ ̈ Ȉܹـȁܵ ȷـǵܘܘ ị̑ـȐ ܵ ܕܸ ȏȚܿــǶ ̇ܗ ܼܿܕȏܵ ȂȌܼ ȁ ــ ǧ. ܼܿܘǸــȤܵ Ǫܸ ǳܘ Ȏܵــ ȋܵ Ƕȅܼ ǧــǧ ܼܕܪȁ ــ ȁܵ ǨȨــǵܘȡܵ Ǩ ــ ǳ݇ܡ ܵܕܗܝ ܵ ݇ ܵ .Ȕܿ ȤȅــǶ ̇ܗ țܵ Ȃȥܼــȅܼܿ ǨȨــțȕǪܸ ǳــȦȂܿ ȉȈܼܿ ǩȤــǶ ̇ܗ ܵ ܕȌܹ ǸــȨܼ ǫ̣ Ȕܵ ، șܘ ȎܵــǨȨ ، ܕǸ ̈ ܵ ̇ ܿ ܵ ݇ ܵ ܵ ܵ ݇ ܿ ̇ ܵ ȉǫ̣ ȁȨȁܼــȗܼ ǵــǸܼܿ Ȋــǳ ܼܕܘȥــǧ ܼܕȏȂǻــǧ ܘȎܼ ǦǪــȃ ܸܨȘǪــȨܘܗ ȈǶȉܼ ȡܹــȷ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ̇ ܿ ܵ ܵ ̇ ܵ ܼ ǶȥܪܹܐǶȥǶȆǪܼ ȷȈǷܸȗ ǧȡܹ Ƕȕܼ ȋ ǵȈܗ ܼ ǧȏȘȉȡ ܼܐ ȃȏȁܼ ܼܿܕܨ ܼܪǶȎܗܝ ȂȉǪܸـǧ . . ǧܹȏ̈ ȥܕܸ ǨȨǹܵ ȉțܼܿ ȋܼܿ Ȑị̑ Ǩܘǵȁܵ ̇ ܵ ݇ ܵ ݇ ݇ ܿ ̇ ܿ ̇ ܵ ܵ ܵ Ȩܼ ǫ̣ ȔܘȎــȋܼ ǨȨــǶ ̣ܬȥǶȅܼ ǵȉǪܸــǶܗ ǹȈܼ ــ ǫȏܹǭ ǳــ ǧ ܘܐ ܼܙȉȁ ــ ǵ ܼܿܨ ȠǸܼܘȁܹــ ǧ ܼܿ ȦȂܿ ȈــǶ ̇ ܗ . ܼܙȌܵ ȁــȁܵ ǧــǵܘǨ ܸܘȂǼȋܵــȘܵ Ȍǹܵ Ȉܸ ǧــǧ. ܵܗ Ǯȁܵــȡܼ ،ǵــǵ̇ ȉǼܵ Ȣǻܸ Ƕ ܿ ̇ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ݇ ܵ ̇ ܵ ̈ ȆȈܼــǩܹǳ ȎǶ ܼܘȋــǶܪǭ ǵȉȁǷܼ ܸȁــǸܼܿ Ƕ ــ ǹܵ ȥ ǳ ــ ǩȤ ܕ ܸܨ ȚܼــȤ ܘȆȋـ ܼـǵȉȂܹȂȔǶ ܼܗܪ ܝǵ ̇ Ǫ ܵܐ ǶǸܵ ǨȨȂܵ Țܵ ܵܪܬǨ ܵܕǧܹǸǶȂȏܼ ȌȈܼܿ ǧȎܵ Ȩȅ . ܼܿܘǳ݇ Ǹ ܪܹ ǹȈܼܿ ǵ̇ ȈǦܵ ܹǼȋ ǧȥܵ ݇ـǳ Ǹܵ Ƕȡܼـǧ ܼܿܕȕȂܹ ̈ ȡــǧ ܼܘȉܵ ȂȢȥ ̇ـǸܼܿ ǵ ــ ȉțܵ ȡܼܿ ǳ݇ـȷ ܕȌܵ ܵȂȔ ــ ǧ ؛ ȏܵ ܵȂȉȋܼܿـǮȦʧ ܵ Ȉܸ ǧ ܵــȤܬǨ ܿ ܵܕܬ ǶȎܼ ܿܪܘ ̇ܗ . ܵܘܐǩǳܵ ܵȂȗ ȇȁ، ܵܗܝ Ȍܵ Ȕܵ ǳ݇ Ǹܼܿ ǵ̇ ȈǦܵ țȔܹـǧ ܸܕȌǼܵ ȡـǧ ܼܘȏȂܵ ȘȈـǧ ܼ ܵ ܵܕܬ ǶȎܼܪȉǹܵ ȁȨȚܼ ǩ ̇ـǮȁܵ ǵǪ ܵ . ǵـȨܼ ǫ̣ Ȕܵ ،ǵܘ Ȏܵـȋܼ ǨȨـȕȂܿ ȡܼܿ ǵ̇ ȉǼܵ ȢȔܸ ǶـǶ ̈ ܗ؛ ܿ ܵ ܵ ݇ ݇ ȤǪ ǳ݇ Ǹܼܹܿܫ ̇ܕܗܘ ܐǧȎܵ ȤܹǸ، ܼܘǶȎܼ ǵ̇ ȈȨȡܸ ǶȋܪȌȅǳܵ ǹǪܼܿ ǩـǧ ܼܬܘȅܹܼ̈ Ƕܼ Ȇܼ Țܼ ǩܹȳـǧ ܵ ǧǹܵ ȂȎܼ ǧȏܵ ȁܐܼ ǧțܹ Țȳܵ ǧȌȅǳܵ ǹȈܼܿ ǵȉܹ Ȇܼ Ȃܼ ǫỊ̏ ǩܪǶȎ ܼ ܝǵȁܬܼܿ ǶǸ. ܼ ܬ ݇ ǵ̇ ȉܵ ȂȦܼ ȁܕܘ ܼ ̈ ܵ ǹܵ ȂȏǪܼـــȈǦȌȔܹ ǧܹـــ ǵ ̰ܘȈǵ݇ ȂȌܼ ȅܹـــȏ݇ ȋܸ . ǵـــǳܪܹܫ ܼ ǼȋـــȕȂܹ ȡ ܼܿ ،ǵ̇ ȈǦܹȚǶـــȡ ǧ ǵܿ ȉȆܼ Ȃܼ ǫỊ̏ܘܢ ، ܼܐǳȏ ݇ ȋܸ ǧȏܵ ȁܪܹܫ ܼ Ƕȥܪ ܹ ܿܐǵȈܘܢ ܼܿ ܬ ȨȎܼܘȎܹـǧ ܘ ܢȈܿ ǵ݇ ȂȌܼ ȅـǵܘ . ̰ ݇ ܵ Ȩܼ ǫ̣ Ȕܘ ǦȈܵ ǨȨȎܵ ܵܗǨ ܬȈǦܵ ܹȎ ̇ـǭܵ ،ǵ ܵـǨǵ ݇ܘܐǸܹـȤ ܵܬǨ، ܘȅـǭܵ Ȋ ܵـȕȂܿ ȡܼܿ ǨǵـǶ ̈ܗ ܵ ܵ ܿ ǳܼ ȋܼܿܪܘ ǵȂȔܼܿܝ ǵȁܵܘǨ ܼܘǧȏܵ Ȃ ȗ ܵܕܬ ǶȎܼܪǸܿ Ȩțܵ Ǫܸ ǩـǶ ̇ܗ ȁܵـǵܘǨ، ܼܐȏܵ ȁـȎܼ ǧـǶܪǩ ܼܿܗܪ ǵȁܵ ǧܵȂȎȨܵ Ǫܸܘǧȁܵ ǵ݇ Ȍܵ Ḛ̑ Ǫܸ Ǩ. ܘ ȅǳ̰ܵ ǸܼܿـȦܵ ܵȂȚ ǧـȕȂܿ ȡܼܿ ǧـǶ ̈ܗ Ȉǳܿ ȂȢܼ ȁـǵܘܢ، Ȃ. ܗܹȤȂ. ܼ Ǯȥʧ ݇ ȷȈܵ ܗ̇ ܘܪܿ ǶȎܼ ܬܵ ǧȏܵ ȁܐܼ

48 49 ܵ ܼܐȨȁ ܵܗܘǨ ܼܿܘȨȂȈ ܵܗܘǨ، ̣ ܫǶǭܼ ǶǪܼ ǧȁȤܵ ȋ ܵ ȐȋܪȨȂȈܼܿ ǩ ܵܗܘǨ . ܼܐȨȁ ܵܗܘǨ . ܿ Ȥܵ Ȃܼ ǫụ̑ ǨȨܵ ǫ̣ Ȕܵ ǩǳǸܵܬȏ̈ ȥܸ ȃȘܼ ǫ̣ Ȧܵ Ȉ Ǩܹـǧ، ܼܐȏܵ ȁـǧ ̇ܗܘ Ǯʧ Țܼ ܿـȤܘ ̇ܗ ǻܵ ǶȌȡܿـǧ ܵ ܵܗ ȈܵــȈܹ ȷــ ȁܵ ȷــǵܘȂȏܸǭ Ǩܵــȡܵ ǧ ݇ــǳܡ ȁ ــ ܼ ǩȤȡǶǧ ܼܿܕȂǸܹ̈ــ . ܿܐܘܦ ܵܨ ܵܨ ȎܿــǶ ̈ܗ ܵܗ Ȉܵــȷ ܵ ܿ ܵ ȁȴȚܼـــȁܵ ǩܹǳـــǵܘܘ ܸܘȂȉȋܹ̈ـــȂܼ Ǹܼܿ ǧـــǶܬǨ ܵܘȔǶܿ ȅـــǶ ̇ܗ Ȍܼ ȗܼـــǶܪȁܵ ǩـــǵܘǨ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܘ ܼ Ǯȉܼ Ț‐ǩــǸܼ ǶــȨǫ̣ Ȕܵ . ȤȁǶ ܼܘ Ȏܵــȅ ǨȨܹــȌȗܵ ǧــǩȤ ܵܗܘǭܵ ǨــǸܵ Ƕــȋܵ ǩǳ ܵــǨȨ ܵ ܿ Ȋȗܼ ǨȨܵ ǫ̣ ȁȨܼ ȁܼ ǨȨܵ Ȃȉȥܼ ܐ ܸ ȥܵـǨȨ ܼܕǻـǶܪǩ ܼܕܐȈǷܵ ȁـȷ؛ ܼܿ ـǸ ݇ـị̑ ǳـǧܹȎȳܵ Ƕǻܼ Ȑ ܿ ȴܿ ȁܵܘ ǧȡܹ ܵܘǧܹȋȳ ܵܕܐ ܿܬܘܪ ، ܼ ܐ ǧȆȁܵ ܼܿܕǶǪܼ ǧܵ̈ ȂȌȥܫ Ƕȡܼ ܵܪȉȁܵ ǧǪ ̇ـȦܵ ȎȤܵ ǫܼܿ Ȉ ǵـȈ ،ǧ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ̈ ܿ ܵ ܿ ȉܹ Ȃȉȅܼ ǨܹȨܵȂțȡȴܸ ȢȈܼ ǨȨȢȂțǸܼ ǳȅܼـǮȈȨǪܼ ȷـȢܼ ȁܵ ǧـǶܪǩ ܼܐ ȁܼـȇ ܸܨ ȏܵȂǪ̣ـǧ ܕ. ǧȏܵ ܵȂȅܸܕ. ǧȌܹ̈ Ȃȕܼ Ǫܼܿ ǧܹȏ̈ ȋǶܵ ȁܵ Ȑị̑ ǳ݇ ǹǪܼܿ ܼܿܕȨܼ ǫ̣ Ȕܵ ،ǧǼȂܵ ȡܘ ǨȨȎܵ ܼܪȏܵ ȥܸ Ȑị̑ ǵ̇ ȉȦܵ ȂȗـǨȨ ܵ ȡܵ ــ ǳ݇ܡ ܙܪ ȡܵــǨȨ ܸ ܕȦȌܵ ȥ ــ ȡܼ .ǧــǶ ܸܪǵ̇ ȈǷܵ ȡ ݇ܬ ȥܼــȨܿ ȁǶܘ ̇ܗ ܘ ܼ ǸــȚܵ ǵ̇ ȉܵ Ȉܸ Ƕ ــ Ȩܿܘ ̇ܗ ǸــǶ ̈ ܿ ̇ ܵ ܵ ̇ ܿ ̇ ܵ ܼܘȚــǶܪȋǶȚܼ ǵȉȘܹȚــǶܗ ، ǮȁǵǪܵــȉȦȂܼ ǫỊ̏ ǵــȈǶܼ ǭ̰ ǵــǶܗ ܕ ܼ ȏܵ ǹȈܵ ǶȚــǶȚ ǧ ݇ ܼܘȥــȁȤܵ ȌȈܵ ǵ. ̇ ȉǹܵ Ǫܸ ǶــǨ ܵ ǧܗܝ ܼܿ ،Ȃܵ ȋܵ ǳ݇ ȡــȨ ܐ ܼܙȉܵ ȁ ̇ــǵ ܼܘȉܵ ǫ̣ ȂȉǸ ̇ــȘȈ ǵܸ ܵــǨǷ ݇ ܼܿ ȏܵ Ȇܵ ȁــǨȨ ܕ ܼܐȁــȨ ܵܗܘ ܵܐȈــ Ǹܵ . ǵ̇ــȌܵ Șǻܵ ǩǳــǨȨ ܼܙȗــǶ ܵܪܬǨ ؛ܐ ȉܵ Ȃܼ ȅܼ ̇ــị̑ ǵــȐ ܿ ǫị̏ܵ Ǹܼܿــǧ ܕȗܸ ܿــǷܘ ̇ܗ ȗܼــȂȌܵ ȥ) ܵ ȍܹ̈ــǼ̈ Ǹܸ ǧܹــȳ ǧ ܿܗܘ Ȃǧ ȋܹܵ̈ــ ) Ȃȉȡܸܹ̈ــǮȁܵ ǵǪܵ . ǧــǵ، . Ȉ ܼ ܪȆــȨܿ ȅܼ Ƕܘ ̇ܗ ȡــ ǵ̇ ȈǷܵ ȡܸ Ƕܼ ܘ ǹȌܿ ȡܼܿــǶ ̇ܗ ȉȦܵ ȂȈܼ ̇ــȡܵ ǵــǧ ܵܕȂțȁܵــȌǹܵ Ȉܼܿ ǧــǧ . . ȦȂܿ ȈܼܿــǶ ̇ܗ Ȇȋܼــǹܵ Ǫ ܸ ǵ̇ ȈǦܵ Ȕܹ Ƕــǩǳ ܵܐ Ȃܵ ȚܵــǸܵ ǨȨــǶ ܵܪܬǨ ܵܕȎܵ Ȩȅــ ǧ ܘ ܼ ǸــǸ ǵ̇ ȈǦܹȋܵ ǶــǶ .șȌܹ Ǹܕܵ ǧȡܵ ǨȨȏܵ Ȃǹܼ ȥܵ ǨȨȅܵ ܘܕܼ ǩǳǹܵ Ǫܸ ܿ ܵ ̇ ܿ ܵ ܵ Ȩܼ ǫ̣ Ȕܵܘȁܵ ǨȨȂȔܵ Ƕȅܼ ǨȨȎـǵܘǨ ܪȥܹـǶܗ ǹܵ ǪܸـȂȥܼ ǶȚܼ ǩǳܵـȅܼ ǧـǨȨȋǶ ܼܐȁـ ȇܼ ܵ ̈ ܵ ܵ ܵ Ȃȗܵــ ǩǳܵ ܕܐ ܼܬܘ ȁȳܹــǪܵ ǧــǵܘ ܼܿܙ ȏܵ Ǫ̣ــ ǧ. ܘ ȦȂܼ ǫỊ̏ــȁܵ ǨȨــǵܘȈܹ Ƕܼ ǭ ǨــȎȳǶǭܵ ȷܹــ ǧ ܿ ̰ ǧȡܹ̈ ǶǹǪܼ ȷȉȡܹ ̈ Ƕȕȋܼ ܵܘǪ ̈ـǨܹȨ ܸܕǼȢ̈ ȈܹـȂțܼ ȥܼܿ ǧـȋܵ ǩܹȴـ ـȴܹܝ ȎǶ̈ ǭܹܵـǧ ȡܹ̈ ǶȌܼ ȗܼ ǧ ܵ ܵ ܵ ǧܹȦܘ ȁȴȚܼ ، ܵ ܘȤȔǦܼܿ ܹȋ ǩǳǸܬȷȈǷܸȗ Ȑị̑ ǨȨȆȂǸܼ Ǩ ܕǧǪȴܹ ܸȗ ܵܙȳܕǩܹ؛ ȡܹ̈ ǶǸܼـǧ ܿ ܿ ܸܘǧܹȂȎȳܵ ǶȌܼ Ǹǧ ܵ ǧܹǻȴȔ ܼܘǸܵ Ȋȗܼ ǧܵȂȎȨܵ Ǫܸ ܹȏ̈ Ȃȡـǩǳ ܼܐ ܼܪȗـǶ ܵܬǵܵ ȡܵ Ǩܘ Ȃܵ ȎܵـǨȨ

48 49 Ȏܵ ܘȤȚܼ ܨܘ ǨȨǧ ܵ ǫ̣ Ȕܵ Ȑȁ ܼܿ ǧȆܵ ȅǶܼ ȅܘ ܘܬܼ ܘܬܿ ܸ ܵ ܸ̰ܿ ̰ Ȏ ܹȎ ܘǧ ܼ ȴǫ̣ ȦȈܼܿ ǨȨȁܵ ܪܘܬܿ ܐ ܵ ǨȨȂܵ ȌȌܵ ȗ ܼ ǨȨܵ ȂȎܼ ܘܬܼ ܿ ܢǶȋܿ ǶȈܿ ǶȔܿ ȊȁܹܐǶȏܼ Ȍܼܿ ȗܕܼ Ǩܬܵ Ƕȏܼ ǸȠܵ ȋܘܼܿ ǩܕܵ ܬܵ Ƕȗܼ

ܿ ܵ ܵܐ ܵܗǨ ܼܬܘ ȂȎܼ ــ ȉܵ ȁܼ ǨȨܵ ــ Ǹܵ ǵ̇ــị̑ ǩǳــȐ ܪ Ǫܵــǧ ܼܬܘȂȎܵــ ȂȌȌܵ ȗ ܼ ǨܹȨ̈̈ــ ǧܹ ܵܕܐ ܼܬܘ ܵ ȳ ــ ȳ ǧܹȁ ̈ ܵ ܕ Ȧ̈ ȂȚܼܹــȏȁܵ ǧـــȂȋǶǸ ܼ ǧܹ̈ـــȁܼ ǧــȨȁǦܼ ȉǪܵ Ƕ ، ܘ ܼܬܘȂȎܹ̈ـــǫ̣̈ ȕǪܵ ǧܹـــǧ ܵܘȂǫ̣ ȔܵـــǨܹȨ ܿ ȉܼ̈ ȂȈܼܿــǶܕǩܹ ܼܘȴܼ ǫ̣ ȥܘȎܹــǧ ؛ ȅܼܿــǳ ܵܗ ܼܘܝ ݇ܗ ܵܘܘ ǫ̣̈ ȁȨȁܼܹــȳܵ ܸǳǸܵ ǧܘȎܹــǧ ܵܕȎ̈ Ƕȏܼ ȅܹــǧ ̈ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ ̈ ̈ ܵ ǧܹȂȦȡǨ ܸ ǧܹȏȋǶܵȂǪ ܸܕȨȔܘ ، ǶȁȠܼ ȋܼܬȠǪܸ Ǩܹ ܼܗǶȁܬǨ؛ ܘ ị̑ ǧțܵȂȉǪܸـȥǳܸǭ Ȑܹـǧ ܼܘȕܹ ̈ Ț̮ Ƕǻــ ǧ ܕ ܼܿ .ȂǸܹ̈ــ ǭǨ ܵ ǧــ ȂȏȚܼ Ƕ ــ Ȩܵ ܼ ،ܕܬȋܵ ǶǸ ــ ȏܵ ܵ ȂȎȨȋܼܿ ǧ ــǧ ܕ ȂȉȁȨܼ ȋܸܵ ــ ǨܹȨ̈ ܵ ̈ ܼܘܬܘȂȎܵـــȉܼ̈ ȂȈܼܿ ǨܹȨـــǶܕȦȋܵ ǩܹـــǩܹȤ ܵܗܘȡܵ ǶǹǪܼ ǨـــȂȋܵ ǳ݇ ȡȋ ܼܿ ǧܵـــǧ ܕܸ ȦܿـــǨȨǸǶ ܿ ܿ ܕܐܸ ȨǸ݇ ȨȈܼ ܼܿܘȍǹȉܸ ȋ ܵܗܘǨ ܵܬǧȡܹ ǶǸܼ ǨȨܵ Ȉ ݇ܐȎȴܹǸܹـǧ ܵܕȌǹܼ Ȉـȃ ܗ ܵܘܘ ȗܼـȍ ܿ ݇ ܿ ̈ ܵ ܵ ܼܬܘǨȨǧ Ȃ ܼ Ȏ ܵܕܗܘ ǧȡܹ ǶǸܼ ȋǶ. ȁܵ ܕܐܸ ȨǸȨȈܼ ܵܗ ǵȂȁܼܿ Ƕǭܼܝ Ƕȁܸܢ ܼܐ Șܵ Ȉܸ ȇȁܼـǨǷ ܵ ǧ: ǧ: ܹ̈ Ȃȏȋܵ ǶǸܬܼ ܸܕ ǨܬǶȂܼ ȥܵ ǶǪܕܿ

݇ ܵ ܿ ܼܐȨܼ ȁ ݇ܗ ܵ ܘǨ ܼܘǨ ݇ ȨȂܼ Ȉܗ ܵ ܘ ܼܙȂȋـȤ ܹ ܗ ǩǳ ܵ Ǹ݇ ǧǫ̣ܵ Ȕܵ ܼܗܘ Ǩ Ȩܼ Ȃȡܼ ܕܐ ǧܹȦ̤ Ȏܵ ܵܕܙ ǧǪ̣ܵ ܕܐ + + ܼ ǶǪǨܬ Ȩܵ ǫ̣ Ȕܵ ǩǳ ܵ Ǹ݇ ܼܿܘǳ݇ Ǹ ܨȚـــ ǧ ܼ Ȥܘ ܵ ǧ ǧȌܵ Ȕܵ ǶǪܼ ȷȉǻܵ Ȏܕǳȉ݇ ȁܵ Ȋȅ ܼܘ Ȏܵ ܵ ܸ ݇ ܼܿ ܗ Ƕ݇ ȗǶȌȥܿ Ȩܼܵ ȎǨ ܵ Ƕȉ ܼ Ǫ̣݇ ܼܗܘ Ȃȡܼـــــــ ǧȋǶܵ ȡܵ ȨǨܼܵ ܵܕܗ ܵܘǶȋܵ ǧȁ ܼ ܬ ܪ ȎܼــȨǨ ȨǨ ܼܵ Ȃ ܵ ̈ ̈ ̇ ݇ Ǹ ܼܿ ǧȕܹ Ț̮ Ƕǻܼ ǵȏܵ ȋ ܸ ǶȚܼ Ƕȉܼ ȁـــ ܼ ǳǨܬ ܹ ǧȥǳܵ ܸǭ ǳ݇ Ǹ ܼܿ Ȋȅ Ƕȋܼ ǶǹȚܼ ܕܐ ܼܬ ܹ Ǩ Ǩ

ܵ ܵ ̈ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܐ ǧܹȁȳܘܬܼ ܐ ǧܹȏܵȂȎȨȋܼ ܝǵȂȉȅܕܼ ǩǳܵ ܵȂȗ ȇȁܼ ܐܼ Ǩܘܗܵ ܝȤܼ ȥܼ ǧܵȂȎܵ Ȩȋܼ ǵǮȁǵǪܵ ܐܘ: Ǩܘܗܵ Ȥȋܸ ܐܘ: ܵ

50 51 ܵ ܵ :ܐܬܹ̈ ܫܝܼ ܒܚ ܼ :ܐܬܹ̈ ܫܝܼ ܒܚܼ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ...... ܣܝܓܪ ܼ ...... ܣܘܼ ܝܓܼ ܐܝܒܼ ܘܛܝܓܪܼ ܼ ܐܘܢܼܿ ܝܓܦܠܼ ܡܼܐ ܝܒܵܐܼ ܚܘܛܢܡܠܼ ܐ ܢܵܬܵܦܠܵܝܠܘܐܼ ܡܼܿ ܐܚܵ ܢܡܠܵ ܬܵܵ ܝܼ ܠܘܐ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܣܝܓܪܼ ܘܼ ܝܓܼ ܐܢܣܘܡܝܓܪܼܪ :ܕܝܒܘܼܿ ܝܓܼ ܐ ܢܵ ܘܡܿ ܪܵ :ܕܝܒ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿܿ ܵ ܿ ...... ܐ ...... ܐܢܘܪܦܼ ܨܘܸ ܬܵܒܼ ܣ ܢܢܝܘܪܦܼܼ ܐܟܨܘܸܟ ܸ ܘ ܼ ܬܵܟܘ ܒܼ ܣ ܘܬ ܼ ܢܝܘܬܼ ܐܟܟ ܸ ܘܼ ܟܘ ܘܼ ܬܘܬ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܐܢܹ ܘܪܼ̈ ܒܼ ܫܠܼ ܬܵܝ ܪܘܳܬܐܢܹ ܘܪ̈ܐܼ ܬܵܝܒܼ ܫܠܡܡܼܿ ܬܵܝܵ ܥܼ ܪܵܬܵܘܳܬܿܝܢܼ ܐܵ ܘܬ ܼ ܬܵܝܵ ܡܡ ܵ ܥܼ ܬܵܵ ܝܢܼ ܘܼ ܬ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܢܘܡܘܠܘܣ ܠܝ ܢܐܹ ܘܢܘܡܼܿ ܡܘܠܿ ܥܕܼ ܘܣܿ ܐ ܬܠܝܘܢܼ ܐܹ ܚܨܘܢܼ ܡܘܡܼܵ ܥܕܼ ܐܕ ܐܬܬܵܘܥܼܘܢܼ ܚܨ ܵ ܡܘܼܿ ܐܕܵ ܬܵ ܘܼ ܥ ...... ܬܵܝܢܓܝܦܡ ...... ܬܵܝܢܓܝܦܡ ܬܵܚܟ ܬܵܚܟ ܡܝܪܦܐ ܝܪܡ ܢܡܡܝܪܦܐܼ ܝܪܡ ܢܡܼ ܰ ܶ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܫܬܓܒ ܦ ܣܘܫܝܬܓ ܕܝܒܒܶ ܦܣܘܶ ܝܰ ܕܝܒ 50 51 Established 1964