Songhua River Basin Water Pollution Control and Management Project

Environmental Assessment Report

Summary Environmental Impact Assessment Project Number: 40665 July 2008

People’s Republic of China: Songhua River Basin Water Pollution Control and Management Project

Prepared by the Heilongjiang and Jilin provincial governments for the Asian Development Bank (ADB)

The summary environmental impact assessment is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 3 July 2008)

Currency Unit – Yuan (CNY) CNY1.00 = $0.1456 $1.00 = CNY6.8666

ABBREVIATIONS

ADB – Asian Development Bank BOD – biological oxygen demand COD – chemical oxygen demand EA – executing agency EIA – environmental impact assessment EMP – environmental management plan EMU – environmental management unit EPB – environmental protection bureau ESC – environmental supervision company FYP – five-year plan HEPB – Heilongjiang Environmental Protection Bureau HPG – Heilongjiang provincial government HPMO – Heilongjiang project management office IA – implementing agency IEM – independent environmental monitor JEPB – Jilin Environmental Protection Bureau JPG – Jilin provincial government JPMO – Jilin project management office MEMC – municipal environmental monitoring center MEPB – municipal environmental protection bureau NH3-N – ammonia nitrogen PLG – project leading group PMO – project management office PPMS – project performance management system PPTA – project preparatory technical assistance PRC – People’s Republic of China SEIA – summary environmental impact assessment SEPA – State Environmental Protection Administration SO2 – sulfur dioxide SRB – Songhua River Basin SRBPCMP – Songhua River Basin Pollution Prevention and Control Master Plan (2006–2010) SS – suspended solids SWM – solid waste management TP – total phosphor TSP – total suspended particulates WWTP – wastewater treatment plant

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

‰ – per mill (per thousand) ha – hectare km – kilometer km2 – square kilometer m – meter m2 – square meter m3 – cubic meter m3/a – cubic meters per annum m3/d – cubic meters per day mg/l – milligrams per liter mg/m3 – milligrams per cubic meter mm – millimeter m/s – meters per second mu – unit of land area equal to 1/15 ha or 667 m2 t/a – tons per annum t/d – tons per day

NOTE

In the report, “$” refers to US dollars.

CONTENTS

Page

MAPS

I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT 1 III. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT 8 A. Physical Environment 8 B. Ecological Resources 10 C. Water Quality and Pollution 11 D. Socioeconomic Conditions 12 IV. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES 14 A. With- and Without-Project Scenarios 14 B. Project Alternatives 15 V. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND MITIGATION MEASURES 17 A. Sector Impact 17 B. Potential Impact and Mitigation Measures during the Design Phase 18 C. Potential Impact and Mitigation Measures during Construction 19 D. Potential Impact and Mitigation Measures during Operations 21 E. Positive Impact and Environmental Benefits 24 F. Land Acquisition and Resettlement 25 VI. ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT 25 A. Environmental Protection Investments 25 B. Environmental Benefits 26 VII. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 26 A. Objectives 26 B. Mitigation Measures 26 C. Implementing Organization and Responsibilities 26 D. Inspection, Monitoring, and Reporting Arrangements 27 E. Feedback and Adjustment Mechanism 28 VIII. PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS AND DISCLOSURE 28 A. Public Consultations Completed So Far 28 B. Future Public Participation Plan 28 IX. CONCLUSION 29 A. Benefits 29 B. Project Risks and Mitigation 29 C. Overall Conclusion 30 D. Follow-up Monitoring and Environmental Management Requirements 30

APPENDIXES 1. Environmental Management Plan (Heilongjiang Component) 2. Environmental Management Plan (Jilin Component)

I. INTRODUCTION

1. This summary environmental impact assessment (SEIA) was prepared for the proposed Songhua River Basin Water Pollution Control and Management Project in the People’s Republic of China (PRC), under a project preparatory technical assistance (PPTA) from the Asian Development Bank (ADB).1 Covering Heilongjiang Province and Jilin Province, which account for 85% of the Songhua River Basin (SRB), the Project comprises two components with 28 subprojects. The Heilongjiang component has 13 subprojects in water supply and wastewater treatment, and the Jilin component has 15 subprojects in wastewater treatment, solid waste management (SWM), and river improvement. Map 1 shows the location of Heilongjiang and Jilin provinces in the PRC. Map 2 is a topographic map of the SRB. The locations of the subprojects under the Heilongjiang component are shown in Map 3, and those under the Jilin component are presented in Map 4.

2. The Project is classified as category A by ADB for the purpose of environmental assessment. This SEIA is based on the environmental impact assessment (EIA) reports in the Chinese language that have been prepared by certified EIA institutes in compliance with the relevant laws, regulations, and guidelines of the PRC. The review and approval authority for the EIA reports, including the environmental management plans (EMPs), is the provincial environmental protection bureau. The PPTA consultants have provided advice to the EIA institutes and the implementing agencies (IAs) in upgrading the domestic EIA reports to fully meet the PRC’s Environmental Impact Assessment Law (2003)2 and relevant regulations, and ADB’s policy requirements as stipulated in its Environment Policy (2002) and Environmental Assessment Guidelines (2003).

3. The SEIA consists of three documents. The main report contains nine chapters covering: (i) the background of the Project, (ii) a description of the Project, (iii) a description of the environmental setting, (iv) an analysis of alternatives, (v) a summary of the anticipated environmental impact and proposed mitigation measures, (vi) an economic assessment, (vii) the environmental management plan, (viii) the results of information disclosure activities and public consultations, and (ix) conclusions. An EMP has been prepared for each of the two components. The EMPs contain detailed discussions of potential impact and mitigation measures, environmental monitoring and inspection, public consultations, implementation responsibilities, reporting and supervision, institutional strengthening and training, environmental protection investment, and mechanism for feedback and adjustment.

4. The Executing Agencies (EAs) for the Project, the Heilongjiang provincial government (HPG) and the Jilin provincial government (JPG), were fully consulted during the preparation of the EIA reports and the SEIA. They were advised that the SEIA is a document prepared for the HPG and JPG for submission to ADB. The HPG and the JPG will therefore be responsible for implementing the public consultation program, the environmental monitoring program, and the EMP in their respective provinces.

II. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

5. Demand for urban infrastructure in the PRC is rising with increasing urbanization, and more than half the population is expected to live in cities by 2030. The Government’s

1 ADB. 2007. Technical Assistance to the People’s Republic of China for the Songhua River Basin Water Pollution Control and Management Project (for $1.3 million, approved on 28 September). Manila. 2 PRC. 2003. PRC Environmental Impact Assessment Law. Beijing. 2

11th Five-Year Plan (FYP) 2006–2010 focuses on continued urbanization and the development of large, medium, and small cities and towns. Rapid urbanization in the PRC has taken a severe toll on the environment, and has also challenged the capacity of local governments to promote good governance, effective planning and management, sustainable financing, and timely delivery of public services. While significant progress has been made in building urban infrastructure over the past two decades, the infrastructure tends to be concentrated in the more highly developed eastern and southern coastal plains. The expansion and upgrading of public services has not kept pace with rapid industrial growth. The rural migration to urban centers now taking place in the inland regions, in response to government policies to promote economic development and job creation in these areas, is putting further strain on urban infrastructure and services.

6. Cities in the north and west and around the SRB are experiencing widespread pollution from the discharge of untreated wastewater and improper management of solid waste. Shortages of safe drinking water are also common, particularly in the northern part of the PRC. The Government has classified more than 108 cities as having serious water problems and 60 as being critically short of water. Municipal wastewater is a major contributor to the pollution of the PRC’s rivers and lakes, with the most severe pollution impact in the northern region of the PRC. Only about 40% of urban wastewater in the PRC is treated, and the rest is discharged untreated into rivers and lakes. Cities and towns in Heilongjiang and Jilin provinces must overcome widespread environmental degradation while meeting increasing demand for public services, to ensure that their economic development is sustainable.

7. The SRB is the third-largest river basin in the PRC after the Yangtze and Yellow rivers. It has an area of 557,000 square kilometers (km2) and a population of 62 million. Major cities such as Changchun and Harbin and the PRC’s largest oil fields are located in the SRB. Agriculture is well developed and there is a large industrial base. The Songhua River’s catchment area covers portions of three provinces—Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Changchun is in the upstream part of the Songhua River, which flows through Harbin. After Harbin, the river joins the Heilongjiang River, enters the Russian Federation, and eventually discharges to the sea.

8. The SRB is seriously polluted and is acknowledged by the Ministry of Environmental Protection as being one of the four most polluted river basins in the PRC. Water pollution issues in the SRB, especially in relation to the protection of drinking-water resources for the municipality of Harbin, have received increased national and international attention because of a widely publicized pollution incident in the SRB in November–December 2005. The Songhua River is contaminated with a number of known and suspected trace organic chemicals, metals, and conventional pollutants. It is classified by the Government as class IV3 (falling below class V during the 6-month low-flow winter season), and is considered unsuitable for municipal domestic water use. In March 2003, ADB approved the Harbin Water Supply Project ($100 million) to address the drinking-water needs of the 3 million people of Harbin City from an alternative water source (Lalin River), since the existing source from the Songhua River was highly polluted. Because of the deteriorating quality of water in the Songhua River, the Harbin municipal government expedited the construction of the Harbin Water Supply Project, which was completed 1 year ahead of the original schedule.

3 The water quality standards of the PRC have five classes of quality covering about 40 pollution parameters. Class I water is pristine, while class V water is suitable only for industrial use.

9. During the processing of the Harbin Water Supply Project, extensive dialogue was conducted with the Government on addressing pollution control in the SRB. Consequently, in 2002, ADB provided technical assistance (TA) for the Songhua River Water Quality and Pollution Control Management project.4 The TA, which was highly successful, had the following impact. First, a long-term vision was developed for the SRB. It consisted of a strategic plan with water quality objectives, targets, and reforms and proposed improvements in river basin and pollution control management practices, and a long-term physical investment program. Second, the capacity of key organizations responsible for pollution control and management at both the river basin and the regional level was strengthened, and a road map outlining the key milestones leading to the development of a true and unique river basin management framework within the PRC was prepared. Third, knowledge gaps relating particularly to nonpoint sources of pollution, water quality assessment (notably micro-pollutants), and water quality inventories were identified. Fourth, an overall strategic plan was developed for the SRB. The plan refined and prioritized the strategic plans developed by different institutions at different levels (river basin and provincial level) on the basis of the river’s carrying capacity. It also identified an investment plan for the next 15 years. Finally, the Government was assisted in developing a long-term water pollution control plan for the SRB beyond 2010, and strategic policy inputs to the 11th FYP and the SRB Pollution Prevention and Control Master Plan (SRBPCMP) were provided. The SRBPCMP (2006–2010), approved by the State Council on 29 March 2006, is an action program with pollution control targets for 2006 to 2010. By 2010, urban environmental pollution and ecological damage should have been brought under control, according to the SRBPCMP, and the wastewater treatment rate in large and medium-sized cities should not be less than 70%.

10. The Jilin Water Supply and Sewerage Development Project ($100 million), approved in 2005, was the first major ADB investment that directly addressed pollution control in the SRB. The Jilin Urban Environmental Improvement Project ($100 million), approved in 2007, was the second, and followed the priority list of the SRBPCMP. The proposed Project, with an indicative ADB loan of $200 million, would be the third major ADB investment in the SRB; it also follows the priority list of the SRBPCMP. This comprehensive strategic approach to addressing pollution control in the SRB will serve as a good model for demonstration and replication elsewhere in the PRC.

11. Underdevelopment of wastewater collection and wastewater treatment in the project cities and counties in Heilongjiang and Jilin provinces leads to the discharge of untreated wastewater into local rivers, and eventually to the pollution of the SRB. Water quality in some sections of the Songhua River and its tributaries does not meet the class V surface water quality standards of the PRC. Because of inadequate wastewater management, local rivers are degraded, pose a threat to public health, and adversely affect the quality of life in the project cities and counties. There is an urgent need to expand the sewer network and wastewater treatment capacity in the project cities and counties to improve water quality in the SRB. Heilongjiang has identified 13 subprojects, in water supply and wastewater treatment, and Jilin has identified 15 subprojects, in wastewater treatment, SWM, and river improvement. Sector and project lending options have been thoroughly discussed and considered as alternative approaches. The Government has expressed its strong preference for the project lending approach because all subprojects have been identified and the feasibility study reports have been completed. All the subprojects in the proposed Project will have one common impact,

4 ADB. 2002. Technical Assistance to the People’s Republic of China for Songhua River Water Quality and Pollution Control Management (for $1.0 million, approved on 19 December). Manila.

4 which is to improve the urban environment and the quality of life in the project cities and counties, and will contribute significantly to pollution control in the SRB.

12. In Heilongjiang Province, the cities and counties where the proposed water supply subprojects are located rely primarily on surface water for their water supply. Under normal conditions, water demand is expected to exhaust developed capacity in the project cities and counties by 2010. These cities and counties experienced supply problems during a severe episode of drought in 2004 leading to dangerously low water levels in the reservoirs and a resulting loss of effective treatment plant capacity. They also experienced low pressure and supply interruptions.

13. In Jilin Province, the cities and counties have domestic SWM interventions featuring domestic waste pickup, extensive informal recovery of recyclables, and disposal in a managed landfill. The present landfill sites will be fully utilized within 2–3 years; the timely construction of new domestic solid waste treatment facilities is therefore urgently needed.

14. The Project is consistent with ADB’s water policy and will help the PRC achieve Millennium Development Goal 7, Target 10, which sets the 2015 target of halving the proportion of people without access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation. The Project is also consistent with ADB’s strategic objectives in the PRC to make markets work more efficiently through infrastructure development and to promote environmental sustainability.

15. The proposed interventions under the Project are grouped by province. The Heilongjiang component covers 11 cities and counties—Fujin City, Tangyuan County, Tonghe County, Yanshou County, Fangzheng County, Harbin City, Jiamusi City, Nenjiang County, Qiqihar City, Qitaihe City, and Shuangyashan City. The Jilin component covers 16 cities and counties— Dehui City, Gongzhuling City, Fusong County, Fuyu County, Jingyu County, Liuhe County, Tonghua County, Yushu City, Da’an City, Huadian City, Huinan County, Jiaohe City, Meihekou City, Tongyu County, Baishan, and Changbaishan Mountain Administrative Committee. The 13 subprojects under the Heilongjiang component deal with water supply and wastewater treatment. The 15 subprojects under the Jilin component focus on wastewater treatment, SWM, and river improvement.

16. The proposed subprojects in the two provinces are described in Tables 1 and 2. In addition, the Project will also include an institutional capacity-building component, whereby a series of training programs will be conducted for the EAs, IAs, contractors, local communities, and other key stakeholders. The training programs will cover, among other things, environmental laws and regulations, implementation of the EMP, environmental technologies and equipment, environmental facility operation and maintenance, environmental monitoring and inspection and reporting, community-based environmental awareness and hygiene, and international experience and best practices.

Table 1: Subprojects for the Heilongjiang Component Subproject Description Water Supply Fujin City Capacity: 20,000 m3/d Water Supply Expansion 34.228 km of water distribution networks Deep-pumped wells and 5 pump stations Service population: 137,000 (2012), 165,000 (2020)

Subproject Description Tangyuan County Capacity: 10,000 m3/d Water Supply 5 pumped wells 1 km of water supply pipelines from wells 15.48 km of water distribution networks Service population: 80,000 (2010), 100,000 (2020)

Tonghe County Capacity: 9,500 m3/d Water Supply Expansion 6 deep-pumped wells with 6 pump stations 2.5 km of water supply pipelines from wells 26.758 km of distribution networks Service population: 90,000 (2015), 120,000 (2020)

Yanshou County Capacity: 20,000 m3/d Water Supply Expansion 39.727 km of distribution networks with pipelines Service population: 95,000 (2010), 100,000 (2020)

Total for 4 Water Supply 59,500 m3/d of water supply capacity Subprojects 119.693 km of networks pipeline 16 pumping wells Service population: 402,000 (2010) and 485,000 (2020) Wastewater Treatment Fangzheng County 15,000 m3/d of WWTP with high-density sedimentation tanks and WWTP + Sewerage Network biological aerated filter technology 25 km of sewer networks Service population: 60,000 (2010), 85,000 (2020)

Fujin City 20,000 m3/d of WWTP with high-density sedimentation tanks and WWTP biological aerated filter technology 28.26 km of sewer networks Service population: 137,000 (2012), 165,000 (2020)

Harbin City 100,000 m3/d of WWTP with A2/O technology; Xinyigou District WWTP 34 km of sewer networks; Service population: 3,940,000 (2010), 4,600,000 (2020)

Jiamusi City East District 40,000 m3/d of effluent reuse plant with air filtration technology WWTP + Effluent Reuse 18.67 km of reuse water distribution pipelines Used as supplementary supply of cooling water for a power plant

Nenjiang County 15,000 m3/d of WWTP with A2/O technology WWTP + Sewerage Network 11.728 km of sewer networks Service population: 150,000 (2010), 194,000 (2020)

Qiqihar City 100,000 m3/d of WWTP with CASS technology WWTP (Phase II) 2.5 km of sewer pipes Service population: 1,344,000 (2010), 1,564,000 (2020)

Qitaihe City 40,000 m3/d of effluent reuse plant with CAST technology Effluent Reuse 8.5 km of reuse water distribution pipelines Used as supplementary supply of cooling water for Qitaihe Datang Power Generation Co. Ltd.

Shuangyashan City 50,000 m3/d of WWTP with A2/O technology; WWTP 21.8 km of sewer networks.

Subproject Description Service population: 342,500 (2010), 425,000 (2020).

Tangyuan County 10,000 m3/d of WWTP with high-density sedimentation tanks and WWTP biological aerated filter technology 23.6 km of sewer networks Service population: 80,000 (2010), 100,000 (2020)

Total for 9 WWTPs 390,000 m3/d of wastewater treatment 160.3 km of sewer networks Service population: 6,053,500 (2010), 7,133,000 (2020)

Grand Total Total volume of water supply: 49,500 m3/d Total length of water supply pipelines: 118.793 km 16 pumping wells Total volume of wastewater treatment: 381,000 m3/d Total length of sewerage networks: 143.903 km Total length of reuse water supply pipeline: 27.17 km Total service population: 6,455,500 (2010), 7,618,000 (2020)

A2/O = anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic process, CASS = combustion air saturation system, CAST = cyclic activated sludge technology, km = kilometer, m3/d = cubic meters per day, WWTP = wastewater treatment plant. Source: NREM. 2008. Songhua River Basin Pollution Control and Management Project, Draft Final Report. Prepared by NREM International Inc. for the Asian Development Bank.

Table 2: Subprojects for the Jilin Component Subproject Description Wastewater Management Dehui City 30,000 m3/d of domestic sewage with A2/O + biological filter WWTP technology 35.752 km combined sewage and storm-water sewers Service population: 210,000 (2010), 280,000 (2020)

Gongzhuling City Fanjiatun 20,000 m3/d of WWTP with BIOLAK technology Town 48 km of sewer pipelines WWTP Service population: 100,000 (2010), 130,000 (2020)

Gongzhuling City 59 km of sewer pipelines for urban sewerage networks upgrade Sewage Network Upgrade 1 booster pumping station Service population: 166,600 (2010), 342,400 (2020)

Fusong County WWTP 20,000 m3/d of WWTP with CAST technology 32 km of sewer pipelines Service population: 85,000 (2010), 149,000 (2020)

Fuyu County 30,000 m3/d of WWTP with BIOLAK technology WWTP 51.792 km of combined sewage and storm-water sewers Service population: 168,000 (2010), 249,000 (2020)

Jingyu County 20,000 m3/d of WWTP with BIOLAK technology WWTP 55.01 km of combined sewage and storm-water sewers Service population: 89,200 (2010), 118,000 (2020)

Liuhe County 10,000 m3/d of WWTP with Hydrolyzation-AICS technology WWTP 19.44 km of sewer pipelines

Subproject Description Service population: 125,000 (2010), 150,000 (2020)

Tonghua County WWTP 15,000 m3/d of WWTP with CAST technology 39 km of sewer pipelines Service population: 55,000 (2010), 70,000 (2020)

Yushu City WWTP 30,000 m3/d of WWTP with CASS technology 18.56 km of sewer pipelines Service population: 263,000 (2010), 352,000 (2020) Total for 9 WWTPs 175,000 m3/d of wastewater treatment 358.554 km of sewer and storm pipelines Service population: 1,261,800 (2010), 1,840,400 (2020)

Solid Waste Management Da’an City Sanitary landfill with a total capacity of 3.76 million m3 and daily Sanitary Landfill processing capacity of 260 t/d of domestic solid waste 22 years of service life Service population: 160,000 (2010), 210,000 (2020) Fusong County Sanitary landfill with a total capacity of 657,000 m3 and daily Sanitary Landfill processing capacity of 150 t/d of domestic solid waste 10 years of service life Service population: 85,000 (2010), 149,000 (2020)

Huadian City Sanitary landfill with a total capacity of 3.44 million m3 and daily Sanitary Landfill processing capacity of 410 t/d of domestic solid waste 17 years of service life Service population: 220,000 (2010), 290,000 (2020)

Huinan County Sanitary landfill with a total capacity of 1.44 million m3 and daily Sanitary Landfill processing capacity of 180 t/d of domestic solid waste 15 years of service life Service population: 130,000 (2010), 170,000 (2020)

Jiaohe City Sanitary landfill with a total capacity of 1.78 million m3 and daily Sanitary Landfill processing capacity of 250 t/d of domestic solid waste 16.8 years of service life Service population: 160,000 (2010), 200,000 (2020)

Jingyu County Sanitary landfill with a total capacity of 550,000 m3 and daily Sanitary Landfill processing capacity of 77.6 t/d of domestic solid waste 12.5 years of service life Service population: 67,500 (2010), 110,000 (2020)

Liuhe County Sanitary landfill with a total capacity of 1.26 million m3 and daily Sanitary Landfill processing capacity of 180 t/d of domestic solid waste 19 years of service life Service population: 121,900 (2010), 153,000 (2020)

Meihekou City Sanitary landfill with a total capacity of 3.60 million m3 and daily Sanitary Landfill processing capacity of 400 t/d of domestic solid waste 17 years of service life Service population: 281,000 (2010), 363,000 (2020)

Tongyu County Sanitary landfill with a total capacity of 2.13 million m3 and daily Sanitary Landfill processing capacity of 170 t/d of domestic solid waste

Subproject Description 24 years of service life Service population: 111,200 (2010), 117,300 (2020) Yushu City Sanitary landfill with a total capacity of 1.47 million m3 and daily Sanitary Landfill processing capacity of 250 t/d of domestic solid waste 13 years of service life Service population: 192,100 (2010), 229,700 (2020)

Total for 10 SWM Subprojects Total landfill capacity: 20.09 million m3 Total daily processing capacity: 2,227.6 t/d Service population: 1,528,700 (2010), 1,992,000 (2020)

River Improvement Changbaishan Mountain 2 wastewater treatment stations with total capacity of 3,100 m3/d in Administrative Committee Baixi Township (2,000 m3/d) and Manjiang Township (1,100 m3/d); effluent will be fully used in landscaping and car washing, etc., in summer and snow making in winter Sewers: 9 km (5.4 km in Baixi, and 3.6 km in Manjiang) 3 solid waste collection stations with total capacity of 40 t/d in Baixi Township (15 t/d), Manjiang Township (5 t/d), and Donggang Township (20 t/d) Service population: 42,500 present permanent residents of Baixi Township, Donggang Township, and Manjiang Township; 55,000 (2010); 73,000 (2020) Tourists: 15,000/day at peak season, average 8,000–10,000/day

Grand Total Total volume of wastewater treatment: 178,100 m3/d Total length of sewers: 367.554 km Total capacity of sanitary landfills: 20.09 million m3 Total daily processing capacity of solid waste: 2,367.60 t/d Total service population: 2,900,500 (2010), 3,978,400 (2020)

A2/O = anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic process, BIOLAK = a multistage combined anaerobic and aerobic wastewater treatment process, CASS = combustion air saturation system, CAST = cyclic activated sludge technology, km = kilometer, m3/d = cubic meters per day, t/d = tons per day, WWTP = wastewater treatment plant. Source: NREM. 2008. Songhua River Basin Pollution Control and Management Project, Draft Final Report. Prepared by NREM International Inc. for the Asian Development Bank.

III. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

17. The SRB covers most parts of Heilongjiang and Jilin provinces and the eastern part of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, with 25 prefectures and prefecture-level municipalities and 105 counties and county-status cities and urban districts. The catchment area totals 556,800 km2. At the end of 2005, the total population within the SRB was more than 62 million, and the urbanization rate stood at 50%.

A. Physical Environment

1. Location

18. Heilongjiang Province is in the northeast of the PRC, at the highest latitudes and the northernmost end of the country. It neighbors the Russian Federation across the Heilongjiang and Wusuli rivers running in its north and east, respectively; in the west, it adjoins the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region; and to its south is Jilin Province. The province covers an area of

454,000 km2, accounting for 4.7% of the nation's total. Under its jurisdiction are 13 prefectures and cities, 66 counties and county-level cities, 1,211 townships (towns), and 14,488 villages.

19. Jilin Province is in the central part of northeast PRC, adjoining Heilongjiang Province in the north, Liaoning Province in the south, and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in the west. It is adjacent to the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea in the southeast across the Tumen and Yalu rivers. The territory of the province covers 187,400 km2 between 122°–131° E and 41°–46° N, accounting for 2% of the country’s total. The land is high in the southeastern part and low in the northwestern, with vast plains lying in its midwest.

2. Meteorology

20. Heilongjiang has a continental monsoon, subarctic climate. Winters are long and frigid, with the lowest average temperature of –28°C to –18°C in January, and summers are short and cool with an average of 18°C to 23°C in July. Annual average temperatures range from –4°C to 4°C. The temperature difference between the northern and southern parts of the province is 8°C.The annual average rainfall is 500 to 600 millimeters (mm), concentrated in the summer months.

21. Jilin has a northerly continental monsoon climate, with long, cold winters and short, warm summers. In January the lowest average temperatures range from –20° to –14°C. Summers are short and cool, with an average of 20°C to 25°C in July. The yearly average temperature in most parts of the province is 3°C–5°C. The average annual precipitation in the province is 550–910 mm, concentrated in the summer months.

3. Topography

22. The topography of Heilongjiang Province is characterized by mountains in the northwest, north, and the southeast, and lowland in the northeast and southwest. In its northwest are the Greater Hinggan Mountains, and in the north, the Lesser Hinggan Mountains. In the southeast are the ridges of Zhangguangcai, Laoye, and Taiping, in addition to the Wanda Mountains. The Nenjiang and Songhua rivers run across the province from south to north, forming the Sanjiang (“three rivers”) Plains in the northeast and the Songhua–Nenjiang Plains in the southwest. The well-known Xingkai Lake lies in the southeast. Hills and mountainous areas, with heights ranging from 300 to 1,780 meters (m) above sea level, account for 70% of the total land mass of the province. Plains, lying 50–250 m above sea level, make up about 30% of the total area.

23. The eastern part of Jilin Province is the mountainous area of the Changbai Mountains, with an elevation of more than 1,000 m, and the Jidong Hills, 500 m above sea level or lower. Other mountain ranges include the Jilinhada, Zhangguangcai, and Longgang mountains. Jilin is drained by the Yalu and Tumen rivers in the extreme southwest (which together form the border between the PRC and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea), by tributaries of the Liao River along the southern border, and by the Songhua and Nenjiang rivers, both eventually flowing into the Amur. In the western part of the province are the Songhua–Liao Plains, whose low and flat western section is the grain production base of the province.

4. Hydrology

24. The Songhua River originates from two main sources, the Nenjiang and Second Songhua rivers, which meet near Songyuan to form the Songhua River. From this confluence, the Songhua River flows easterly to join the Heilongjiang River on the boundary between the

Russian Federation and the PRC. About 54% (300,000 km2) of the area is in the Nenjiang River catchment area and 13% (73,000 km2) in the Second Songhua catchment area. The remaining 33% (184,000 km2) is immediately adjacent to the Songhua River main channel. The average annual rainfall in the SRB is low, varying from less than 400 mm in the west to more than 800 mm in the east. Most rainfall occurs in June–September, and average rainfall in a wet year may be three times that in a dry year.

25. The SRB is demarcated by three mountain ranges—the Greater Hinggan Mountain Range, which lies along the west and southwest border of the basin in Inner Mongolia; the Lesser Hinggan Mountain Range, which limits the north and northeast part of the basin; and the Changbaishan Mountain Range, which serves as the divide for the south and southeast part of the basin. The forest cover in these ranges provides good protection for the water resources of the area and the cascade multipurpose reservoirs developed along the Second Songhua River. The other significant landforms are the Songhua–Nenjiang and Sanjiang floodplains.

B. Ecological Resources

26. In 1999 and 2001, the Government of the PRC selected Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces to become two of the country’s three experimental “ecological provinces,” acknowledging their rich biodiversity and potential for sustainable management of natural resources.

27. Heilongjiang Province has 44.37 million hectares (ha) of soiled land with rich organic matter, of which 40% is suitable for farming. It is known as one of the world’s three major black-soil zones—67.6% of its total farmland of 11.80 million ha is cultivated on black soil, marshland, or black calcium soil. Furthermore, the province has 4.33 million ha of pastures and 4.793 million ha of farmland reserves. Heilongjiang ranks first among the PRC provinces in farmland and forest area, seventh in pasture area, and second in farmland reserves. Its total farmland area and land reserves together account for one tenth or more of the country’s total. The average per-capita farmland and the average per-capita area of farmland operated by individual farmers are three times the country’s average. With 41.9% of its land covered with forest, Heilongjiang ranks first among all the PRC provinces in forested area, forest resource reserves, and timber output. The province has the largest forest industry in the country, occupying a very important position in the PRC’s forest ecosystems. It is the most important state-owned forest area and the largest timber center in the PRC. In its forests are more than 100 species of trees, including 30 of high use value. Natural forests are mainly distributed in the Greater and Lesser Hinggan Mountains and the Changbaishan Mountains.

28. Jilin Province is one of the PRC’s six major forested areas. Stretching about 500 km, the Changbaishan Mountains are renowned for their biodiversity and natural beauty. The land used for forestry in the province covers 9.72 million ha, accounting for 51.37% of the province’s total and ranking 12th in the country. The province’s forest coverage is 42.4%. The highest summit in the province, the White Cloud Peak of the Changbaishan Mountains, is 2,691 m above sea level. The prairies in western Jilin are in the center of the Songhua–Nenjiang Prairies, one of the famous grasslands in the PRC. The prairies are known for their rich forage grasses, most of which are perennial rootstock and bushy grasses. They are also one of the breeding bases of commercial cattle and fine-wool sheep in northern PRC. There are 4.379 million ha of grassland in the province, mainly in its western and eastern parts. Its western part is the easternmost edge of the Euro-Asian grassland, where there are rich water resources and good-quality grass. This is undoubtedly Jilin’s animal husbandry base.

29. Forests in the SRB are mostly secondary-growth and man-made. The forest resources include larch, lime, mulberry, birch, Korean pine, spruce, Manchurian ash, camphor, and other economically valuable trees. Shrubs include hazel, M. baccata Borkh, wild siris (Albizzia kalkora Prain), and wild rose. Grasses include five-flowered herbosa, meyer sedge (Carex meyeriana Kunth), little-leaf camphor and reeds. Wild fruits include grapes, wild pears, walnuts, hazelnuts, and pine nuts. Edible wild herbs include brake, needle-beard edible fungi, and day lily.

30. Fauna found in the SRB includes bears, wild boar, deer, foxes, and wolves. Common wild animals include squirrels, chipmunks, hares, voles, frogs, and snakes. Bird species include chickadees, magpies, cuckoos, bulbuls, pheasants, and owls. Fish species include carp, pike, spotted silver carp, loach, catfish, northern grunter, willow-root fish, calabash fish, grass-root fish and other cold-water species. Livestock breeding plays an important role in the agricultural economy. Domesticated animals and poultry include cattle, horses, mules, donkeys, pigs, sheep, rabbits, dogs, chickens, and geese.

31. Heilongjiang and Jilin provinces are nationally important commodity grain and soybean producers. In the agricultural areas, the main farm crops are corn, soybean, paddy rice, wheat, barley, and sorghum. Other important crops are beans, sugar beet, flax, and tobacco.

C. Water Quality and Pollution

32. Because of rapid population growth, industrialization, and urbanization, the Songhua River is heavily polluted, primarily by organic pollutants. A basin-wide water quality assessment made in 2005 indicated that 34% of the monitored sections had water quality at or below the class V surface water quality standards of the PRC (GB3838-2002) (see footnote 2); this percentage jumps to 45% during the low-flow, frozen season. The tributaries with pronounced pollution include the Hulan, Anbang, Namo’er, Huifa, Yinma, Yitong, Ashi, Woken, and Mudanjiang rivers, whose water quality is class V. These tributaries contribute significantly to pollution in the mainstream Songhua.

33. In the SRB, there are 48 major drinking water supply source areas that serve a total population of about 13.9 million. These include 32 surface water supply source areas, which account for about 90% of the volume of water supply in the basin, and 16 groundwater supply source areas, which account for the remaining 10%. In the past few years, a number of drinking water supply sources—such as the Sifangtai Water Supply Source Area for Harbin City in Heilongjiang Province, Hailong Reservoir for Meihekou in Jilin Province, and Zhuo’erhe River for Xing’an Prefecture in the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region—have experienced water pollution, which threatens the safety of the drinking water supply.

34. The major water pollutants in the SRB include potassium permanganate index, ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), total phosphor (TP), oils, and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Water quality at four state-monitored sections does not meet the prescribed standards for designated uses. During the 10th FYP (2001–2005) period, water quality in the mainstream Songhua deteriorated further, as the pollutants discharged in the SRB increased yearly. By 2005, the volume of wastewater discharged in the SRB amounted to 1.98 billion cubic meters (m3), and COD 784,000 tons, making the SRB the largest recipient of organic pollution among the PRC’s top seven river basins. The seven largest cities in the SRB, including Harbin, Changchun, Mudanjiang, Qiqiha’er, Daqing, and Jiamusi, each discharged more than 100 million m3 of wastewater yearly. They accounted for 68% of the COD discharged in the entire basin.

35. As expected, water pollution is more pronounced in sections passing by or through urbanized areas, indicating that municipal sewage is a primary source of pollution. In fact, urban sewage accounts for about 60% of the total wastewater discharged by volume in the entire SRB. However, sewage treatment facilities seriously lag behind. At the end of 2004, only 14 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), with a total capacity of 1.57 million cubic meters per day (m3/d) and actual treatment of 0.70 million m3/d, were operating. The rate of sewage treatment stood at less than 15%. For large cities with a population of more than 500,000, including Harbin, Changchun, Daqing, and Mudanjiang, the sewage treatment rate was below 40%. Most, if not all, medium-sized and small cities and towns discharge their raw sewage directly into the river, becoming the major sources of pollution for the Songhua.

36. As part of the SRBPCMP, pollution source and water quality monitoring in the SRB is being strengthened to cover the major polluters and sections. Online 24-hour monitoring equipment will be installed at more than 200 of the most polluting enterprises to closely monitor their effluent discharges. Provincial and key municipalities will have the equipment to regularly monitor toxic substances. Environmental monitoring stations at the county level will be fitted with monitoring equipment that will meet national standards. The existing 41 state-controlled monitoring stations in the SRB will be consolidated into 28, and 10 automated water quality stations will be established. This basin-wide complete monitoring network, the first of its kind in the PRC, is expected to be operating by the end of the 11th FYP (2010), providing full coverage and simultaneous monitoring of the drinking water supply sources and interprovincial and inter-municipal waterways in the SRB.

37. An environmental emergency response system is taking shape in the SRB. The system meets the standards prescribed in the National Environmental Emergency Response Plan (2006).5 The system entails command, coordination, response, and decision making. It is led by the Ministry of Environmental Protection, and involves the State Council Emergency Response Office; the Ministries of Communications, Public Security, Water Resources, and Construction; the State Safety Supervision Administration and the State Meteorological Administration; and their provincial and municipal counterparts. A successful drill exercise was conducted on 26 January 2007.

D. Social and Economic Conditions

38. Selected socioeconomic indicators of Heilongjiang and Jilin provinces are provided in Table 3.

Table 3: Socioeconomic Indicators of Heilongjiang and Jilin Provinces (2005) Indicator Heilongjiang Jilin PRC Land mass 454,000 km2 187,400 km2 96,000,000 km2 Population Birth rate: 7.87‰ Birth rate, 7.89‰; mortality Birth rate: 12.4‰ Mortality rate: 5.2‰ rate, 5.32‰. Total Mortality rate: 6.51‰ population at the end of Total population at the end Total population at the end 2005: 27.16 million of 2005: 38.20 million of 2005: 1,307.56 million GDP CNY551 billion CNY361.49 billion CNY18,232.10 billion Increase over 2004: 11.6% Increase over 2004: 12.0% Increase over 2004: 9.9% GDP ratio Value added: Value added: Value added: (primary, - primary industry: - primary industry: - primary industry:

5 SEPA. 2006. National Environmental Emergency Response Plan. Beijing.

Indicator Heilongjiang Jilin PRC secondary, CNY67.25 billion, up 9.2% CNY60.70 billion, up 8.3% CNY2,271.80 billion, up and tertiary over 2004 over 2004 5.2% over 2004 industries) - secondary industry: - secondary industry: - secondary industry: CNY297.08 billion, up CNY160.51 billion, up CNY8,620.80 billion, up 12.6% 13.3% 11.4% - tertiary industry: - tertiary industry: - tertiary industry: CNY186.67 billion, up CNY140.28 billion, up CNY7,339.5 billion, up 9.6% 10.7% 12.3% GDP ratio of the three GDP ratio of the three GDP ratio of the three sectors: 12.4:47.3:40.3 sectors: 8.5:61.9:29.6 sectors: 16.8:44.4:38.8 Investment CNY179.42 billion CNY180.20 billion CNY8,860.4 billion in fixed Increase over 2004: 25.4% Increase over 2004: 53.8% Increase over 2004: 11.9% assets

Agriculture Total agricultural output: Total grain production: Total grain production: CNY129.75 billion, up 25.812 million tons, up 2.8% 484.08 million tons, up 3.1% 11.1% over 2004 over 2004 over 2004 Total grain output: 36 million tons Industry Total industrial value added: Total industrial value added: Total industrial value added: CNY269.63 billion, up CNY120.08 billion, up CNY7,619.0 billion, up 12.9% over 2004 11.0% over 2004 11.4% over 2004

Imports and Total value of imports and Total value of imports and Total value of imports and exports exports: $9.57 billion, up exports: $6.53 billion, down exports: $1,422.1 billion, up 40.9% over 2004 3.9% over 2004 23.2% over 2004 - exports: $6.07 billion, up - exports: $2.47 billion, up - exports: $762.0 billion, up 64.9% 43.9% 28.4% - imports: $3.5 billion, up - imports: $4.06 billion, down - imports: $660.1 billion, up 12.6% 20.0% 17.6% Education Number of students enrolled Number of students enrolled Number of students enrolled in graduate degree in graduate degree in undergraduate degree programs: 169,000 programs: 132,000 programs: 5,050,000

Public 8,230 medical and 8,219 medical and About 300,000 medical and health health-care institutions, with health-care institutions, with health-care institutions with 120,000 beds and 149,000 86,400 beds and 161,500 about 3,070,000 beds and medical professionals and medical professionals and about 4,456,000 medical technicians at year-end technicians at year-end professional and technicians at year-end Social Insurance plan coverage of Insurance plan coverage of Insurance plan coverage of security the population: the population: the population: - endowments: 7.694 million - endowments: 4.56 million - endowments: 555.77 - unemployment: 4.596 - unemployment: 1.99 million million million - unemployment: 106.48 - medical treatment: 6.028 - medical treatment: 2.83 million million million - medical treatment: 137.09 million

Indicator Heilongjiang Jilin PRC Residents’ Per capita disposable Per capita disposable Per capita disposable income income of urban residents: income of urban residents: income of urban residents: CNY8,273, up 10.7% over CNY8,691, up 10.8% over CNY10,432, up 9.6% over 2004 2004 2004 Per capita net income of Per capita net income of Per capita net income of rural residents: CNY3,221, rural residents: CNY3,264, rural residents: CNY3,255, up 7.2% up 8.8% up 6.2% ‰ = per mill (per thousand), GDP = gross domestic product, km2 = square kilometer, PRC = People’s Republic of China. Sources: National Statistical Bureau. 2006. China 2006 Statistical Yearbook. Beijing; Heilongjiang Provincial Statistical Bureau. 2006. Heilongjiang Province 2006 Statistical Yearbook. Harbin; Jilin Provincial Statistical Bureau. 2006. Jilin Province 2006 Statistical Yearbook. Changchun.

IV. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

39. During project development, various alternatives were proposed, screened, and compared against technical, economic, and environmental criteria. The environmental comparison of alternatives was primarily aimed at identifying and adopting options with the least adverse environmental impact and maximum environmental benefits. The analysis of alternatives was done in two parts, under with- and without-Project scenarios, and on project process alternatives.

A. With- and Without-Project Scenarios

1. With and Without the SRBPCMP

40. At the end of 2004, there were only 14 WWTPs for the SRB as a whole, with a daily capacity of 1.57 million m3/d and actual treatment volume of 0.70 million m3/d. The wastewater treatment rate was only 15% for the entire basin. For large cities with a population greater than 500,000, including Harbin, Changchun, Daqing, and Mudanjiang, the treatment rate was lower than 40%. In 2005, Heilongjiang Province generated 13.92 million tons of municipal solid waste, of which only 17.5% received sanitary treatment. At the end of 2005, there were 20 sanitary landfills in the province, with a daily processing capacity of 9,380 tons per day (t/d). The target for 2010 (end year of the SRBPCMP) is to reach a sanitary processing rate of 60%. For Jilin Province, the volume of municipal solid waste in 2005 surpassed 7.1 million tons, of which only 32.2% received sanitary disposal. The target for 2010 is to build 33 sanitary landfills, with a sanitary processing rate of 90% for large and medium-sized cities, and 60% for other cities. If the provinces do not take action without the SRBPCMP, the volume of wastewater and solid waste will continue to grow, resulting in the continuous degradation of water quality in the SRB.

2. With and Without the Water Supply Subprojects

41. Compared with the with-Project scenario, the without-Project scenario would result in continued shortage of reliable, good-quality water supply in the four subproject areas of Fujin City, Tangyuan County, Tonghe County, and Yanshou County in Heilongjiang Province. The situation would gradually worsen along with an increase in the pressures exerted by the growing population, economic development, and rising standards of living. The city would thus become less competitive and less attractive to outside investors, and its further development and that of its economy, as well as the further improvement of the standard of living of its citizens, would be hampered. Without the new water supply pipe network, continued leaking in the old and, in some cases, obsolete water distribution pipes and network would waste valuable resources,

15 and compromise drinking water safety, reliability, and sufficiency in general. Although the with-Project scenario has some adverse impact during construction, the impact is temporary and localized and can be minimized through proper implementation of the mitigation measures.

3. With and Without the Wastewater Management Subprojects

42. The Project will improve wastewater treatment and provide for effluent reuse by industries. As a result, the amount of pollutants (COD, biological oxygen demand [BOD], suspended solids [SS], NH3-N, and TP) entering the Songhua River system will be reduced, and the people living in the SRB will benefit from the reduced pollution. Without the Project, large volumes of wastewater would be continuously discharged into the Songhua River system, resulting directly or indirectly in continued severe pollution in the SRB.

4. With and Without the Solid Waste Management Subprojects

43. Without the Project, solid waste would be dumped in the project areas. Environmental issues related to the existing solid waste dump site are (i) strong odor around the site, especially in the summer months, resulting in large populations of flies and mosquitoes; (ii) biogas generated by the anaerobic degradation of organic waste, posing the threat of fires and risk to the health and life of scavengers living on the dump site; (iii) serious pollution of surface water and groundwater by leachate from the dump site; and (iv) serious air pollution around the sites due to dust and flying ash from the dump site and ash storage. These adverse environmental effects can be mitigated or eliminated by the proposed subprojects.

B. Project Alternatives

1. Alternatives for Water Supply Subprojects

44. Several alternative options for the water supply subprojects in Heilongjiang Province were examined. The options of withdrawing water from the river, from lakes and reservoirs, from riverside wells, and from groundwater were compared for, among other things, quality and quantity of supply, cost, and technological requirements. The most appropriate alternative was selected for a particular site. The groundwater alternative was selected for the Fujin, Tangyuan, and Tonghe water supply subprojects, and reservoir water for the Yanshou water supply subproject. The selected alternatives also took into consideration an increase in industrial water demand from industry.

2. Alternatives for Wastewater Sewer Networks

45. Sewer alignments were selected on the basis of the topography and geography (mainly for sewage collection) of the service area; construction methods and cost; minimized resettlement impact; and other features, such as the presence of major roads, railways, other underground utilities, river crossings, environmental and construction impact, operation and management, and connection to the proposed WWTP. Most of the selected alignments were along major roads to minimize environmental impact, demolition and resettlement, river crossing, and costs. Effluent outfall alternatives were assessed for all the WWTPs. The selection of sites was based on distance from the WWTP to the river, resettlement and land requirements, cost, and quality standards of the receiving water bodies. Combined sewers were adopted for old urban quarters, and separate sewers for new urban districts, because of connections with existing networks.

3. Alternatives for Wastewater Treatment Processes

46. The proposed WWTPs will adopt secondary biological treatment technologies. Two or three alternative treatment processes were considered in each feasibility study, including the following: (i) the conventional activated sludge process (cyclic activated sludge technology [CAST]); (ii) the anaerobic, anoxic, and anaerobic process (A2/O) for the effective removal of nitrogen and phosphorus; (iii) the oxidation ditch process (biological aerated filter [BAF]), which has a higher nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency than the conventional process; and (iv) the newly developed anaerobic and oxidation process (BIOLAK, a multistage process combining anaerobic and aerobic wastewater treatment), with high phosphorus removal efficiency. The factors considered included treatment efficiency in relation to raw wastewater characteristics, environmental aspects, cost, and sludge handling. Given the varying conditions and requirements, A2/O, BAF, CAST, and BIOLAK will each be used in four WWTPs.

4. Alternatives for Solid Waste Management

47. Three technological options—landfill, incineration, and compost—were evaluated on the basis of criteria such as treatment scope, investment and operating costs, environmental impact, past experience, required land, and waste content. Because of its low organic content, low thermal value and unstable ingredients, and the existing economic situations, the sanitary landfill was deemed the best option for all the SWM subprojects.

5. Alternatives for Effluent Disposal and Reuse

48. Effluent from all the WWTPs will be conveyed by an outfall to a river, from which the water will be available for irrigation and other uses downstream. Preliminary consideration was given to industrial reuse of the effluent. However, no industrial users were identified, and under present conditions there is no economic incentive for industry to reuse effluent. Effluent from three WWTPs will be reused for industrial cooling.

6. Alternatives for Sludge Disposal

49. Incineration, landfill disposal, and production of fertilizer pellets were the options considered for sludge disposal. The factors compared included potential adverse impact, cost, and management. Sanitary landfill disposal was selected as the method of sludge disposal for most of the WWTPs. Agreements will be in place to allow the disposal of sludge at a controlled sanitary landfill by the time the plants are put into operation.

7. PPTA Contributions to Project Design

50. The PPTA has contributed to the project design in many aspects. The major contributions are summarized below:

(i) Movable containers versus transfer stations. For the solid waste in Banxi Township, a transfer station was proposed in the feasibility study report. Instead, the PPTA consultants advised the IA and the design institute to use movable garbage containers, which can be hauled away periodically. The use of movable containers will have several advantages. First, they can be conveniently placed in the neighborhood, within walking distance; no collection will be required. Second, movable containers fit well with the surroundings of Banxi, a tourist

town. Third, because there will be no need for collection, the use of the containers will be more cost-effective. (ii) Landfill leachate treatment. Instead of the on-site leachate treatment stations proposed in the feasibility study reports for many landfills, the PPTA consultants advised the IAs and design institutes to transport the leachate to a nearby WWTP, whenever practical. According to the PPTA consultants, the unit cost of treating landfill leachate averages more than CNY30 per m3, compared with only CNY1–CNY2 per m3 or lower for the WWTPs. (iii) Phased approach to landfill development. The feasibility study reports proposed building the landfills, which have a planned life of 12.5–40.0 years, all at one time. The lining could thus age before the landfills were used, the PPTA consultants said. They therefore recommended instead the development of the landfills in four or five phases, to extend the service life of the lining and save on costs. (iv) WWTP cost estimates. After comparing the cost estimates for the subprojects, the PPTA consultants discovered that the unit costs of a couple of WWTPs were higher than normal. The IAs and design institutes reexamined the cost estimates for these WWTPs and adjusted them accordingly. For WWTPs with class IA discharge standards, the investment cost and the operation and maintenance cost need further confirmation. Accurate costs should be reflected in the detailed design to guide future procurement.

V. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND MITIGATION MEASURES

A. Sector Impact

51. The Project will contribute significantly to improving water quality in Songhua River from class V to class III, as provided in the SRBPCMP (2006–2010). The volume of treated wastewater under the Project will be about 12% of the total planned under the master plan (10% of the Heilongjiang Province total, and 14% of the total for Jilin Province). To illustrate the impact of the Project, an SRB map showing the river sections improved as a result of the Project will be prepared. Another impact of the Project will be improved sanitation, environmental quality, and public health in the SRB in general and the project counties and cities in particular.

52. The specific project outcomes by 2010 will be as follows: (i) safe drinking water for 402,000 people in Heilongjiang Province; (ii) a 556,000 m3/d increase in domestic wastewater treatment capacity to serve 7.32 million people in Heilongjiang and Jilin provinces; and (iii) a 2,341 t/d increase in capacity for the sanitary disposal of domestic solid waste to serve 1.59 million.

53. The Project will also contribute to the objectives of ADB’s water policy6 and help the PRC to attain the Millennium Development Goals 7, Target 10, with the aim of halving the population without access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation by 2015. The project design will incorporate the experiences gained from ADB’s involvement in urban development and water resources management in the PRC through similar projects in Changchun, Harbin, Fuzhou, Nanjing, Shandong, Shanghai, Tianjin, Wenzhou, and Wuhan. Innovative options for promoting private sector participation, including the public-private partnership model developed under the Nanjing Qinhuai River Environmental Improvement Project, will be explored during

6 ADB. 2001. Water for All: The Water Policy of the Asian Development Bank. Manila.

18 the Project. The Project will also build on the results of the ADB-financed flood control projects in the SRB that contributed to the development of SRB institutions.

54. Water and wastewater infrastructure can suffer significant damage or losses from climate change and extreme weather events unless proactive steps are taken to adapt them to such conditions. Climate change could increase water demand, water quality problems, and the risk of flooding, and result in water apportionment issues, loss of potable water, and sewer overflows. Water infrastructure can be adapted to withstand the effects of climate change through water conservation and demand management measures, education and awareness-raising programs, long-term planning and preparedness for droughts and severe flooding, improved water quality protection, more vigorous water monitoring, and more equitable allocation of water. The long-term water pollution control plan and SRBPCMP support such efforts.7 The EAs and IAs have been made aware of the impact of climate change on the water supply and wastewater infrastructure, and will incorporate adaptation measures into the Project.

55. The Project supports priority investments under the SRBPCMP and provincial environmental protection plans. Its subprojects, the first to be financed under the ADB loan, will have a demonstration effect for other SRB counties and cities that will follow suit in the next few years. The Project will also help strengthen the environmental management capacity of small cities and towns in the SRB, another national priority for the PRC.

B. Potential Impact and Mitigation Measures during the Design Phase

56. No important historical and cultural sites or rare and endangered species will be affected by any of the subprojects. Construction areas, sewer routes, landfill locations, and water supply routes will not be located in forests or grassland of ecological significance, nature reserves, or scenic areas. The original EIA reports and feasibility studies provided for the following mitigation measures during the design phase:

(i) All project sites will be carefully selected to avoid or minimize potential adverse impact on the environment and surrounding communities. (ii) The facilities will be located and designed to minimize resettlement impact. (iii) The technical design of the water supply plants must be adequate, and must provide for the desired treatment to meet the drinking water standards and safety of plant operations. (iv) The water treatment plants and effluent reuse plants must also be built according to an adequate technical design, which provides for the desired water quality and waste treatment and disposal processes that meet government regulations, and are consistent with the safety of plant operations. (v) Water treatment plants, WWTPs, water reuse plants, pump stations, and the leachate treatment facility layouts will be designed to keep sources of noise and odors as far away from nearby residential areas as possible. The WWTPs, water reuse plants, and leachate treatment facility designs will limit odor emissions and noise to acceptable levels according to existing national standards. (vi) For SWM, landfills will be designed according to the standards of the Ministry of Construction, with proper vertical and horizontal high-density polyethylene liners (protected by geo-textile and clay and soil) and drainage control of polluted rainfall runoff to prevent seepage into groundwater. The leachate treatment

7 Infrastructure Canada. 2006. Adapting Infrastructure to Climate Change in Canada’s Cities and Communities: A Literature Review. Ottawa.

facilities will be designed to ensure the proper collection, treatment, and disposal of the leachate. Appropriate locations will be identified, carefully examined, and compared to determine which ones will have the least impact on the environment. (vii) In water treatment plants and water supply plants with disinfection facilities using chlorine dioxide, adequate, leakproof technical design and equipment for automated control of the chlorine treatment will be needed to mitigate impact on air quality. (viii) For the landfills, adequate detailed technical design for the gas collection system is required to meet the standards of the Ministry of Construction.

C. Potential Impact and Mitigation Measures during Construction

57. The construction of the subprojects is expected to have the following impact:

(i) Airborne dust. Excavation, demolition, construction vehicle movement, and material handling could generate airborne dust. (ii) Noise. Construction equipment and vehicular movement could increase noise levels, potentially affecting nearby residents and schools. (iii) Traffic congestion. Pipeline construction along existing roads and increased construction traffic could worsen traffic congestion. (iv) Wastewater discharge from construction camps and sites. The discharge of wastewater (sewage, cleaning water, waste oils from machinery maintenance, surface runoff) could pollute water sources adjacent to the sites. Rainwater runoff from landfill may pollute the adjacent rivers. (v) Solid waste pollution from construction camps and sites. Construction waste, packaging material, soil, sludge, and other waste will come from construction-related activities and from the workers’ living quarters. (vi) Soil erosion. Large amounts of soil, sand, and subsoil will be collected and disturbed during construction. When it rains, these earth piles and other disturbed land could be eroded and cause loss of soil, with detrimental impact on water quality. (vii) Land impact. The construction activities will occupy considerable areas of land—88.9 ha of land, including 45.5 ha of farmland, will be acquired permanently, and 209.7 ha will be acquired for a limited time during the Project. (viii) Ecological impact. In general, no plant or animal species on the national protection lists are within 300 m from the subproject sites. Any adverse impact on endangered and rare species will be negligible. (ix) Infectious diseases. The construction near bodies of water might increase the number of flies, mosquitoes, rats, and other vectors, resulting in the spread of infectious diseases among workers and residents. (x) Resettlement and land acquisition. Residents in the affected areas will have to be resettled, and land acquired, either permanently or temporarily.

58. Given the results of the impact assessments and the goals of minimizing adverse impact in accordance with the various standards and regulations of the PRC Government, and ADB’s safeguard policies, the following mitigation measures are proposed for the construction phase:

(i) Sewage and wastewater. Sewage and wastewater from construction camps will be collected and treated in septic tanks before being discharged to avoid contaminating the surrounding areas. Where possible, the wastewater will be

discharged directly to the municipal sewer. At the construction sites, temporary tanks will be installed to control and treat muddy and sandy runoff. (ii) Erosion and runoff. Strict measures to control erosion and runoff at the construction sites will be imposed on contractors through detailed specifications. (iii) Dust. To avoid dust pollution, the construction sites and material handling sites will be regularly sprayed with water, especially those sites that are near sensitive receptors such as residential and school areas. Construction sites will be enclosed, and covered transportation will be used whenever appropriate. (iv) Exhaust fumes. Exhaust fumes from vehicles will be minimized, and construction machines will undergo good maintenance to ensure that exhaust gases are within standards. (v) Noise. The main noise reduction measures are as follows: (a) no noisy construction machines will be used at night (10 p.m.–6 a.m.) near residential or other sensitive areas, such as schools, kindergartens, and hospitals; (b) no noisy construction machines will be set up within 50 m from residential houses; (c) construction machines will be maintained and operated properly to minimize noise; and (d) heavy transport vehicles will use proper transportation routes away from residential areas. (vi) Solid waste. Solid waste will be collected regularly and conveyed by sealed transportation to facilities assigned by the sanitary department. Construction waste will be promptly removed from the sites, and will be sorted into two categories—usable and non-usable. The usable portion will be recycled and the non-usable portion collected and sent to an urban sanitary landfill. Burning of construction waste will be prohibited. (vii) Excavated soil. Excavated soil will be handled in accordance with local regulations for environmental sanitation management. Usable earth removed will be used in urban parks and for riverbank reinforcement and road construction, while the silt will be delivered to controlled landfills. (viii) Land occupation. Temporary land occupation will be planned well in advance to minimize its effects, and land will be reinstated to its original condition after the construction. Topsoil will be removed and stockpiled for use during restoration. (ix) Ecological impact. For subprojects that will permanently occupy forest or woodland (secondary woodland, bush and cash-trees), approval will be obtained from the provincial forestry bureau before construction. In compliance with the PRC’s Forestry Law, the IAs will undertake compensatory planting of an equivalent or larger area of affected trees, under the supervision of the provincial forestry bureaus. (x) Traffic congestion. Traffic flow regulation plans will be prepared with the authorities before construction begins in congested, built-up urban areas. Temporary roads will be built and proper transportation routes used. Rush-hour traffic will be avoided. Roads will be reinstated as soon as possible. (xi) Safety. Contractors will be required to implement necessary safety measures at the construction sites to protect the public and the workers, including the posting of warning signs to alert the public of potential safety hazards around the construction sites. Workers will be examined regularly, and pertinent protective clothing and safety equipment provided. Contractors and construction supervisors will be required to attend environmental and health safety training programs before the start of construction, unless they can produce relevant documentation showing that they already have the competence required.

D. Potential Impact and Mitigation Measures during Operations

1. Water Supply Plants

59. Noise generated in water treatment operations comes from pumps and blowers, and is usually contained within the plant. Mitigation measures include: (i) selecting low-noise machinery; (ii) putting high-noise equipment indoors; (iii) installing noise enclosures or buffers; (iv) setting up pump stations partly underground; and (v) establishing a greenbelt buffer of 15– 30 m around the plant, and between the office zone and the water treatment units.

60. Wash water will be recycled in the proposed water treatment plant to minimize waste of water. Wastewater from living quarters or the administration building will be discharged directly into sewers.

61. Dewatered sludge from the proposed water treatment plant will be recycled in the local brick production industry, or disposed of into controlled sanitary landfills in a safe manner, to prevent the contamination of delivery routes and the landfill site.

62. Some water treatment plants use chlorine for disinfection. The impact of chlorine leakage and its mitigation are discussed in the next section.

2. Wastewater Treatment Plants

63. The major effects arising from the operation and maintenance of WWTPs, and the proposed mitigation measures, are as follows:

(i) Overflow at WWTPs. The WWTPs will have standby equipment to reduce the risk of accidental overflow. Pumping stations will adopt dual-power supply lines, as well as proper operation and maintenance and process controls that include emergency plans. Water drainage and storm-water systems will be cleaned regularly. (ii) Chlorine hazard. Some WWTPs and water supply plants use chlorine for disinfection. As far as practicable, the storage facility should be sited downwind and farthest from residential areas outside the plant and the administrative buildings and offices inside the plants. Automatic chlorine-dosing equipment is preferred over manual dosing. The chlorine storage facility must be equipped with a chlorine gas detector, an alarm system, and an automatic chlorine gas collection system that will collect as well as neutralize the chlorine gas. When the chlorine level in the storage facility reaches a predetermined level, the alarm will go off to alert the workers, and the chlorine gas collection system will be automatically activated to collect and neutralize the chlorine, thus preventing it from leaking into the outside atmosphere. Leakproof equipment will be installed for automated control of chlorine treatment. An operations manual for this and other equipment will be provided by the suppliers, and the equipment operators and plant managers will be trained in operational safety and emergency procedures before plant start-up. Periodic training and practice sessions in safe operating procedures will be held after the plant starts operating. (iii) Odor. To avoid nuisance odor from WWTPs, the following mitigation measures will be implemented: (a) a 100 m buffer belt of trees will be provided around the facilities and trees planted inside the facilities area, (b) sludge will be removed in

a timely and proper manner, and (c) odor mitigation devices will be installed and operated properly. (iv) Control of industrial discharge to sewers. As required by the PRC, industrial wastewater discharged to the municipal sewers will be pretreated to meet the standards of the Ministry of Construction for municipal wastewater discharge (CJ3082-1999).8 Illegal discharge of industrial wastewater could have major toxic effects on microorganisms and wastewater treatment processes. To forestall these effects, the following mitigation measures will be implemented: (a) water quality in the municipal sewer systems in the WWTP subproject areas will be monitored daily by the IA and at least four times a year by the local environmental protection bureau (EPB); and (b) in case of noncompliance, the WWTP will terminate the illicit discharge either by requesting the violator to stop voluntarily or by disconnecting the discharger’s effluent pipe until compliance is confirmed. Also, during project implementation active policy dialogue on the enforcement of industrial pretreatment regulations and the strengthening of the enforcement system will be pursued. The Project will provide training in compliance monitoring, supervision, and enforcement as part of the EMP troubleshooting training. The environmental emergency response plan (see para. 37) will be activated in case of accidents.9 (v) Noise. Noise monitoring will be undertaken regularly. To reduce noise from the WWTP, water treatment plant, water reuse plant, and pump stations, low-noise equipment will be used, mufflers provided for high-noise equipment, and a buffer belt of trees planted around the plants. (vi) Sludge disposal. Dewatered sludge from the proposed WWTPs will be disposed of in sanitary landfills. For WWTPs that also receive industrial wastewater, pretreatment requirements for the industrial wastewater dischargers will be strictly enforced.

3. Solid Waste Management

64. The environmental sanitation department in each city or county administers the SWM system of the city or county. The department is responsible for municipal solid waste collection, transfer, transport, and disposal. Industrial solid waste, including hazardous waste, is controlled strictly and prevented from entering the municipal solid waste stream. The landfill designs assume a decrease in per capita waste generation through waste minimization. The EAs and IAs will undertake community education and action programs to meet the proposed waste minimization targets.

65. Leaching. The leachate usually has very high concentrations of BOD (800 milligrams per liter [mg/l]), COD (3,000 mg/l), and NH3-N (600 mg/l). If not collected and treated, the leachate will seep into groundwater and contaminate it. A leachate collection system and leachate treatment plant with the anaerobic/aerobic biological process will be built for all nine landfills. At one landfill that is adjacent to a WWTP (also part of the Project), the leachate will be piped to the WWTP for treatment. During the rainy season, the leachate will be collected, treated, and discharged. During the dry season, when leachate quantities are small, collected leachate will be reintroduced back into the landfill. To keep leachate from seeping into groundwater, the landfill will be lined from the bottom up with a layer of clay, followed by a layer

8 MOC. 1999. Water Quality Standards for Wastewater Discharging Directly to Municipal Sewers (CJ3082-1999). Beijing: China Standards Press. 9 See para. 37 for more information about the environmental emergency response plan.

23 of geo-membrane, then a layer of high-density polyethylene geo-membrane, and lastly another layer of clay.

66. Methane Gas. To produce enough gas to make a power plant financially viable, landfills must contain a large amount of organic waste and must have been in operation for several years. For large landfills emitting non-methane organic compounds in excess of 50 tons per year, it takes about 5 years to cover the investment and operating costs of gas extraction. Power from the landfill must also be competitive with energy from the electricity grid, in the choice of technology and interconnection costs (the landfill must be close enough to the transmission lines). It is agreed that all large project landfills will consider methane gas collection in the future. Methane gas collection pipes will be laid as part of these subprojects. During project implementation, the potential for securing greenhouse gas reduction credits under the Clean Development Mechanism will be further examined and pursued if found valid. For this purpose, the methane-emitting potential with decreasing per capita waste generation as a result of waste minimization programs will be confirmed.

67. Air Pollution and Odor. Emissions from vehicles and equipment must strictly conform to air pollution regulations. Machinery will be maintained regularly. Waste will be covered with soil to control hazardous gases and unpleasant odor. A 500 m greenbelt buffer will be put up around the plant.

68. Hazardous Waste in Landfill. As the field survey confirms, hazardous waste (e.g., waste batteries) is collected and disposed of at the designated disposal facilities and is not likely to make up a large volume of mixed dumping at the proposed landfills. On-site and off-site (collection points) spot checks will be conducted daily. A targeted awareness program will be carried out for collection workers and households to increase awareness and ensure waste segregation by households and at the collection points.

69. Waste Leakage from Waste Collection and Transportation. During operation, wind can blow solid waste into the air and carry it to unwanted places; this is a potential problem for landfills. In addition, improper transportation could cause waste leakage or loss during transportation, resulting in odor and secondary solid waste pollution. To make such leakage less likely, the transportation vehicles will be enclosed. The necessary retaining walls, chain-link fences, and covers will be installed to prevent the waste from spreading during windy or rainy season. As part of the EMP, leachate monitoring will be implemented. After a sanitary landfill site is constructed, retaining walls and covering materials will be installed to prevent the spread of waste.

70. Traffic and Inconvenience. Traffic congestion and inconvenience to local residents may occur, particularly during the harvest season. Local residents will be consulted about the likely traffic volume on the access road, and a traffic control plan will be developed and implemented.

71. Sanitation. To control mosquitoes, flies, and rats, municipal solid waste transfer stations, transportation vehicles, and the surrounding areas, if necessary, may be sprayed with insecticide. Traps may also be set for rats.

72. Groundwater Pollution. Groundwater wells around landfill sites will be used to monitor the risk of groundwater pollution. If no suitable wells already exist, monitoring wells will be dug. If signs of pollution are discovered, investigations will be conducted and immediate action will be taken to deal with the problem.

73. Public Health. Some farmlands adjacent to the landfills will be retained. Farmers will continue to farm these lands even after the landfills start operating, according to the current phased implementation plan. Some farmers have, however, expressed concerns over the deteriorated working environment and health conditions caused by the adjacent landfill. These farmers will be compensated, and offered the option of changing the farmlands into other uses. These mitigation measures will be examined and decisions will be made during the design stage.

4. Air Emissions from Heating Boilers and Mitigation Measures

74. The proposed water supply plants, WWTPs, and administrative buildings for the landfills will be equipped with coal-fired boilers for winter heating, which may emit air pollutants. According to PRC regulations, these boilers will be equipped with air pollution control systems with removal efficiencies of 96% for total suspended particulates (TSP) and 40%–60% for sulfur dioxide (SO2). Dispersion modeling results show that both TSP and SO2 concentrations at ground level will meet the class II ambient air quality standards (GB3095-1996).10

E. Positive Impact and Environmental Benefits

75. Each of the subprojects will make a significant contribution to meeting the pollution reduction targets set out in the environmental protection plans for the two provinces. In addition, they will help improve the living conductions and public health in the project counties and cities. The positive environmental impact of the subprojects is summarized below.

76. Water Supply. With a properly designed and built drinking-water distribution system, leakage and the risk of contamination during distribution will substantially decrease and water quality will improve. The water supply component will provide reliable water supply capacity of 59,500 m3/d to serve 402,000 people in the subproject areas of Fujin City, Tangyuan County, Tonghe County, and Yanshou County. In addition, the Qitaihe City effluent reuse subproject will reuse 30,000 m3/d of effluent as industrial cooling water.

77. Water Quality. The Project will considerably improve water quality in the SRB, home to 62 million people, and provide drinking water to more than 400,000 urban residents. Untreated wastewater will be diverted away from the rivers and the reservoir, into which they are now discharged, and treated in various WWTPs. The 568,100 m3/d of treated water from the WWTPs will improve water quality not only in the Songhua River but also in the vast area downstream.

78. Water Pollution Discharge. By intercepting raw sewage discharged directly into Songhua River and its tributaries, the WWTPs will reduce discharge loads into SRB as follows: COD by 47,267 tons per annum (t/a) in Heilongjiang and by 23,791 t/a in Jilin, and NH3-N by 3,151 t/a in Heilongjiang and by 1,321 t/a in Jilin. The discharge loads for other pollutants, such as SS, BOD, and heavy metals, will also be substantially reduced.

79. Solid Waste Management. Leachate as well as odors and pests from landfills present major threats to local groundwater, nearby residents, and the environment. With better collection, transport, and treatment of municipal waste there will be less contamination of the urban environment and less waste discharged into the aquifer. Around 2,318 t/d of solid waste will be properly managed at the 10 landfills.

10 SEPA. 1996. Ambient Air Quality Standards (GB2095-1996). Beijing: China Environmental Science Press.

80. Public Health. The impact of the improvements in water supply and sanitation on human health is expected to be significant. The annual direct health benefit from the improved and reliable drinking water and environmental conditions is estimated at CNY186 million (for more details, see the economic analysis in part 5 of the PPTA consultants’ draft final report).

81. Employment. A large number of full-time jobs will result from direct job creation over the 5-year period of construction. There will also be indirect creation of other jobs related to materials supply and services.

F. Land Acquisition and Resettlement

82. The construction of the Project will affect 287 households (1,523 persons) through permanent land acquisition, 331 households (1,067 persons) through temporary land occupation, and 68 households (238 persons) through the demolition of residential and nonresidential houses. In all, 272.60 ha of land, including 90.20 ha (33%) of cultivated land, will be affected permanently 125.46 ha of rural collective and state land will be occupied temporarily, and 11,180.64 square meters of residential and nonresidential structures will be demolished. No indigenous people or ethnic minorities will be adversely affected.

83. The total cost of land acquisition and resettlement is estimated at CNY 238.09 million ($34 million), including contingencies. The impact of resettlement has been identified and resettlement plans have been prepared in accordance with PRC land law and ADB’s Involuntary Resettlement Policy (1995). The resettlement plans provide a socioeconomic profile of the affected persons and the scope of impact, and address issues related to compensation entitlement, the legal framework, public consultations, grievance procedures, environmental protection, rehabilitation measures, and budget and implementation milestones. Resettlement requirements were carefully considered and incorporated into the project design.

VI. ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT

A. Environmental Protection Investments

84. The estimated cost of the Project and its 28 subprojects in the two provinces is $396.33 million—$246.90 million in foreign exchange and $149.43 million equivalent in local currency.

85. The total costs of environmental mitigation and monitoring measures are estimated at CNY41.41 million (about $5.92 million), including design, mitigation measures during construction, the initial cost of mitigation measures during operation, and environmental monitoring costs during construction and operation. Some other environmental costs are not included in these environmental mitigation and monitoring cost estimates, but included in civil works and equipment. Additional environmental training costs are also budgeted for strengthening the EMP capacity of the IAs, municipal and county project management offices, and local EPBs. Environmental mitigation and monitoring measures account for 0.95%–2.40% of the total costs of the four water supply subprojects and 1.37%–6.10% of the total costs of the nine wastewater treatment subprojects in Heilongjiang Province, and 1.31%–4.60% of the total costs of the nine wastewater treatment subprojects and 3.6%–33.3% of the total costs of the 10 SWM subprojects in Jilin Province.

B. Environmental Benefits

86. Environmental benefits gained or environmental losses averted as a result of the implementation of the EMP are anticipated to include (i) reduced water pollution, (ii) reduced air pollution, (iii) reduced soil erosion, (iv) reduced noise pollution, (v) reduced impact on aquatic species, and (vi) the health and social health benefits associated with reduced environmental pollution. The economic internal rate of return for environmental and socioeconomic benefits is estimated at 19.6% for the Heilongjiang component and 18.4% for the Jilin component. More details about the environmental benefit estimation can be found in the economic analysis chapter of the draft final report on the PPTA.

VII. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

A. Objectives

87. The objective of preparing an EMP is not only to propose appropriate mitigation measures, but also to recommend the setting up of mechanisms for monitoring and ensuring compliance with environmental regulations and the implementation of the proposed mitigation measures. The responsible institutions and mechanisms will seek to ensure continuously improving environmental protection activities before and during construction and during project operation to prevent, reduce, or eliminate the adverse impact.

88. An EMP specifies (i) objectives; (ii) mitigation measures; (iii) implementing organization and responsibilities; (iv) inspection, monitoring, and reporting arrangements; and (v) a feedback and adjustment mechanism. The EMP will be reviewed and updated at the end of the detailed design and made consistent with the final detailed design.

89. An EMP has been prepared for each of the two provincial components. The development of the EMPs drew on the domestic EIAs prepared by the certified EIA institutes, discussions with the EAs and IAs, and consultations with the provincial, county, and city EPBs and with local communities. The EMPs have been endorsed by the provincial government agencies. The implementation of the two EMPs will be well coordinated.

B. Mitigation Measures

90. The mitigation measures are summarized in Table A1.1 of Appendix 1 (for Heilongjiang Province) and Table A2.1 of Appendix 2 (for Jilin Province).

C. Implementing Organization and Responsibilities

91. The Heilongjiang project management office (HPMO) and the Jilin project management office (JPMO) will be responsible for setting up the environmental management system, consisting of inspection, monitoring, reporting, and corrective actions or measures. In the design stage, the HPMO, the JPMO, and the IAs will hand over the EMPs to design institutes to have the mitigation measures incorporated into the detailed design. The EMP will be updated at the end of the detailed design, and finally passed on to selected contractors. To ensure that the contractors comply with the EMP’s provisions, the HPMO, the JPMO, and the IAs will prepare and provide the following specification clauses for incorporation into the bidding procedures: (i) a list of environmental items to be budgeted by the bidders in their proposals; (ii) environmental clauses for contract conditions and specifications; and (iii) the full EIAs and SEIA for compliance. The HPMO and the JPMO, and local PMOs in the two provinces, will each

27 nominate dedicated, trained, and qualified environment specialists or create environmental management units to undertake the environmental management activities and ensure effective EMP implementation. Environmental supervision companies (ESCs) contracted by the IAs will be responsible for inspecting, monitoring, and evaluating the implementation of mitigation measures.

92. The IAs and the contractors will have to undergo environmental training to implement the EMP capably. The HPMO and the JPMO will organize training programs, which will cover (i) environmental laws, regulations, and policies; (ii) the implementation of mitigation measures; (iii) the handling of environmental conflicts with residents and schools near the facility area; (iv) environmental technologies and procurement; (v) facility maintenance and operation; (vi) environmental monitoring and supervision; and (vii) documentation and reporting. The cost of the training is shown in Table A1.7 of Appendix 1 (for Heilongjiang Province) and Table A2.7 of Appendix 2 (for Jilin Province).

D. Inspection, Monitoring, and Reporting Arrangements

93. The HPMO and the JPMO will recruit one or more ESCs to conduct internal environmental monitoring and ensure that the environmental mitigation measures are properly implemented. Inspections or audits will mainly cover construction activities, but will also review the affected environment. The inspections or audit activities will be conducted weekly during the construction period. The inspections or audit activities and observations will be well documented, and the contractors and IAs will be informed of the outcomes.

94. Local PMOs will be responsible for externally undertake regular internal environmental monitoring activities (see Table A1.2 of Appendix 1 [for Heilongjiang Province] and Table A2.2 of Appendix 2 [for Jilin Province] for details) before, during, and after construction, as well as in the event of emergencies.

95. Monthly and half-yearly inspection and monitoring reports will be prepared and submitted during construction to the HPMO and the JPMO and to the Heilongjiang EPB (HEPB) and the Jilin EPB (JEPB). The results of these environmental inspection and monitoring activities will be used in assessing (i) the extent and severity of the environmental impact against the predicted impact, (ii) the performance or effectiveness of the environmental protection measures or compliance with pertinent rules and regulations, (iii) impact trends, (iv) the overall effectiveness of the project EMP, and (v) the need to take further mitigation measures.

96. To ensure the proper and timely implementation of the EMPs and adherence to agreed environmental covenants, the HPMO and the JPMO will submit to ADB semiannual reports on environmental performance based on the monitoring and audits. Moreover, within 3 months after each subproject completion, or no later than 1 year with permission from the environmental authorities (HEPB and JEPB), environmental acceptance monitoring and audit reports on each subproject completion will be (i) prepared by a qualified environmental monitoring institute in accordance with the State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA) Management Guidelines on Project Completion Environmental Audit (2001); 11 (ii) reviewed by the environmental authorities before they approve the official start of operations of the individual subprojects; and (iii) finally reported to ADB. The environmental acceptance reports on the subproject completion will indicate the timing, extent, and effectiveness of completed mitigation

11 SEPA. 2001. Management Guidelines on Project Completion Environmental Audit. Beijing.

28 and of maintenance, as well as point out any need for further mitigation measures and monitoring during operations.

E. Feedback and Adjustment Mechanism

97. On the basis of the inspection and monitoring reports, the environmental authorities will decide whether (i) further mitigation measures are required, or (ii) environmental management practices need improvement. If the inspection uncovers substantial deviation from the EMP or changes made in any of the subprojects that may cause substantial adverse environmental impact or increase the number of people affected, then the HPMO and the JPMO should consult with environmental authorities and ADB immediately and form an EIA team to conduct additional environmental assessment and, if necessary, further public consultation. The revised EIA reports should be submitted to the environmental authorities for review and approval and to ADB.

VIII. PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS AND DISCLOSURE

A. Public Consultations Completed So Far

98. A public opinion survey of 100 people was carried out for each subproject during the preparation of the EIAs. At the start of the SEIA, a wide public consultation with more than 120 participants, including the EAs, the IAs, provincial and local EPBs, other relevant government agencies, and local communities, was conducted in Harbin on 17 March 2008 for the Heilongjiang component and in Changchun on 20 March 2008 for the Jilin component. A second round of wide public consultation with the same number and representation of participants as the first round was conducted to elicit comments on the draft SEIA and EMP in Harbin on 22 April 2008 for the Heilongjiang component and in Changchun on 24 April 2008 for the Jilin component. Two local community representatives from each subproject attended each of the four rounds of wide public consultations in the two provinces. Moreover, more than 500 people in the affected and beneficiary communities in each province were consulted on key social and environmental issues related to water supply, wastewater treatment, solid waste management and integrated river improvement, with the use of various participatory methods and approaches, including stakeholder consultation workshops, meetings, seminars, focus group discussions and key informant interviews, during the conduct of the poverty and social impact assessment. The preparation of the RPs involved separate extensive socioeconomic surveys, community meetings and opinion surveys.

99. The results of the surveys and consultations revealed that the vast majority of the respondents considered the Project to be necessary and believed that it would improve the environment and living conditions. However, some raised concerns related to the location and design. The main environmental concerns raised at the workshops were: (i) the location of the proposed landfill sites, (ii) damage to land and compensation for the damage, (iii) construction and operation noise, (iv) foul odors, (v) traffic impact, and (vi) resettlement issues. These concerns were considered in the project design and mitigation measures, and the staff from the HPMO, the JPMO, the IAs, and the design institutes explained at the later consultations how each concern was addressed in the proposed subprojects.

B. Future Public Participation Plan

100. Plans for public involvement during operations can be found in Table A1.3 of Appendix 1 (for Heilongjiang Province) and Table A2.3 of Appendix 2 (for Jilin Province). These plans

29 include public participation in (i) monitoring impact and mitigation measures during construction and operation; (ii) evaluating environmental, economic, and social impact; and (iii) surveying public opinion after project completion. The plans provide for several types of public involvement—site visits, workshops, investigation of specific issues, and interviews. These plans will be incorporated into the project construction plan.

IX. CONCLUSION

A. Benefits

101. The Project will provide safe drinking water to subproject cities in Heilongjiang Province, and thus reduce morbidity and mortality from waterborne diseases.

102. The improved wastewater collection systems will contribute to a significant reduction in COD and NH3-N in the receiving rivers, thereby enabling the attainment of the COD and NH3-N limits set by the SRBPCMP. The improvements in wastewater treatment and collection will lead to a better, cleaner urban environment by reducing the exposure of the community to untreated wastewater with its associated impact on public health and well-being. The industrial reuse of treated effluent will meet the need for water conservation in the project areas.

103. By intercepting raw sewage discharged directly into the Songhua River and its tributaries and treating the sewage in WWTPs, the subprojects will improve SRB water quality downstream by reducing pollution loads in 19 subproject cities or counties.

104. Under the SWM component, the improvement of collection, transport, and disposal will meet the need for treating the growing volume of garbage in an environmentally sound manner and reduce contamination of the urban environment. New sanitary landfills in 10 cities or towns with leachate and methane collection will minimize the waste discharge into the aquifer, reducing water contamination and greenhouse gas emission.

105. Institutional strengthening will also be part of the Project. A series of training programs in environmental awareness and EMP implementation and monitoring will be provided to the EAs and IAs, contractors, local communities, and other key stakeholders. These interventions will help further build local environmental management capacity.

106. In summary, by 2010, the Project will directly benefit 9.82 million people in the project area. More specifically, (i) the water supply subprojects will provide safe drinking water for 402,000 people in Heilongjiang Province, (ii) the WWTPs will serve 6.46 million people in Heilongjiang Province and 1.26 million people in Jilin Province, (iii) the SWM subprojects will serve 1.53 million people in Jilin Province, and (iv) the river improvement subproject will improve the sanitation conditions for 0.17 million people. Indirectly, the Project will benefit the entire SRB, home to 62 million people.

B. Project Risks and Mitigation

107. Institutional capacity in the project cities and counties, particularly the poverty counties, is low. The weak capacity manifests itself in a number of ways including (i) immature and inexperienced IAs, some of which have never worked with international lending institutions; (ii) the multiplicity of IAs even within the same city or county; (iii) a lack of awareness of policy and reform issues; (iv) limited awareness among the IAs of ADB’s requirements; and (v) low financial management capability. The following measures have been implemented or identified

30 to mitigate the project risks: (i) the significant technical and managerial contribution of the PPTA to project design and capacity building; (ii) the appointment of project implementation and monitoring consultants, including ESCs; (iii) EMP monitoring and mitigation arrangements; (iv) environmental management training for the EMP (for details, see Table A1.5 of Appendix 1 and Table A2.5 of Appendix 2); (v) specific assurances from government; and (vi) project reviews by ADB.

108. The Heilongjiang and Jilin provincial governments and the related municipal governments will ensure that the IAs build, operate, maintain, and monitor the project facilities in strict conformity with (i) all applicable laws and regulations, including national and local regulations and standards for environmental protection, health, labor, and occupational safety; and (ii) ADB’s Environment Policy (2002) and the environmental mitigation and monitoring measures detailed in the approved subproject EIAs and EMPs.

C. Overall Conclusion

109. The Project will account for about 12% of the total volume of domestic wastewater treatment as planned in the SRBPCMP (2006–2010). It will help improve water quality in the Songhua River to class III from the present class IV, V, and below for most river sections; provide safe drinking water; and improve urban living conditions. The prioritized and integrated approach to pollution prevention in the SRB will provide the most sustainable prospect of reducing waterborne pollution, achieving the surface water quality targets, improving living conditions, and providing opportunities for sustainable local economic and social development. The Project will benefit 9.82 million people in the direct project area. The indirect project benefits can extend to the 62 million people who reside in the SRB.

110. The overall findings of the SEIA and EIAs are that negative impact on air, water, and the acoustic environment is expected, especially during construction. The impact will be temporary and localized. Mitigation measures are proposed in the SEIA. These measures will be incorporated into the detailed EMPs during design and construction. The EMPs will be implemented by the IAs and monitored internally and externally by professional environmental management specialists and local environmental monitoring centers, and the progress of the implementation will be reported to and supervised by the HPMO, the JPMO, the HEPB, the JEPB, and ADB.

111. During operation, odors from the WWTPs and the sludge treatment facility within the WWTPs could have adverse impact on nearby sensitive receivers. Odor removal equipment will be designed and installed at these facilities. At the landfill farms, leachate and landfill gas could adversely affect groundwater quality and air quality. Proper liners will be designed and installed, leachate collected and disposed of safely, and the landfill gas flared. The mitigation measures are prescribed conceptually in each EIA, and SEIA main text, and the EMPs in the SEIA in detail. The estimated costs of mitigation measures are incorporated in the project design. These mitigation measures will be further elaborated in the revised EMP in the design and construction phases based on detailed information obtained.

D. Follow-Up Monitoring and Environmental Management Requirements

112. Preliminary EMPs have been developed for the design, construction, and operation of the Project. These plans include institutional arrangements and enhancements for implementing the mitigation measures and undertaking the monitoring requirements. They will be further developed as the Project progresses.

Appendix 1 31

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (HEILONGJIANG COMPONENT)

A. Objectives

1. The objective of establishing an environmental management plan (EMP) is to propose appropriate mitigation measures, and recommend the establishment of institutions or mechanisms to monitor and ensure compliance with environmental regulations and the implementation of the proposed mitigation measures. Such institutions and mechanisms will seek to ensure continuously improving environmental protection activities during project preparation, construction, and operation to prevent, reduce, or eliminate the adverse impact.

2. The EMP spells out (i) the objectives, (ii) the impact and mitigation measures (in summary), (iii) the environmental monitoring and inspection arrangements, (iv) the public consultations planned, (v) implementing responsibilities and authorities, (vi) institutional strengthening and training programs, (vii) reporting and supervision mechanisms, (viii) a work plan, (ix) cost estimates, and (x) a feedback and adjustment mechanism. The EMP will be reviewed and updated at the end of the detailed design and made consistent with the final detailed design.

B. Summary of Potential Impact and Mitigation Measures

3. The potential impact of the Project during the construction and operation phases, as identified in the individual environmental impact assessments (EIAs), and the corresponding mitigation measures designed to minimize the impact are summarized in Table A1.1. The mitigation measures will be incorporated into the tendering documents (where appropriate), construction contracts, and operational management plans, and will be implemented by contractors and the implementing agencies (IAs) under the supervision of the Heilongjiang project management office (HPMO), the Heilongjiang Environmental Protection Bureau (HEPB), and the municipal environmental protection bureaus (MEPBs). The effectiveness of these measures will be evaluated on the basis of the results of the environmental monitoring to determine whether they should be continued or improvements should be made. Improvements need to be confirmed through stipulated environmental management procedures.

4. Resettlement plans have been prepared to ensure that the affected persons will be made better off or at least not worse off because of the Project. Details of the required actions are given in the resettlement plans for the individual subprojects.

Table A1.1: Summary of Potential Impact and Mitigation Measures (Heilongjiang) Impact Factor/ Potential Mitigation Measures Implementing Supervising Stage Impact and Agency Agency Issues A. Pre-construction 1. EIAs and Site and • The recommended sites and Design HPMO, Feasibility Study alignment pipeline routes for the institute and HEPB, Stage selection individual subprojects were EIA institutes, MEPB selected from various IA alternatives to minimize adverse impact on the environment.

32 Appendix 1

Impact Factor/ Potential Mitigation Measures Implementing Supervising Stage Impact and Agency Agency Issues

Treatment • For each WWTP, three to Design HPMO, technology five alternative treatment institute, EIA HEPB, selection technologies were evaluated institutes, IA MEPB on the basis of predefined environmental and economic criteria. Public • Two rounds of public EIA institutes, HPMO, consultations consultations on IA, PPTA HEPB, environmental issues, consultants MEPB poverty, and resettlement were conducted during the feasibility studies, and during EIA and SEIA preparation. 2. Design Stage EMP updating • Mitigation measures defined Design HPMO, in each individual EMP will institute, IA HEPB, be reviewed, updated, and MEPB incorporated into the detailed design to minimize adverse environmental impact. 3. Biding and Bidding • Environmental provisions will Environmental HPMO, Construction documents be included in RFPs. management HEPB, Preparation and • An environmental section will consultants or MEPB contractors’ be included in the TOR for companies qualifications bidders. contracted by • Environmental clauses for IA contractors in reference to the EMP and monitoring plan will be included in the construction and supply contracts. Environmental • Contractors will be required Contractors IA, HPMO, operation and to prepare an environmental HEPB, supervision operation and supervision MEPB manual manual, for approval by IAs. Complaint • A complaint and information Contractors IA, HPMO and office will be established or a information responsible person office or appointed before the start of appointed construction. person • Staff at the office must be well trained to handle conflicts with residents arising from environmental impact. Environmental • Environmental specialists HPMO HPLG protection and HEPB and MEBP training officials will be invited to provide training in the

Appendix 1 33

Impact Factor/ Potential Mitigation Measures Implementing Supervising Stage Impact and Agency Agency Issues implementation and supervision of environmental mitigation measures to relevant persons, especially construction engineers and managers. Resumption • A resettlement office IA HPMO of land and comprising local government property officials will be established to manage the resettlement process. • Community consultation programs will be conducted and information about entitlements based on PRC Land Administration Law disseminated. • Resettlement activities must be reasonably completed before the start of construction on any subproject.

B. Construction Phase 1. Water Wastewater • Sewage and other Contractors IA, OEE, from wastewater from construction IEM, construction camps will be collected and HPMO, camps treated in septic tanks before HPEB, being discharged to avoid MEPB contamination of the surrounding areas. Spill of • A construction materials Contractors IA, OEE, hazardous handling protocol (e.g., IEM, and toxic storage away from HPMO, substances watercourses and provision HEPB, of retention areas to contain MEPB accidental spills of toxic, hazardous, and harmful construction materials such as caustic and acidic substances, oil and petroleum products, and asphalt materials) will be prepared and applied to prevent the pollution of soil and of surface water and groundwater. 2. Air Generation of • Vehicles delivering granular Contractors IA, OEE, dust or fine materials to the sites IEM, must be covered. HPMO, • Materials storage sites must HEPB,

34 Appendix 1

Impact Factor/ Potential Mitigation Measures Implementing Supervising Stage Impact and Agency Agency Issues be 300 m from residential MEPB areas and covered or sprayed with water. • Water will be sprayed on construction sites and access roads twice a day. • All roads and pavements used by vehicles of the contractors, subcontractors, and suppliers will be kept clean and clear of all dust, mud, or extraneous materials left behind by the construction vehicles. Such cleaning must be completed regularly. Emissions • Vehicle emissions must Contractors IA, OEE, from vehicles comply with GB18352-2005, IEM, and GB17691-2005, GB11340- HPMO, equipment 2005, GB3847-2005, and HEPB, GB18285-2005. MEPB • Equipment and machinery emissions must comply with GB16297-1996. • A regular inspection and certification system will be initiated. 3. Noise Noise from • Noise from equipment and Contractors IA, OEE, equipment, machinery must comply with IEM, vehicles, and GB12523-1990. HPMO, plants • An adequate route will be HEPB, provided for large trucks to MEPB keep them away from residential areas. • At construction sites within 500 m of the nearest habitation, noisy construction work will be stopped between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m. the next day. 4. Solid Waste Domestic • Multi-compartment collection Contractors IA, OEE, waste from bins will be provided to IEM, workers’ facilitate reuse, recycling, HPMO, camps and composting of solid HEPB, waste. MEPB • Waste will be stored away from water bodies and will be regularly hauled to landfills or designated dumping sites. • Appropriate waste storage containers will be provided by

Appendix 1 35

Impact Factor/ Potential Mitigation Measures Implementing Supervising Stage Impact and Agency Agency Issues contractors. • Where appropriate, agreements will be signed with local suppliers for waste disposal through local facilities. These arrangements will be made before the works begin. 5. Soil Erosion and Soil erosion • Topsoil will be stripped and Contractors IA, OEE, Ecology stockpiled, and retaining IEM, walls built where necessary, HPMO, before dumping. HWRB, • Temporary detention ponds MWRB, or containment will be HEPB, provided to control silt runoff. MEPB • Intercepting ditches and chutes will be built to prevent outside runoff from entering disposal sites, and runoff from sites will be diverted to existing drainage or ponds. • Existing vegetation will be preserved where no construction activity is planned, or preserved temporarily where activity is planned for a later date. • Disposal and borrow sites will be rehabilitated into grassland, woodland, or farmland after closing. Vegetation • In compliance with the PRC Contractors, IA, OEE, Forestry Law, IAs will IA IEM, undertake compensatory HPMO, planting of an equivalent or HWRB, larger area of affected forest MWRB, trees. HEPB, • The reforestation will MEPB comprise a selection of species that are suitable for the area and have the most appropriate attributes to survive and serve their designated functions. • All disposal sites and borrow sites will be restored, where possible, to productive agricultural land or grass- and woodland. • New plantings will be maintained during the

36 Appendix 1

Impact Factor/ Potential Mitigation Measures Implementing Supervising Stage Impact and Agency Agency Issues operation period. 6. Social Resettlement • All affected persons will be IA, municipal PLG, HPMO compensated and resettled resettlement in a timely and adequate office manner, in accordance with the resettlement plans. Traffic jams or • Interim roads will be built. Contractors, OEE, IEM, blocks • Transport routes will be IA HPMO, selected to reduce municipal disturbance to regular traffic. traffic • Traffic will be diverted at bureaus peak traffic hours, and the area reinstated to its original condition on completion of construction. Cultural • Cultural heritage sites will be Contractors, OEE, IEM, heritage preserved where identified. In IAs HPMO, accordance with PRC local and regulations, no person shall provincial destroy, damage, deface, cultural conceal, or otherwise heritage interfere with a relic. bureaus • If an important site is unearthed, work should be stopped immediately and the matter promptly referred to the county, municipal, provincial, or state agencies for evaluation and decision on appropriate actions.

C. Operation Phase 1. Water Wastewater • For water supply subprojects, IA IEM, from a septic tank or on-site HPMO, management wastewater treatment device HEPB, office for each subproject will be MEPB installed. Wastewater from the management offices will be treated before being discharged into receiving water bodies. • Wastewater from the management office will be collected and conveyed directly to the waste treatment facilities. WWTP • Dual power supply will be IA IEM, HEPB, malfunction used. MEPB, • O&M manuals will be HPMO prepared and adequate

Appendix 1 37

Impact Factor/ Potential Mitigation Measures Implementing Supervising Stage Impact and Agency Agency Issues training provided to operators to ensure proper operation and maintenance of the facilities. • Appropriate internal and external protocols will be set up for communicating with EPB and health authorities, effluent reuse users, and other agencies as determined to be suitable. Illegal • Industrial pollution control IA, MEPB IEM, HEPB, industrial and management plans, HPMO discharges requiring adequate treatment of industrial waste before discharge into the sewer system, will be developed. • An industrial wastewater monitoring system will be set up, and prohibitions against illegal industrial discharges strictly enforced. • Adequate process controls for the WWTPs will be selected. Effluent • A project environmental IA, licensed MEPB, impact on acceptance audit by a environmental HEPB, receiving licensed consultant will be companies HPMO, IEM water bodies conducted before the formal contracted by start of operations to ensure IA the effluents meet the PRC’s WWTP Discharge Standards (GB18918-2002, SEPA). • An effluent monitoring program will be set up and carried out. 2. Air Odor from • A buffer zone and vegetation IA MEPB, WWTP around the YWR will be HEPB, provided. HPMO, IEM • Potential odor sources such as the sludge dewatering area will be enclosed. • Storage of dewatered sludge in YWR should be avoided. • Enclosed transportation and haul to landfill for final disposal will be ensured. • An adequate YWR layout will be ensured to minimize odors to potential receptors.

38 Appendix 1

Impact Factor/ Potential Mitigation Measures Implementing Supervising Stage Impact and Agency Agency Issues Emission from • Dust removers will be IA MEPB, heating installed for heating boilers HEPB, boilers so that emissions meet HPMO, IEM class II emission standards for air pollutants for coal- burning, oil-burning, and gas- fired boilers (GB13271-2001, SEPA). 3. Noise Noise from • Low-noise equipment and IA MEPB, pumps and vehicles will be selected. HEPB, equipment • High-noise equipment will be HPMO, IEM operation installed indoors. • Pumping stations will be constructed in semi-buried structures. • Trees will be planted around pump stations and plants. • Adequate facility layouts will be ensured to minimize noise impact on potential receptors. 4. Solid Waste Sludge from • Sludge will be sent to IA MEPB, WWTP municipal sanitary landfill for HEPB, safe disposal. HPMO, IEM • For WWTPs whose sludge is to be composted and used as agricultural or urban landscaping fertilizer, chemical tests of sludge will be carried out to determine whether the quality of sludge complies with pollutant limits in Discharge Standards for Urban Waste Water Treatment (GB18918-2002, SEPA). 5. Ecology Vegetation • No less than 30% space will IA MEPB, be provided for landscaping HEPB, and vegetation within the HPMO, IEM sites. • Vegetation will be properly maintained. 6. Environmental Accidental • An alarm and adsorption IA MEPB, Risks release of facility will be installed. HEPB, local chlorine • Storage volume will be health disinfectant controlled. authorities • A buffering zone will be provided. • Personal protection gear will be provided.

Appendix 1 39

Impact Factor/ Potential Mitigation Measures Implementing Supervising Stage Impact and Agency Agency Issues • Emergency response plans will be developed. Leaking or • Adequate supervision and IA Local bursting of management will be government, pipes provided. MEPB, • Proper maintenance will be HEPB ensured. HPMO, IEM • Operation monitoring will be enhanced. • An emergency response plan will be provided. Facility • Environment facilities will be IA MEPB, malfunction maintained regularly. HEPB, • Emergency response plans HPMO, IEM will be prepared. Insufficient • Environmental management IA MEPB, environmental training will be conducted, HEPB, management and facility and staff setup HPMO, IEM capacity will be developed. EIA = environmental impact assessment, EMP = environmental management plan, GB = Guo Biao (national standards), HEPB = Heilongjiang Environmental Protection Bureau, HPLG = Heilongjiang project leading group, HPMO = Heilongjiang project management office, HWRB = Heilongjiang Water Resources Bureau, IA = implementing agency, IEM = independent environmental monitor (as part of the implementation consultancy), m = meter, MEMC = municipal environmental monitoring center, MEPB = municipal environmental protection bureau, MWRB = municipal water resources bureau, O&M = operation and maintenance, OEE = on-site environmental engineer, PLG = project leading group, PPTA = project preparatory technical assistance, PRC = People’s Republic of China, RFP = request for proposal, SEIA = summary environmental impact assessment, SEPA = State Environmental Protection Administration, TOR = terms of reference, WSP = water supply plant, WWTP = wastewater treatment plant, YWR = Yichang–Wanzhou Railway. Sources: Domestic EIA reports for the subprojects prepared EIA institutes.

C. Environmental Monitoring and Inspection

5. An environmental monitoring program is presented in Table A1.2. This program considers the scope of monitoring; environmental media; monitoring parameters, time, and frequency; and implementing and supervising agencies. The monitoring will follow the methodology provided in the national standard methods for monitoring pollutants. Other associated standards are national environmental quality standards and pollutant discharge and emission standards.

6. Internal Monitoring and Inspection. During the construction, IAs with supervision from the HPMO will recruit environmental supervision companies (ESCs) to conduct internal environmental monitoring and inspections and ensure that the environmental mitigation measures are being properly implemented. Inspections or audits will mainly cover construction activities, but will also review the affected environment. The inspections or audit activities will be conducted weekly. The activities and observations will be well documented, and the contractors and IAs will be informed of the outcomes. During operation, the IAs and the operators will be responsible for internal monitoring and will report their findings to the HPMO, the HEPB, and the MEPBs.

40 Appendix 1

7. Compliance Monitoring and Inspection. Local environmental monitoring centers under the MEPBs will be responsible for regular and random compliance monitoring and inspection before, during, and after construction, as well as in the event of emergencies. If abnormalities are found, the EPB will impose a fine and issue a notice of rectification with a specific deadline.

8. Environmental Acceptance Monitoring and Audit. Moreover, within 3 months after each subproject completion, or no later than 1 year, with permission from the responsible environmental authorities, environmental acceptance monitoring and audit reports will be (i) prepared by a qualified environmental institute in accordance with the People’s Republic of China (PRC) regulation on Environmental Check-and-Acceptance of Project Completion (State Environmental Protection Administration [SEPA], 2001); (ii) reviewed for approval by environmental authorities who approved the same EIA; and (iii) finally submitted to the Asian Development Bank (ADB).

9. Independent Environmental Monitoring. An independent consultancy will be engaged through competitive bidding to advise on and supervise loan implementation. The consultancy will include an environmental safeguard specialist to conduct independent environmental monitoring. The results of the environmental monitoring will form part of the progress report that will be submitted to ADB and the Executing Agency (EA) semiannually.

10. The environmental monitoring, including the environmental benefits monitoring, will be incorporated in the project performance management system (PPMS) indicators for the Project. The HPMO, with assistance from the IAs, will be responsible for analyzing and consolidating the data through their management information system. The PPMS will be designed to allow adequate flexibility to adopt remedial actions regarding project design, schedules, activities, and development impact. At the start of the Project, the HPMO, the IAs, and the consultants will develop comprehensive PPMS procedures for systematically generating data on inputs and outputs of the project components, and agree on environmental and related socioeconomic indicators to be used to measure project impact. The HPMO and the IAs will refine the PPMS framework, confirm achievable goals, firm up monitoring and recording arrangements, and establish systems and procedures no later than 6 months after the loan takes effect.

11. The monitoring results will be used to evaluate (i) the extent and severity of environmental impact compared with the predicted impact, (ii) the performance of the environmental protection measures or compliance with related rules and regulations, (iii) impact trends, and (iv) the overall effectiveness of the project EMP. The effectiveness of the mitigation measures and monitoring plans will be evaluated through a feedback reporting system. The measures required by the EMPs will be modified, if necessary. The HEPB, the MEPBs, and the HPMO will play critical roles in this feedback and adjustment mechanism, as shown in the chart at the end of this appendix.

12. The environmental monitoring program is in Table A1.2, and the cost estimates for the environmental monitoring program are shown in Table A1.7. Before implementing the monitoring plan, responsible agencies will present more accurate estimates and a further detailed breakdown of the estimated budget. During project implementation, the costs can be adjusted on the basis of actual requirements.

Appendix 1 41

Table A1.2: Environmental Monitoring Program (Heilongjiang) Item Parameters Location Time and Implementing Supervising Frequency Agency Agency A. Construction (Internal) 1. Surface pH, • For each 3 samples each MEMC, OEE HPMO, IEM, Water conductivity, subproject, time, at start of MEPB, HEPB SS, NH3-N, minimum 2 construction and TN, TP, BOD, locations on the quarterly thereafter COD, oils river upstream and downstream of the construction site 2. Air TSP • 2 monitoring 3 samples at each MEMC, OEE HPMO, IEM, locations for each location each time, MEPB, HEPB construction site semiannually

3. Noise Leq (dB(A)) • 1 location at the Twice (daytime and MEMC, OEE HPMO, IEM, border with nighttime) each MEPB, HEPB settlements within time, monthly 200 m of during peak construction site construction, quarterly otherwise 4. Soil and Removal of • All sites Visual inspection OEE HPMO, Vegetation vegetation and weekly MWRB, IEM exposed surface

B. Environmental Audit upon Project Completion 1. Surface pH, • For each Once upon Licensed MEPB, HEPB Water conductivity, subproject, subproject environmental Quality SS, NH3-N, minimum 2 completion, 3 institutes TN, TP, BOD, locations on the samples per day for COD, oils river upstream 3 consecutive days and downstream at each location of the construction site

2. Air TSP, SO2, • 2 locations at Once upon Licensed MEPB, HEPB NH3, H2S, odor each WWTP subproject environmental completion, 3 institutes samples per day for 3 consecutive days at each location

3. Noise Leq (dB(A)) • Minimal 4 2 samples for 1 day Licensed MEPB, HEPB locations for each at each location environmental WSP and WWTP institutes at boundary and sensitive receptors • Pump stations: minimal 2 locations for each pump station

42 Appendix 1

Item Parameters Location Time and Implementing Supervising Frequency Agency Agency 4. Effluent COD, BOD, • All WWTPs 3 samples for 3 Licensed MEPB, HEPB SS, NH3-N, days at each environmental PO3−, oils, location institutes fecal coliform 5. Sludge Water content, • All WWTPs 2 samples for 1 Licensed MEPB, HEPB Zn, Cr, Cd, Pb, day, 1 time environmental Cu, Hg institutes 6. Soil and Revegetation, • All WSPs and Visual inspection Licensed MEPB, HEPB Vegetation landscaping WWTPs environmental institutes

C. Operation 1. Effluent pH, SS, color, • Effluent outlets of Mandatory online, IA MEPB, HEPB COD, BOD, all WWTPs real-time monitoring TN, TP, NH3- for all WWTPs N, oils, fecal (compliance) + daily coliform (internal) 2. Surface pH, • Upstream and 3 samples per day IA, MEMC MEPB, Water conductivity, downstream of for 3 consecutive HEPB, SS, NH3-N, receiving rivers days, quarterly HPMO, IEM TN, TP, BOD, COD, oils, fecal coliform

3. Air TSP, SO2, • 1 location for Semiannually, 3 MEMC MEPB, NO2, NH3, each plant samples per day HEPB, H2S, odor (compliance) + daily HPMO, IEM (internal)

4. Noise Leq (dB(A)) • 4 locations for Daytime and MEMC MEPB, each WSP and nighttime sampling HEPB, WWTP around twice a month, 2 HPMO, IEM boundary and samples each time sensitive receptors • Pump stations: minimal 2 locations for each pump station 5. Sludge Water content, • Sludge workshop Spot sample, twice MEMC MEPB, Zn, Cr, Cd, Pb, a year (internal) HEPB, Cu, Hg HPMO, IEM 6. Leachate/ Heavy metals • Leachate 3 samples per day IA, MEMC MEPB, effluent from treatment stations for 3 consecutive HEPB, landfills • Effluent from days, quarterly HPMO, IEM WWTPs where leachate is treated 7. Ground- pH, SS, TN, • For WSP, 4 1 sample, quarterly MEMC MEPB, water TP, BOD, locations around (compliance) + daily HEPB, COD, metals the plant (internal) HPMO, IEM

Appendix 1 43

Item Parameters Location Time and Implementing Supervising Frequency Agency Agency (As, Cr, Cu, • For WWTP, 2 Cd, Hg, Pb, Ni, monitoring wells, Zn), oils, 1 upstream, 2 cyanide, fecal downstream coliform, groundwater level 8. Soil and Vegetation, • All plants Visual inspections, MEPC MEPB, Vegetation landscaping once a year HEPB, HPMO, IEM As = arsenic, BOD = biochemical oxygen demand, Cd = cadmium, COD = chemical oxygen demand, Cr = chromium, Cu = copper, dB(A) = A-weighted decibel, EIA = environmental impact assessment, H2S = hydrogen sulfide, Hg = mercury, HEPB = Heilongjiang Environmental Protection Bureau, HPMO = Heilongjiang project management office, IA = implementing agency, IEM = independent environmental monitor (as part of the implementation consultancy), Leq = equivalent continuous noise level, m = meter, MEMC = municipal environmental monitoring center, MEPB = municipal environmental protection bureau, MEPC = Ministry of Environmental Protection, MWRB = municipal water resources bureau, NH3 = ammonia, NH3-N = ammonia nitrogen, Ni = nickel, NO2 = nitrogen dioxide, OEE = on-site environmental engineer, Pb = lead, pH = measure of acidity and alkalinity, PO3− = phosphate, SS = suspended solids, SO2 = sulfur dioxide, TN = total nitrogen, TP = total phosphor, TSP = total suspended particulates, WSP = water supply plant, WWTP = wastewater treatment plant, Zn = zinc. Sources: Domestic EIA reports for the subprojects prepared by EIA institutes.

D. Public Consultation

1. Public Consultation during Project Preparation

13. Various public consultations were conducted in the course of the preparation of the feasibility study reports and EIAs. During the feasibility study reports, the respective municipal governments were consulted to assist in site and process selection. During the EIAs and project preparatory technical assistance (PPTA), public consultations with various groups of stakeholders were conducted. The public consultations were held to assess the environmental impact of the proposed subprojects on nearby residents, to determine appropriate mitigation measures, and to thrash out resettlement issues. These activities were carried out in accordance with SEPA’s Interim Provisions of Public Consultations for Environmental Impact Assessment (2006)1 , and ADB’s Environmental Assessment Guidelines (2003).

2. Future Public Consultation Plan

14. Future plans for public involvement during the design, construction, and operation phases were developed during project preparation. These plans include public participation in (i) monitoring impact and mitigation measures during construction and operation, (ii) evaluating the environmental and economic benefits and social impact, and (iii) interviewing the public after the Project is completed. They include several types of consultations, e.g., site visits, workshops, investigation of specific issues, interviews, and public hearings (Table A1.3).

1 SEPA. 2006. Interim Provisions of Public Consultations for Environmental Impact Assessment. Beijing.

44 Appendix 1 offices will be well trained to handle crisis situations or conflicts with residents due to distress from environmental impact. The costs of the public participation activities during project construction are included in the project funding. The costs are estimated at CNY3,000 for each expert workshop, CNY20,000 for each public investigation on a particular issue, CNY10,000 for each resettlement survey, CNY5,000 for each public workshop, and CNY6,000 for each press conference. The costs of public participation activities during operation will be covered by the IAs. In addition, the established feedback mechanisms (see chart at the end of the appendix) will ensure timely feedback and measures to address concerns raised by communities affected by the Project.

Table A1.3: Public Consultation Program (Heilongjiang) Organizer Approach/Frequency Subjects Participants 1. Project Preparation HPMO, IAs, • EIA public opinion surveys: Priority, design, HPMO, IAs, design design institutes, once for each subproject environmental institutes, EIA EIA institutes, • Expert panel review: once for benefits and impact, institutes, HEPB, resettlement plan each subproject social benefits and MEPBs, other institutes, HEPB • Socioeconomic surveys and impact, mitigation provincial and surveys of affected persons measures, attitudes municipal government • Public consultation meeting + toward subproject, stakeholders, questionnaire: once for overall and suggestions community Project representatives • Site visits: several times 2. Construction HPMO, IAs, IEM • Public consultation and site Adjustments needed Residents within visits: at least once a year in mitigation construction measures, area construction impact, comments and suggestions • Expert workshop or press Comments and Experts from various conference: at least once suggestions on sectors, media mitigation measures, public opinions • Public information session: at Adjustments needed Representatives of least once a year in mitigation residents and social measures, sectors construction impact, comments and suggestions • Survey on resettlement: as Comments and People affected by required in the resettlement suggestions land acquisition and plan resettlement 3. Test Operation HPMO, IAs, IEM • Questionnaire survey: at least Comments and Local residents and once during test operation suggestions on social sectors, EPBs • Site visits: several, depending impact of operations, on results of project public suggestions completion environmental on corrective actions audit

Appendix 1 45

Organizer Approach/Frequency Subjects Participants 4. Operation PMO, IAs, IEM • Public opinion survey: once Effects of mitigation Residents adjacent to per year in the first 5 years of measures, impact of plant operation operation, comments and suggestions for corrective actions • Site visits: once every Plant operating Plant managers and 6 months, by IEM and HPMO performance, workers, local informal interviews residents adjacent to with local residents plant • Public workshop: as needed, Public comments and Representatives of depending on results of public suggestions on residents and social opinion survey and public corrective measures sectors complaints received • Expert workshop or press Expert comments Experts from residents, conference: as needed, and suggestions on social sectors, media depending on results of public corrective measures consultation and workshop EIA = environmental impact assessment, EPB = Environmental Protection Bureau, HEPB = Heilongjiang Environmental Protection Bureau, HMPO = Heilongjiang project management office, IA = implementing agency, IEM = independent environmental monitor, MEPB = municipal environmental protection bureau. Sources: Domestic EIA reports for the subprojects prepared by EIA institutes.

E. Implementing Responsibility and Authorities

16. The Heilongjiang provincial government is the EA and has established a project leading group (PLG or HPLG) headed by the vice governor of the province and a project management office (PMO or HPMO). The HPMO is colocated in the Heilongjiang Provincial Development and Reform Commission (HDRC), and is headed by the deputy director general of the HDRC. The HPMO draws its members from the HDRC, the Heilongjiang Provincial Finance Bureau, the HEPB, and the Heilongjiang Provincial Construction Bureau. The HPMO will have overall responsibility delegated by the EA for supervising the implementation of mitigation measures and reporting to ADB. The subproject cities and counties have also established their own PMOs to coordinate and monitor the implementation of the subprojects.

17. The HPMO, the PMOs, the IAs, and the contractors will each nominate dedicated, trained, and qualified environment specialists to undertake environmental management activities and ensure effective EMP implementation. The independent environmental monitor (as part of the loan implementation consultancy engaged through international competitive bidding) will assist the EA, the HPMO, and the IAs in preparing semiannual EMP progress reports and carrying out training programs. Table A1.4 shows the environmental responsibilities in different phases of the Project.

18. EMC will be locally hired by the EA/IAs to supervise and inspect compliance with the PRC environmental laws and regulations. They will serve as internal monitoring and supervision agencies. The independent environmental monitor (IEM) will be recruited through international competitive bidding under the loan implementation consultancy. It will serve as the external and independent monitor, assisting the PMO with monitoring, supervision and reporting to ADB. IEM has the oversight role both on monitoring and mitigation activities, and is the one to send consolidated reports to ADB.

46 Appendix 1

Table A1.4: Environmental Responsibility Matrix (Heilongjiang) Phase Agencies Environmental Responsibilities Preparation Design institutes Review and select alternatives (technological, design, siting, etc.) EIA institutes Prepare EIAs and EMPs for subprojects, including public consultations HEPB Review and approve individual EIAs including the EMPs PPTA consultant Prepare SEIA, including public consultations HPMO Coordinate and supervise EIAs, SEIA, and public consultations HPG Review and endorse SEIA, including the EMPs, for posting on ADB website Design Design institutes Update the EMPs in cooperation with EIA institutes, and incorporate mitigation measures in engineering detailed designs and contracts HPMO, IAs Review and approve environmental measures Tendering and HPMO, IAs, IEM Incorporate EMP clauses in RFPs and contracts Contracting Construction IAs Ensure implementation of mitigation measures, and public consultations Contractors Implement mitigation measures HPMO, HEBP, MEPB Advise on and supervise implementation of mitigation measures EMCs contracted by Conduct internal monitoring and inspection, and public IAs consultations IEM Conduct independent monitoring (including public consultations), and prepare periodic monitoring reports to ADB and HPG MEMCs Conduct compliance monitoring Test Operation IAs, MEMCs Conduct project completion environmental audit, including sampling and lab tests, and prepare project completion environmental audit report HEPB, MEPBs Review and approve project completion environmental audit report, and order corrective actions if necessary EMCs, IEM Participate in environmental audit and prepare progress reports to ADB and EA Operation IAs Ensure proper operation of subproject facilities according to design standards, and implementation of mitigation measures and public consultations EMCs contracted by Conduct internal environmental monitoring and IAs inspection, supervise implementation of EMPs, and conduct public consultations IEM Conduct independent monitoring (including public consultations), and prepare periodic monitoring reports to

Appendix 1 47

Phase Agencies Environmental Responsibilities ADB and HPG MEMCs on behalf of Conduct regular and unannounced environmental HEPB, MEPBs compliance monitoring and inspection ADB = Asian Development Bank, EIA = environmental impact assessment, EMC = environmental management consultant, EMP = environmental management plan, HEPB = Heilongjiang Environmental Protection Bureau, HPMO = Heilongjiang project management office, HPG = Heilongjiang provincial government, IA = implementing agency, IEM = independent environmental monitor, MEMC = municipal environmental monitoring center, MEPB = municipal environmental protection bureau, PPTA = project preparatory technical assistance, RFP = request for proposal, SEIA = summary environmental impact assessment. Sources: Domestic EIA reports for the subprojects prepared by EIA institutes.

19. The IAs will be largely responsible for environmental management and the implementation of mitigation measures. They will ensure that the EMPs are carried out and will engage design institutes and professional consultants to help with environmental management during project preparation, design, construction, and operation. The IAs will be responsible for arranging environmental monitoring reviews and responding to any adverse impact beyond that foreseen in the EIAs. The IAs will also attend to the environmental protection bureaus’ and ADB’s requests for mitigation measures.

20. Construction contractors will be responsible for implementing mitigation measures during construction, while the IAs will be responsible for implementing such measures during operation.

21. In accordance with the EMPs, the IAs will set up their own EMUs, which will generally require two employees each. The EMUs will be responsible for (i) implementing the EMPs and developing further implementation details; (ii) supervising contractors’ implementation of mitigation measures during construction; (iii) implementing training programs for contractors; (iv) incorporating environmental management, monitoring, and mitigation measures into construction and operation management plans; (v) developing and implementing internal routine environmental monitoring; and (vi) reporting on the performance of the EMPs to the HPMO and responsible agencies. The EMUs will be supported and supervised by the ESCs, the independent environmental monitor, the HEPB, and the MEPBs.

22. The HEPB and the MEPBS will ensure compliance with PRC and local environmental regulations through regular and random environmental compliance monitoring and inspection during construction and operation. The municipal environmental monitoring centers (MEMCs) will conduct the actual environmental compliance monitoring and inspection on behalf of the HEPB and the MEPBs. On the basis of the environmental compliance monitoring and inspection, the HEPB and the MEPBs will impose fines and order corrective actions if necessary.

23. Local governments will provide the IAs with financial and management authority to operate the project facilities. The IAs will be strengthened by environmental management training provided under the Project, as summarized in Table A1.5. They will incorporate environmental management activities into construction management plans.

F. Institutional Strengthening and Training

24. An assessment undertaken during the PPTA indicates that the HPMO has adequate technical and institutional capacity for project implementation. However, the IAs have weak capacity in environmental management and monitoring. For proper implementation of the EMPs,

48 Appendix 1 it is necessary to strengthen the capacity of the IAs. The proposed training is shown in Table A1.5.

25. It is considered that the three-tier implementation arrangement—HPLG, HPMO, and IAs —provides a reasonable framework for project management and control. The definition of roles, responsibilities, and relationships between the HPLG, the HPMO, the IAs, and other relevant agencies (e.g., the HEPB and the MEPBs) is adequate to ensure the effective implementation of the Project.

26. Environmental specialists in the HPMO, EPBs, the IAs, and the contractors will receive training in environmental management, environmental monitoring and supervision, mitigation planning, emergency response, environmental policy-making, and other environmental management techniques. Funding for this training will be included in the project budget and in the operation and management budget in the operation phase. The institutional strengthening and training program will be implemented by the IEM and coordinated by the JPMO. Trainers will be supplied by the IEM and if necessary, retained through subcontracts. IEM will receive instruction on its activities by the PMO/EA and ADB staff.

Table A1.5: Institutional Strengthening and Training (Heilongjiang) Activities Target Agencies/ Content Timing Attendees Strengthening Institutional HPMO, IAs, HEPB, • Definition of institutional arrangements During project Strengthening MEPBs for environmental management, preparation monitoring, supervision • Definition of positions and responsibilities • Appointment and recruitment of personnel HPMO, IAs, HEPB, • Recruitment and contracting of EMCs Before project MEPBs for internal environmental implementation management consultancy and monitoring HPMO, IAs, HEPB, • Recruiting and contracting an IEM for Before project MEPBs the overall Project, through implementation international competitive bidding, for overseeing environmental management consultancy and conduct of independent external monitoring of environmental aspects of the project Environmental HPMO, IAs, HEPB, • Development of environmental During project Management MEPBs management clauses and preparation Clauses and incorporation of these clauses into Protocols construction and operating contracts • Development and refinement of environmental monitoring protocols • Development of environmental emergency response procedures

Appendix 1 49

Activities Target Agencies/ Content Timing Attendees Monitoring HPMO, IAs, HEPB, • Procurement of lab equipment for During project Equipment MEPBs environmental monitoring for each preparation WSP and WWTP

Training Environmental HPMO, IAs, • Environmental laws and regulations Before project Laws, operators, • Environmental policies and plans implementation Regulations, contractors • Basic environmental management and Policies • Environmental emergency response EMP HPMO, EMCs, IAs, • Project construction, management, Before and during Implementation operators, and environmental protection project contractors responsibilities and duties implementation • Environmental protection tasks during project construction • Key environmental protection considerations in project construction • EMP improvement and corrective actions Environmental HPMO, IAs, • Engineering technologies, pollution Before and during Technologies operators, control equipment selection and project and Equipment contractors procurement implementation Advanced HPMO, IAs • Basics of theory and practice Prior to or at the Training on • International experiences and best beginning of project Water Supply, practices implementation Wastewater • Training will be carried out in the form Treatment of an overseas study tour to countries with adequate experiences (e.g., Australia, Japan, Singapore, US and/or EU countries) Community- Selected • Water savings During project Based community health • 3R’s (reduce, reuse, recycle) implementation Environmental workers and • Wastewater minimization and Hygiene community • Solid waste minimization Awareness members • Community, household and personal Program (Training-of- hygiene trainers approach will be used such that the trained health workers and community members will train other community members) Environmental IAs, environmental • Operation and maintenance of Before and during Facility facility managers, environmental facilities project implementation Operation and operators, • Safety operation regulations Maintenance contractors • Equipment management and emergency response procedures

50 Appendix 1

Activities Target Agencies/ Content Timing Attendees Environmental IAs, HEPB, • Monitoring and inspection methods, Before and during Monitoring, MEPBs, EMCs, data collection and processing, project implementation Inspection, and operators, interpretation of data, reporting Reporting contractors system • Environmental reporting requirements IEM • Oversight role both on project Prior and during monitoring and mitigation activities project implementation • Environmental reporting requirements EMC = environmental management consultant, EMP = environmental management plan, HEPB = Heilongjiang Environmental Protection Bureau, HPMO = Heilongjiang project management office, IA = implementing agency, IEM = independent environmental monitor, MEPB = municipal environmental protection bureau, WSP = water supply plant, WWTP = wastewater treatment plant. Sources: Domestic EIA reports for the subprojects prepared by EIA institutes.

G. Reporting and Supervision

27. Internal Monitoring Reports. During the construction period, the results of the internal monitoring by ESCs contracted by the IAs or the HPMO will be reflected in the weekly construction reports. The reports will summarize (i) environmental issues during construction; (ii) mitigation measures taken, if any; and (iii) consequences of the impact on the environment and the surrounding communities.

28. The contractors will be trained to take immediate action to remedy unexpected adverse impact or ineffective or inefficient mitigation measures, as required by the EMPs. The IAs will also respond to these reports to ensure that the contractors have taken appropriate and timely action. Additional measures may be taken, if needed, to ensure that all issues raised in the reports are appropriately addressed.

29. The results of the detailed internal environmental monitoring and mitigation actions for the construction phase will be submitted monthly to the IA, quarterly to the HPMO, and twice a year to the HEPB and the MEPBs. The HEPB and the MEPBs may request further environmental mitigation actions as they deem necessary, and may determine further mitigation measures for different stages, if necessary.

30. Compliance Monitoring Reports. MEMCs authorized by HEPB and MEPBs will be responsible for environmental compliance monitoring and inspection according to PRC environmental regulations, during construction and operation. The compliance monitoring reports will include (i) project background, (ii) construction and operation activities, (iii) environmental conditions, (iv) measurements or samples taken during auditing and their locations, (v) analytical results, (vi) interpretation and implications of the monitoring results, (vii) determination of the compliance status with regard to applicable regulations and standards, and (viii) recommendations for improvement. These reports will be submitted to the HEPB and the MEPBs by the MEMCs, with a copy to the HPMO.

2 SEPA. 2001. Management Guideline on Project Completion Environmental Audit. Beijing.

Appendix 1 51 environmental performance standards when it is put into operation. The report will be sent to the environmental authorities for review and approval. If instances of noncompliance are found, the project will be asked to meet the requirements before the official start of operation.

32. Independent Environmental Monitoring Reports. The EA and the HPMO have the responsibility to monitor and assess overall project activities under the project design and monitoring framework, and will be accountable to ADB for ensuring the effective implementation of the EMPs. The HPMO will be assisted by the independent environmental monitor, as part of the loan implementation consultancy recruited through international competitive bidding, to fulfill its responsibilities related to environmental supervision, monitoring, and reporting to ADB. The environmental monitoring reports will be submitted to ADB and the EA and HPMO twice a year. The reports will emphasize: (i) progress made in implementing the EMPs, (ii) implementation of mitigation measures, (iii) environmental compliance, (iv) institutional strengthening and training, (v) public consultations, and (vi) problems that have occurred and corrective actions taken. ADB may request further environmental mitigation actions as it deems necessary, and may determine further mitigation measures for different stages, if necessary.

33. The environmental reporting plan is presented in Table A1.6.

Table A1.6: Environmental Reporting Plan (Heilongjiang) Reports From To Frequency Construction Phase Internal Internal monitoring report Contractors EMC, IA Monthly Monitoring Internal monitoring report EMC HPMO, IA, IEM Quarterly

Compliance Compliance monitoring MEMC HEPB, MEPB According to PRC Monitoring report regulation External External monitoring report IEM ADB, HPMO, IA Twice a year Monitoring

Test Operation Project Project completion MEMC HEPB, MEPB, Once within 3 months of Completion environmental audit report HPMO project completion Environmental Audit

Operation Phase Internal Internal monitoring report EMC HPMO, IA, IEM Quarterly for the first 3 Monitoring years of operation Compliance Compliance monitoring MEMC HEPB, MEPB According to PRC Monitoring report regulation

External External monitoring report IEM ADB, EA and Twice a year for the first Monitoring HPMO, IA 3 years of operation ADB = Asian Development Bank, EA = executing agency, EMC = environmental management consultant, HEPB = Heilongjiang Environmental Protection Bureau, HPMO = Heilongjiang project management office, IA = implementing agency, IEM = independent environmental monitor, MEMC = municipal environmental monitoring center, MEPB = municipal environmental protection bureau, PRC = People’s Republic of China. Sources: Domestic EIA reports for the subprojects prepared by EIA institutes.

52 Appendix 1

H. Work Plan

34. Before construction, the HPMO and IAs will develop detailed responsibilities and requirements for contractors and will provide detailed cost estimates of mitigation measures and environmental monitoring in the construction contracts. The HPMO and the IAs also will detail the responsibilities of their environmental management offices and prepare their work schedules.

35. Before operation, the IAs as operators will develop detailed work plans for environmental management and monitoring during operation based on the EMPs. These work plans will be submitted to the HEPB and the MEPBs to help them supervise implementation.

I. Cost Estimates for Environmental Management

36. The IAs, with help from the HPMO, will develop detailed plans for the procurement of equipment and materials, and for the civil works needed to implement the mitigation measures and monitoring plans. These plans will be incorporated into project contracts. Environmental factors will be considered in the procurement to ensure that it is environmentally responsive.

37. The cost estimates for the mitigation measures, environmental monitoring, public consultations, and capacity building are summarized in Table A1.7. The compliance monitoring costs will be borne by the HEPB and the MEPB as part of their enforcement functions. Internal monitoring costs will be borne by the contractors and the IAs. Independent monitoring costs will be covered by the loan implementation consultancy budget. Before implementing a monitoring plan, the responsible agencies will present a more detailed breakdown of the estimated budget. During project implementation, the budgets will be adjusted on the basis of actual requirements. Contractors will bear the costs of all mitigation measures during construction; these costs will be included in the tender and contract documents. The IAs will bear the costs related to mitigation measures during operation. Costs related to environmental supervision during construction and operation will be borne by the IAs. Capacity-building costs will be borne by the Project as a whole. The training costs during the operation phase will be included in the operation and maintenance budget.

Table A1.7: Cost Estimates for EMP (Heilongjiang) Item Pre-operation Operation (CNY’000) (CNY’000/Year) Environmental Mitigation Water Supply Plants 2,280 560 Wastewater Treatment Plants 5,850 1,350

Internal Environmental Monitoring Procurement of Lab Equipment for IAs 1,560 312 Sampling + Testing 1,170 832

Public Consultations 650 130

Environmental Management Consultancy EIA + Environmental Management Consultancy 1,680 260 Independent Environmental Monitoring 338 0

Environmental Management Training 2,106 208

Total 15,634 3,652 EIA = environmental impact assessment, EMP = environmental management plan, IA = implementing agency. Sources: Domestic EIA reports for the subprojects prepared by EIA institutes.

Appendix 1 53

J. Feedback and Adjustment Mechanism

38. From the inspection and monitoring reports, the environmental authorities will decide whether (i) further mitigation measures are required, or (ii) the environmental management practices need some improvement. If the inspection uncovers substantial deviation from the EMP or changes in the Project that may cause substantial adverse environmental impact or increase the number of people affected, then the HPMO should consult with the environmental authorities and ADB immediately and form an environmental assessment team to conduct additional environmental assessment and, if necessary, further public consultation. The revised EIA reports including the EMP should be submitted to the environmental authorities for approval, and finally reported to ADB. The revised EMP will be passed on to the contractor(s) and IAs for implementation.

54 Appendix 1

Feedback and Adjustment Mechanism (Heilongjiang)

HPLG ADB

HEPB/MEPB HPMO

Consultants (DIs/EMCs) IAs (Operators)

IEM

MEMC Contractors (During Construction)

Implementation of Mitigation Measures, Monitoring Program, and Public Consultation Plan

Reporting Supervision

Documentation of EMP Implementation and Performance/Information Flow

Action

ADB = Asian Development Bank, DI = design institute, EMC = environmental management company, EMP = environmental management plan, HEPB = Heilongjiang Environmental Protection Bureau, HPLG = Heilongjiang project leading group, HPMO = Heilongjiang project management office, IA = implementing agency, IEM = independent environmental monitor, MEMC = municipal environmental monitoring center, MEPB = municipal environmental protection bureau. Source: Consultations with Provincial EPB. Appendix 2 55

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (JILIN COMPONENT)

A. Objectives

B. Summary of Potential Impact and Mitigation Measures

3. The potential impact of the Project during the construction and operation phases, as identified in the individual environmental impact assessments (EIAs), and the corresponding mitigation measures designed to minimize the impact are summarized in Table A2.1. The mitigation measures will be incorporated into the tendering documents (where appropriate), construction contracts, and operational management plans, and will be implemented by contractors and the implementing agencies (IAs) under the supervision of the Jilin project management office (JPMO), the Jilin Environmental Protection Bureau (JEPB), and the municipal environmental protection bureaus (MEPBs). The effectiveness of these measures will be evaluated based on the basis of the results of the environmental monitoring to determine whether they should be continued or improvements should be made. Improvements need to be confirmed through stipulated environmental management procedures.

Table A2.1: Summary of Potential Impact and Mitigation Measures (Jilin) Impact Factor/ Potential Mitigation Measures Implementing Supervising Stage Impact and Agency Agency Issues A. Pre-construction 1. EIAs and Site and • The recommended sites and Design JPMO, Feasibility Study alignment pipeline routes for the institute and JEPB, Stage selection individual subprojects were EIA institutes, MEPB selected from various IA alternatives to minimize adverse impact on the environment.

56 Appendix 2

Impact Factor/ Potential Mitigation Measures Implementing Supervising Stage Impact and Agency Agency Issues Treatment • For each WWTP, three to Design JPMO, technology five alternative treatment institute, EIA JEPB, selections technologies were evaluated institutes, IA MEPB on the basis of predefined environmental and economic criteria. Public • Two rounds of public EIA institutes, JPMO, consultations consultations on IA, PPTA JEPB, environmental issues, consultants MEPB poverty, and resettlement were conducted during the feasibility studies, and during EIA and SEIA preparation. 2. Design Stage EMP updating • Mitigation measures defined Design JPMO, in each individual EMP will institute, IA JEPB, be reviewed, updated, and MEPB incorporated into the detailed design to minimize adverse environmental impact. 3. Biding and Bidding • Environmental provisions Environmental JPMO, Construction documents will be included in RFPs. management JEPB, Preparation and • An environmental section consultants or MEPB contractors’ will be included in the TOR companies qualifications for bidders. contracted by • Environmental clauses for IA contractors in reference to the EMP and monitoring plan will be included in the construction and supply contracts. Environmental • Contractors will be required Contractors IA, JPMO, operation and to prepare an environmental JEPB, supervision operation and supervision MEPB manual manual, for approval by IAs. Complaint • A complaint and information Contractors IA, JPMO and office will be established or information a responsible person office or appointed before the start of appointed construction. person • Staff at the office must be well trained to handle conflicts with residents arising from environmental impact. Environmental • Environmental specialists JPMO JPLG protection and JEPB and MEBP training officials will be invited to

Appendix 2 57

Impact Factor/ Potential Mitigation Measures Implementing Supervising Stage Impact and Agency Agency Issues provide training in the implementation and supervision of environmental mitigation measures to relevant persons, especially construction engineers and managers. Resumption • A resettlement office IA JPMO of land and comprising local property government officials will be established to manage the resettlement process. • Community consultation programs will be conducted and information about entitlements based on PRC Land Administration Law disseminated. • Resettlement activities must be reasonably completed before the start of construction on any subproject.

B. Construction Phase 1. Water Wastewater • Sewage and other Contractors IA, OEE, from wastewater from IEM, JPMO, construction construction camps will be JPEB, camps collected and treated in MEPB septic tanks before being discharged to avoid contamination of the surrounding areas. Spill of • A construction materials Contractors IA, OEE, hazardous handling protocol (e.g., IEM, JPMO, and toxic storage away from JEPB, substances watercourses and provision MEPB of retention areas to contain accidental spills of toxic, hazardous, and harmful construction materials such as caustic and acidic substances, oil and petroleum products, and asphalt materials) will be prepared and applied to prevent the pollution of soil and and of surface water and groundwater. 2. Air Generation of • Vehicles delivering granular Contractors IA, OEE, dust or fine materials to the sites IEM, JPMO,

58 Appendix 2

Impact Factor/ Potential Mitigation Measures Implementing Supervising Stage Impact and Agency Agency Issues must be covered. JEPB, • Materials storage sites must MEPB be 300 m from residential areas and covered or sprayed with water. • Water will be sprayed on construction sites and access roads twice a day. • All roads and pavements used by vehicles of the contractors, subcontractors, and suppliers will be kept clean and clear of all dust, mud, or extraneous materials left behind by the construction vehicles. Such cleaning must be completed regularly. Emissions • Vehicle emissions must Contractors IA, OEE, from vehicles comply with GB18352-2005, IEM, JPMO, and GB17691-2005, GB11340- JEPB, equipment 2005, GB3847-2005, and MEPB GB18285-2005. • Equipment and machinery emissions must comply with GB16297-1996. • A regular inspection and certification system will be initiated. 3. Noise Noise from • Noise from equipment and Contractors IA, OEE, equipment, machinery must comply with IEM, JPMO, vehicles, and GB12523-1990. JEPB, plants • An adequate route will be MEPB provided for large trucks to keep them away from residential areas. • At construction sites within 500 m of the nearest habitation, noisy construction work will be stopped between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m. the next day. 4. Solid Waste Domestic • Multi-compartment Contractors IA, OEE, waste from collection bins will be IEM, JPMO, workers’ provided to facilitate reuse, JEPB, camps recycling, and composting of MEPB solid waste. • Waste will be stored away from water bodies and will be regularly hauled to landfills or designated

Appendix 2 59

Impact Factor/ Potential Mitigation Measures Implementing Supervising Stage Impact and Agency Agency Issues dumping sites. • Appropriate waste storage containers will be provided by contractors. • Where appropriate, agreements will be signed with local suppliers for waste disposal through local facilities. These arrangements will be made before the works begin. 5. Soil Erosion and Soil erosion • Topsoil will be stripped and Contractors IA, OEE, Ecology stockpiled, and retaining IEM, JPMO, walls built where necessary, JWRB, before dumping. MWRB, • Temporary detention ponds JEPB, or containment will be MEPB provided to control silt runoff. • Intercepting ditches and chutes will be built to prevent outside runoff from entering disposal sites, and runoff from sites will be diverted to existing drainage or ponds. • Existing vegetation will be preserved where no construction activity is planned, or preserved temporarily where activity is planned for a later date. • Disposal and borrow sites will be rehabilitated into grassland, woodland, or farmland after closing. Vegetation • In compliance with the PRC Contractors, IA, OEE, Forestry Law, IAs will IA IEM, JPMO, undertake compensatory JWRB, planting of an equivalent or MWRB, larger area of affected forest JEPB, trees. MEPB • The reforestation will comprise a selection of species that are suitable for the area and have the most appropriate attributes to survive and serve their designated functions. • All disposal sites and borrow sites will be restored, where

60 Appendix 2

Impact Factor/ Potential Mitigation Measures Implementing Supervising Stage Impact and Agency Agency Issues possible, to productive agricultural land or grass- and woodland. • New plantings will be maintained during the operation period. 6. Social Resettlement • All affected persons will be IA, municipal PLG, JPMO compensated and resettled resettlement in a timely and adequate office manner, in accordance with the resettlement plans. Traffic jams or • Interim roads will be built. Contractors, OEE, IEM, blocks • Transport routes will be IA JPMO, selected to reduce municipal disturbance to regular traffic. traffic • Traffic will be diverted at bureaus peak traffic hours, and the area reinstated to its original condition on completion of construction. Cultural • Cultural heritage sites will Contractors, OEE, IEM, heritage be preserved where IAs JPMO, local identified. In accordance and with PRC regulations, no provincial person shall destroy, cultural damage, deface, conceal, or heritage otherwise interfere with a bureaus relic. • If an important site is unearthed, work should be stopped immediately and the matter promptly referred to the county, municipal, provincial, or state agencies for evaluation and decision on appropriate actions.

C. Operation Phase 1. Water Wastewater • For water supply IA IEM, JPMO, from subprojects, a septic tank or JEPB, management on-site wastewater MEPB office treatment device for each subproject will be installed. Wastewater from the management offices will be treated before being discharged into receiving water bodies. • Wastewater from the management office will be collected and conveyed

Appendix 2 61

Impact Factor/ Potential Mitigation Measures Implementing Supervising Stage Impact and Agency Agency Issues directly to the waste treatment facilities. WWTP • Dual power supply will be IA IEM, JEPB, malfunction used. MEPB, • O&M manuals will be JPMO prepared and adequate training will be provided to operators to ensure proper operation and maintenance of the facilities. • Appropriate internal and external protocols will be set up for communicating with EPB and health authorities, effluent reuse users, and other agencies as determined to be suitable. Illegal • Industrial pollution control IA, MEPB IEM, JEPB, industrial and management plans, JPMO discharges requiring adequate treatment of industrial waste before discharge into the sewer system, will be developed. • An industrial wastewater monitoring system will be set up, and prohibitions against illegal industrial discharges strictly enforced. • Adequate process controls for the WWTPs will be selected. Effluent • A project environmental IA, licensed MEPB, impact to acceptance audit by a environmental JEPB, receiving licensed consultant companies JPMO, IEM water bodies company will be conducted contracted by before the formal start of IA operations to ensure the effluents meet the PRC’s WWTP Discharge Standards (GB18918-2002, SEPA). • An effluent monitoring program will be set up and carried out. 2. Air Odor from • A buffer zone and IA MEPB, WWTP vegetation around the YWR JEPB, will be provided. JPMO, IEM • Potential odor sources such as the sludge dewatering

62 Appendix 2

Impact Factor/ Potential Mitigation Measures Implementing Supervising Stage Impact and Agency Agency Issues area will be enclosed. • Storage of dewatered sludge in YWR should be avoided. • Enclosed transportation and haul to landfill for final disposal will be ensured. • An adequate YWR layout will be ensured to minimize odors to potential receptors. Emission from • Dust removers will be IA MEPB, heating installed for heating boilers JEPB, boilers so that emissions meet JPMO, IEM class II emission standards for air pollutants for coal- burning, oil-burning, and gas-fired boilers (GB13271- 2001, SEPA). 3. Noise Noise from • Low-noise equipment and IA MEPB, pumps and vehicles will be selected. JEPB, equipment • High-noise equipment will JPMO, IEM operation be installed indoors. • Pumping stations will be constructed in semi-buried structures. • Trees will be planted around pump stations and plants. • Adequate facility layouts will be ensured to minimize noise impact on potential receptors. 4. Solid Waste Sludge from • Sludge will be sent to IA MEPB, WWTP municipal sanitary landfill for JEPB, safe disposal. JPMO, IEM • For WWTPs whose sludge is to be composted and used as agricultural or urban landscaping fertilizer, chemical tests of sludge will be carried out to determine whether the quality of sludge complies with pollutant limits in Discharge Standards for Urban Waste Water Treatment (GB18918-2002, SEPA). 5. Ecology Vegetation • No less than 30% space will IA MEPB, be provided for landscaping JEPB, and vegetation within the JPMO, IEM sites.

Appendix 2 63

Impact Factor/ Potential Mitigation Measures Implementing Supervising Stage Impact and Agency Agency Issues • Vegetation will be properly maintained. 6. Environmental Accidental • An alarm and adsorption IA MEPB, Risks release of facility will be installed. JEPB, local chlorine • Storage volume will be health disinfectant controlled. authorities • A buffering zone will be provided. • Personal protection gear will be provided. • Emergency response plans will be developed. Leaking or • Adequate supervision and IA Local bursting of management will be government, pipes provided. MEPB, • Proper maintenance will be JEPB ensured. JPMO, IEM • Operation monitoring will be enhanced. • Emergency response plans will be provided. Facility • Environmental facilities will IA MEPB, malfunction be maintained regularly. JEPB, • Emergency response plans JPMO, IEM will be prepared. Insufficient • Environmental management IA MEPB, environmental training will be conducted, JEPB, management and facility and staff setup JPMO, IEM capacity will be developed. EIA = environmental impact assessment, EMP = environmental management plan, GB = Guo Biao (national standards), JEPB = Jilin Environmental Protection Bureau, JPLG = Jilin project leading group, JPMO = Jilin project management office, JWRB = Jilin Water Resources Bureau, IA = implementing agency, IEM = independent environmental monitor (as part of the implementation consultancy), m = meter, MEPB = municipal environmental protection bureau, MWRB = municipal water resources bureau, O&M = operation and maintenance, OEE = on-site environmental engineer, PLG = project leading group, PPTA = project preparatory technical assistance, PRC = People’s Republic of China, RFP = request for proposal, SEIA = summary environmental impact assessment, SEPA = State Environmental Protection Administration, TOR = terms of reference, WWTP = wastewater treatment plant. Sources: Domestic EIA reports for the subprojects prepared by EIA institutes.

C. Environmental Monitoring and Inspection

5. An environmental monitoring program is presented in Table A2.2. This program considers the scope of monitoring; environmental media; monitoring parameters, time, and frequency; and implementing and supervising agencies. The monitoring will follow the methodology provided in the national standard methods for monitoring pollutants. Other associated standards are national environmental quality standards and pollutant discharge and emission standards.

64 Appendix 2

6. Internal Monitoring and Inspection. During construction, IAs with supervision from the JPMO will recruit environmental supervision companies (ESCs) to conduct internal environmental monitoring and inspections and ensure that the environmental mitigation measures are being properly implemented. Inspections or audits will mainly cover construction activities, but will also review the affected environment. The inspections or audit activities will be conducted weekly. The activities and observations will be well documented, and the contractors and IAs will be informed of the outcomes. During operation, IAs and the operators will be responsible for internal monitoring and will report their findings to the JPMO, the JEPB, and the MEPBs.

8. Environmental Acceptance Monitoring and Audit. Moreover, within 3 months after each subproject completion, or no later than 1 year, with permission from the responsible environmental authorities, environmental acceptance monitoring and audit reports will be (i) prepared by a qualified environmental institute in accordance with the State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA) Management Guideline on Project Completion Environmental Audit (2001);1 (ii) reviewed for approval by environmental authorities who approved the same EIA; and (iii) finally submitted to the Asian Development Bank (ADB).

10. The environmental monitoring, including the environmental benefits monitoring, will be incorporated in the project performance management system (PPMS) indicators for the Project. The JPMO, with assistance from the IAs, will be responsible for analyzing and consolidating the data through their management information system. The PPMS will be designed to allow adequate flexibility to adopt remedial actions regarding project design, schedules, activities, and development impact. At the start of the Project, the JPMO, the IAs, and the consultants will develop comprehensive PPMS procedures for systematically generating data on inputs and outputs of the project components, and agree on environmental and related socioeconomic indicators to be used to measure project impact. The JPMO and the IAs will refine the PPMS framework, confirm achievable goals, firm up monitoring and recording arrangements, and establish systems and procedures no later than 6 months after the loan takes effect.

1 SEPA. 2001. Management Guideline on Project Completion Environmental Audit. Beijing.

Appendix 2 65

JPMO will play critical roles in this feedback and adjustment mechanism, as shown in the chart at the end of this appendix.

12. Environmental monitoring costs included in Table A2.2 are to be included in the project contracts and counterpart budgets. Before implementing the monitoring plan, the responsible agencies will present a further detailed breakdown of the estimated budget. During project implementation, the costs can be adjusted on the basis of actual requirements.

Table A2.2: Environmental Monitoring Program (Jilin) Item Parameters Location Time and Implementing Supervising Frequency Agency Agency A. Construction (Internal) 1. Surface pH, conductivity, • For each 3 samples each MEMC, OEE JPMO, IEM, Water SS, NH3-N, TN, subproject, time, at start of MEPB, JEPB TP, BOD, COD, minimum 2 construction and oils locations on the quarterly river upstream thereafter and downstream of the construction site 2. Air TSP • 2 monitoring 3 samples at each MEMC, OEE JPMO, IEM, locations for location each MEPB, JEPB each time, construction semiannually site

3. Noise Leq (dB(A)) • 1 location at the Twice (daytime MEMC, OEE JPMO, IEM, border with and nighttime) MEPB, JEPB settlements each time, within 200 m of monthly during construction peak construction, site quarterly otherwise

4. Soil and Removal of • All sites Visual inspection OEE JPMO, Vegetation vegetation and weekly MWRB, IEM exposed surface

B. Environmental Audit upon Project Completion 1. Surface pH, conductivity, • For each Once upon Licensed MEPB, JEPB Water Quality SS, NH3-N, TN, subproject, subproject environmental TP, BOD, COD, minimum 2 completion, 3 institutes oils locations on the samples per day river upstream for 3 consecutive and days at each downstream of location the construction site

2. Air TSP, SO2, NH3, • 2 locations at Once upon Licensed MEPB, JEPB H2S, odor each WWTP subproject environmental completion, 3 institutes samples per day

66 Appendix 2

Item Parameters Location Time and Implementing Supervising Frequency Agency Agency for 3 consecutive days at each location

3. Noise Leq (dB(A)) • Minimal 4 2 samples for 1 Licensed MEPB, JEPB locations for day at each environmental each WSP and location institutes WWTP at boundary and sensitive receptors • Pump stations: minimal 2 locations for each pump station 4. Effluent COD, BOD, SS, • All WWTPs 3 samples for 3 Licensed MEPB, JEPB NH3-N, PO3−, days at each environmental oils, fecal location institutes coliform 5. Sludge Water content, • All WWTPs 2 samples for 1 Licensed MEPB, JEPB Zn, Cr, Cd, Pb, day, 1 time environmental Cu, Hg institutes 6. Soil and Revegetation, • All WSPs and Visual inspection Licensed MEPB, JEPB Vegetation landscaping WWTPs environmental institutes

C. Operation 1. Effluent pH, SS, color, • Effluent outlets Mandatory online, IA MEPB, JEPB COD, BOD, TN, of all WWTPs real-time TP, NH3-N, oils, monitoring for all fecal coliform WWTPs (compliance) + daily (internal)

2. Surface pH, conductivity, • Upstream and 3 samples per day IA, MEMC MEPB, Water SS, NH3-N, TN, downstream of for 3 consecutive JEPB, TP, BOD, COD, receiving rivers days, quarterly JPMO, IEM oils, fecal coliform

3. Air TSP, SO2, NO2, • 1 location for Semiannually, 3 MEMC MEPB, NH3, H2S, odor each plant samples per day JEPB, (compliance) + JPMO, IEM daily (internal)

4. Noise Leq (dB(A)) • 4 locations for Daytime and MEMC MEPB, each WSP and nighttime JEPB, WWTP around sampling twice a JPMO, IEM boundary and month, 2 samples sensitive each time receptors

Appendix 2 67

Item Parameters Location Time and Implementing Supervising Frequency Agency Agency • Pump stations: minimal 2 locations for each pump station 5. Sludge Water content, • Sludge Spot sample, MEMC MEPB, Zn, Cr, Cd, Pb, workshop twice a year JEPB, Cu, Hg (internal) JPMO, IEM 6. Leachate/ Heavy metals • Leachate 3 samples per day IA, MEMC MEPB, effluent from treatment for 3 consecutive HEPB, landfills stations days, quarterly HPMO, IEM • Effluent from WWTPs where leachate is treated

7. Ground- pH, SS, TN, TP, • For WSP, 4 1 sample, MEMC MEPB, water BOD, COD, locations quarterly JEPB, metals (As, Cr, around the (compliance) + JPMO, IEM Cu, Cd, Hg, Pb, plant daily (internal) Ni, Zn), oils, • For WWTP, 2 cyanide, fecal monitoring coliform, wells, 1 groundwater upstream, 2 level downstream 8. Soil and Vegetation, • All plants Visual MEPC MEPB, Vegetation landscaping inspections, once JEPB, a year JPMO, IEM

As = arsenic, BOD = biochemical oxygen demand, Cd = cadmium, COD = chemical oxygen demand, Cr = chromium, Cu = copper, dB(A) = A-weighted decibel, H2S = hydrogen sulfide, Hg = mercury, IA = implementing agency, IEM = independent environmental monitor (as part of the implementation consultancy), JEPB = Jilin Environmental Protection Bureau, JPMO = Jilin project management office, Leq = equivalent continuous noise level, m = meter, MEMC = municipal environmental monitoring center, MEPB = municipal environmental protection bureau, MEPC = Ministry of Environmental Protection, MWRB = municipal water resources bureau, NH3 = ammonia, NH3-N = ammonia nitrogen, Ni = nickel, NO2 = nitrogen dioxide, OEE = on-site environmental engineer, Pb = lead, pH = measure of acidity and alkalinity, PO3− = phosphate , SS = suspended solids, SO2 = sulfur dioxide, TN = total nitrogen, TP = total phosphor, TSP = total suspended particulates, WSP = water supply plant, WWTP = wastewater treatment plant, Zn = zinc. Sources: Domestic EIA reports for the subprojects prepared by EIA institutes.

D. Public Consultation

1. Public Consultation during Project Preparation

13. Various public consultations were conducted in the course of the preparation of the feasibility study reports and EIAs. During the feasibility study reports, the respective municipal governments were consulted to assist in site and process selections. During the EIAs and project preparatory technical assistance (PPTA), public consultations with various groups of stakeholders were conducted. The public consultations were held to assess the environmental impact of the proposed subprojects on nearby residents, to determine appropriate mitigation measures, as to thrash out resettlement issues. These activities were carried out in accordance

68 Appendix 2 with SEPA’s Interim Provisions of Public Consultations for Environmental Impact Assessment (2006),2 and ADB’s Environmental Assessment Guidelines (2003).

2. Future Public Consultation Plan

14. Future plans for public involvement during the design, construction, and operation phases were developed during the project preparation. These plans include public participation in (i) monitoring impact and mitigation measures during construction and operation, (ii) evaluating the environmental and economic benefits and social impacts and (iii) interviewing the public after the Project is completed. They include several types of consultations, e.g., site visits, workshops, investigation of specific issues, interviews, and public hearings (Table A2.3).

15. Public participation plans are part of the project implementation and management plan. The IAs are responsible for public participation during project implementation. The IAs will also establish an environmental management unit (EMU) to supervise implementation, engage in continuing public consultation, monitor progress, and respond to grievances. The staff at the offices will be well trained to handle crisis situations or conflicts with residents due to distress from environmental impact. The costs of the public participation activities during project construction are included in the project funding. The costs are estimated at CNY3,000 for each expert workshop, CNY20,000 for each public investigation on a particular issue, CNY10,000 for each resettlement survey, CNY5,000 for each public workshop, and CNY6,000 for each press conference. The costs of public participation activities during operation will be covered by the IAs. In addition, the established feedback mechanisms (see chart at the end of the appendix) will ensure timely feedback and measures to address concerns raised by communities affected by the Project.

Table A2.3: Public Consultation Program (Jilin) Organizer Approach/Frequency Subjects Participants 1. Project Preparation JPMO, IAs, design • EIA public opinion surveys: Priority, design, JPMO, IAs, design institutes, EIA once for each subproject environmental institutes, EIA institutes, • Expert panel review: once for benefits and impact, institutes, JEPB, resettlement plan each subproject social benefits and MEPBs, other institutes, JEPB • Socioeconomic surveys and impact, mitigation provincial and surveys of affected persons measures, attitudes municipal government • Public consultation meeting toward subproject, stakeholders, + questionnaire: once for and suggestions community overall Project representatives • Site visits: several times

2. Construction JPMO, IAs, IEM • Public consultation and site Adjustments needed Residents within visits: at least once a year in mitigation construction measures, area construction impact, comments and suggestions • Expert workshop or press Comments and Experts from various conference: at least once suggestions on sectors, media

2 SEPA. 2006. Interim Provisions of Public Consultations for Environmental Impact Assessment. Beijing.

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Organizer Approach/Frequency Subjects Participants mitigation measures, public opinions • Public information session: at Adjustments needed Representatives of least once a year in mitigation residents and social measures, sectors construction impact, comments and suggestions • Survey on resettlement: as Comments and People affected by required in the resettlement suggestions land acquisition and plan resettlement

3. Test Operation JPMO, IAs, IEM • Questionnaire survey: at Comments and Local residents and least once during test suggestions on social sectors, EPBs operation impact of operations, • Site visits: several, public suggestions depending on results of on corrective actions project completion environmental audit

4. Operation PMO, IAs, IEM • Public opinion survey: once a Effects of mitigation Residents adjacent to year in the first 5 years of measures, impact of plant operation operation, comments and suggestions for corrective actions • Site visits: once every 6 Plant operating Plant managers and months, by IEM and JPMO performance, workers, local informal interviews residents adjacent to with local residents plant • Public workshop: as needed, Public comments and Representatives of depending on results of suggestions on residents and social public opinion survey and corrective measures sectors public complaints received • Expert workshop or press Expert comments Experts from residents, conference: as needed, and suggestions on social sectors, media depending on public corrective measures consultation and workshop EIA = environmental impact assessment, EPB = Environmental Protection Bureau, JEPB = Jilin Environmental Protection Bureau, JMPO = Jilin project management office, IA = implementing agency, IEM = independent environmental monitor, MEPB = municipal environmental protection bureau. Sources: Domestic EIA reports for the subprojects prepared by EIA institutes.

E. Implementing Responsibility and Authorities

16. The Jilin provincial government is the EA and has established a project leading group (JPLG) headed by the vice governor of the province and a project management office (PMO or JPMO). The JPMO is colocated in the Jilin Provincial Development and Reform Commission (JDRC), and is headed by the deputy director general of the JDRC. The JPMO draws its members from the JDRC, the Jilin Provincial Finance Bureau, the JEPB, and the Jilin Provincial

70 Appendix 2

Construction Bureau. The JPMO will have overall responsibility delegated by the EA for supervising the implementation of mitigation measures and reporting to ADB. The subproject cities and counties have also established their own PMOs to coordinate and monitor the implementation of the subprojects.

17. The JPMO, the PMOs, the IAs, and the contractors will each nominate dedicated, trained, and qualified environment specialists to undertake environmental management activities and ensure effective EMP implementation. The independent environmental monitor (as part of the loan implementation consultancy engaged through international competitive bidding) will assist the EA, the JPMO, and the IAs in preparing semiannual EMP progress reports and carrying out training programs. Table A2.4 shows the environmental responsibilities in different phases of the Project.

18. EMC will be locally hired by the EA/IAs to supervise and inspect compliance with Chinese environmental laws and regulations. They will serve as internal monitoring and supervision agencies. The independent environmental monitor (IEM) will be recruited through international competitive bidding under the loan implementation consultancy. It will serve as the external and independent monitor, assisting the PMO with monitoring, supervision and reporting to ADB. IEM has the oversight role both on monitoring and mitigation activities, and is the one to send consolidated reports to ADB.

Table A2.4: Environmental Responsibility Matrix (Jilin) Phase Agencies Environmental Responsibilities Preparation Design institutes Review and select alternatives (technological, design, siting, etc.) EIA institutes Prepare EIAs and EMPs for subprojects, including public consultations JEPB Review and approve individual EIAs including the EMPs PPTA consultant Prepare SEIA, including public consultations JPMO Coordinate and supervise EIAs, SEIA, and public consultations JPG Review and endorse SEIA, including the EMPs, for posting on ADB website Design Design institutes Update the EMPs in cooperation with EIA institutes, and incorporate mitigation measures in engineering detailed designs and contracts JPMO, IAs Review and approve environmental measures Tendering and JPMO, IAs, IEM Incorporate EMP clauses in RFPs and contracts Contracting Construction IAs Ensure implementation of mitigation measures, and public consultations Contractors Implement mitigation measures JPMO, JEBP, MEPB Advise on and supervise implementation of mitigation measures EMCs contracted by Conduct internal monitoring and inspection, and public IAs consultations IEM Conduct independent monitoring (including public

Appendix 2 71

Phase Agencies Environmental Responsibilities consultations), and prepare periodic monitoring reports to ADB and JPG MEMCs Conduct compliance monitoring Test Operation IAs, MEMCs Conduct project completion environmental audit, including sampling and lab tests, and prepare project completion environmental audit report JEPB, MEPBs Review and approve project completion environmental audit report, and order corrective actions if necessary EMCs, IEM Participate in environmental audit and prepare progress reports to ADB and EA Operation IAs Ensure proper operation of subproject facilities according to design standards, and implementation of mitigation measures and public consultations EMCs contracted by Conduct internal environmental monitoring and inspection, IAs supervise implementation of EMPs, and conduct public consultations IEM Conduct independent monitoring (including public consultations), and prepare periodic monitoring reports to ADB and JPG MEMCs on behalf of Conduct regular and unannounced environmental compliance JEPB, MEPBs monitoring and inspection ADB = Asian Development Bank, EA = executing agency, EIA = environmental impact assessment, EMC = environmental management consultant, EMP = environmental management plan, JEPB = Jilin Environmental Protection Bureau, JMPO = Jilin project management office, JPG = Jilin provincial government, IA = implementing agency, IEM = independent environmental monitor, MEMC = municipal environmental monitoring center, MEPB = municipal environmental protection bureau, PPTA = project preparatory technical assistance, RFP = request for proposal, SEIA = summary environmental impact assessment. Sources: Domestic EIA reports for the subprojects prepared by EIA institutes.

20. Construction contractors will be responsible for implementing mitigation measures during construction, while the IAs will be responsible for implementing such measures during operation.

72 Appendix 2 responsible agencies. The EMUs will be supported and supervised by the ESCs, the independent environmental monitor, the JEPB, and the MEPBs.

22. The JEPB and the MEPBs will ensure the compliance with the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and local environmental regulations through regular and random environmental compliance monitoring and inspection during construction and operation. The municipal environmental monitoring centers (MEMCs) will conduct the actual environmental compliance monitoring and inspection on the behalf of the JEPB and the MEPBs. On the basis of the environmental compliance monitoring and inspection, the JEPB and the MEPBs will impose fines and order corrective actions, if necessary.

23. Local governments will provide the IAs with financial and management authority to operate the project facilities. The IAs will be strengthened by environmental management training provided under the Project, as summarized in Table A2.5. They will incorporate environmental management activities into construction management plans.

F. Institutional Strengthening and Training

24. An assessment undertaken during the PPTA indicates that the JPMO has adequate technical and institutional capacity for project implementation. However, the IAs have weak capacity in environmental management and monitoring. For proper implementation of the EMPs, it is necessary to strengthen the capacity of the IAs. The proposed training is shown in Table A2.5.

25. It is considered that the three-tier implementation arrangement—JPLG, JPMO, and IAs—provides a reasonable framework for project management and control. The definition of roles, responsibilities and relationships between the JPLG, the JPMO, the IAs, and other relevant agencies (e.g., the JEPB and the MEPBs) is adequate to ensure the effective implementation of the Project.

26. Environmental specialists in the JPMO, EPBs, the IAs, and the contractors will receive training in environmental management, environmental monitoring and supervision, mitigation planning, emergency response, environmental policy-making, and other environmental management techniques. Funding for this training will be included in the project budget and in the operation and maintenance budget in the operation phase. The institutional strengthening and training program will be implemented by the IEM and coordinated by the JPMO. Trainers will be supplied by the IEM and if necessary, retained through subcontracts. IEM will receive instruction on its activities by the PMO/EA and ADB staff.

Table A2.5: Institutional Strengthening and Training (Jilin) Activities Target Agencies/ Contents Timing Attendees Strengthening Institutional JPMO, IAs, JEPB, • Definition of institutional During project Strengthening MEPBs arrangements for environmental preparation management, monitoring, supervision • Definition of positions and responsibilities • Appointment and recruitment of personnel

Appendix 2 73

Activities Target Agencies/ Contents Timing Attendees JPMO, IAs, JEPB, • Recruitment and contracting of EMCs Before project MEPBs for internal environmental implementation management consultancy and monitoring JPMO, IAs, JEPB, • Recruiting and contracting an IEM for Before project MEPBs the overall Project, through implementation international competitive bidding, for overseeing environmental management consultancy and conduct of independent external monitoring of environmental aspects of the project Environmental JPMO, IAs, JEPB, • Development of environmental During project Management MEPBs management clauses and preparation Clauses and incorporation of these clauses into Protocols construction and operating contracts • Development and refinement of environmental monitoring protocols • Development of environmental emergency response procedures Monitoring JPMO, IAs, JEPB, • Procurement of lab equipment for During project Equipment MEPBs environmental monitoring for each preparation WSP and WWTP

Training Environmental JPMO, IAs, • Environmental laws and regulations Before project Laws, operators, • Environmental policies and plans implementation Regulations contractors • Basic environmental management and Policies • Environmental emergency response EMP JPMO, EMCs, IAs, • Project construction, management, Prior to and during Implementation operators, and environmental protection project implementation contractors responsibilities and duties • Environmental protection tasks during project construction • Key environmental protection considerations in project construction • EMP improvement and corrective actions Environmental JPMO, IAs, • Engineering technologies, pollution Before and during Technologies operators and control equipment selection and project implementation and Equipment contractors procurement Advanced JPMO, IAs • Basics of theory and practice Prior to or at the Training on • International experiences and best beginning of project Water Supply, practices implementation Wastewater • Training will be carried out in the form Treatment of an overseas study tour to countries with adequate experiences (e.g., Australia, Japan, Singapore, US and/or EU countries)

74 Appendix 2

Activities Target Agencies/ Contents Timing Attendees Community- Selected • Water savings During project Based community health • 3R’s (reduce, reuse, recycle) implementation Environmental workers and • Wastewater minimization and Hygiene community • Solid waste minimization Awareness members • Community, household and personal Program (Training-of- hygiene trainers approach will be used such that the trained health workers and community members will train other community members)

Environmental IAs, environmental • Operation and maintenance of Before and during Facility facility managers, environmental facilities project implementation Operation and operators, • Safety operation regulations Maintenance contractors • Equipment management and emergency response procedures Environmental IAs, JEPB, • Monitoring and inspection methods, Before and during Monitoring, MEPBs, EMCs, data collection and processing, project implementation Inspection and operators, interpretation of data, reporting Reporting contractors system • Environmental reporting requirements IEM • Oversight role both on project Prior and during project monitoring and mitigation activities implementation • Environmental reporting requirements EMC = environmental management consultant, EMP = environmental management plan, IA = implementing agency, IEM = independent environmental monitor, JEPB = Jilin Environmental Protection Bureau, JPMO = Jilin project management office, MEPB = municipal environmental protection bureau, WSP = water supply plant, WWTP = wastewater treatment plant. Sources: Domestic EIA reports for the subprojects prepared by EIA institutes.

G. Reporting and Supervision

27. Internal Monitoring Reports. During the construction period, the results of the internal monitoring by ESCs contracted by the IAs or JPMO will be reflected in the weekly construction reports. The reports will summarize (i) environmental issues during construction; (ii) mitigation measures taken, if any; and (iii) consequences of the impact on the environment and the surrounding communities.

29. The results of the detailed internal environmental monitoring and mitigation actions for the construction phase will be submitted monthly to the IA, quarterly to the JPMO, and twice a year to the JEPB and the MEPBs. The JEPB and the MEPBs may request further environmental

Appendix 2 75 mitigation actions as they deem necessary, and may determine further mitigation measures for different stages, if necessary.

30. Compliance Monitoring Reports. MEMCs authorized by JEPB and MEPBs will be responsible for environmental compliance monitoring and inspection according to PRC environmental regulations, during construction and operation. The compliance monitoring reports will include: (i) project background, (ii) construction and operation activities, (iii) environmental conditions, (iv) measurements or samples taken during auditing and their locations, (v) analytical results, (vi) interpretation and implications of the monitoring results, (vii) determination of the compliance status with regard to applicable regulations and standards, and (viii) recommendations for improvement. These reports will be submitted to the JEPB and the MEPBs by the MEMCs, with a copy to the JPMO.

31. Project Completion Environmental Audit Reports. A project completion environmental audit report on the completion of each subproject will be prepared in accordance with the SEPA Management Guideline on Project Completion Environmental Audit (2001) 3 within 3 months after completion. The report will focus on the project compliance with environmental performance standards when it is put into operation. The report will be sent to the environmental authorities for review and approval. If instances of noncompliance are found, the project will be asked to meet the requirements before the official start of the operation.

32. Independent Environmental Monitoring Reports. The EA and the JPMO have the responsibility to monitor and assess overall project activities under the project design and monitoring framework, and will be accountable to ADB for ensuring the effective implementation of the EMPs. The JPMO will be assisted by the independent environmental monitor, as part of the loan implementation consultancy recruited through international competitive bidding, to fulfill its responsibilities related to environmental supervision, monitoring, and reporting to ADB. The environmental monitoring reports will be submitted to ADB and the EA and JPMO twice a year. The reports will emphasize: (i) progress made in implementing the EMPs, (ii) implementation of mitigation measures, (iii) environmental compliance, (iv) institutional strengthening an training, (v) public consultations, and (vi) problems that have occurred and corrective actions taken. ADB may request further environmental mitigation actions as it deems necessary, and may determine further mitigation measures for different stages, if necessary.

33. The environmental reporting plan is presented in Table A2.6.

Table A2.6: Environmental Reporting Plan (Jilin) Reports From To Frequency Construction Phase Internal Internal monitoring report Contractors EMC, IA Monthly Monitoring Internal monitoring report EMC JPMO, IA, IEM Quarterly

Compliance Compliance monitoring MEMC JEPB, MEPB According to PRC Monitoring report regulation External External monitoring report IEM ADB, JPMO, IA Twice a year Monitoring

3 SEPA. 2001. Management Guideline on Project Completion Environmental Audit. Beijing.

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Reports From To Frequency Test Operation Project Project completion MEMC JEPB, MEPB, Once within 3 months of Completion environmental audit report JPMO project completion Environmental Audit

Operation Phase Internal Internal monitoring report EMC JPMO, IA, IEM Quarterly for the first 3 Monitoring years of operation Compliance Compliance monitoring MEMC JEPB, MEPB According to PRC Monitoring report regulation External External monitoring report IEM ADB, EA and Twice a year for the first Monitoring JPMO, IA 3 years of operation ADB = Asian Development Bank, EMC = environmental management consultant, JEPB = Jilin Environmental Protection Bureau, JPMO = Jilin project management office, IA = implementing agency, IEM = independent environmental monitor, MEMC = municipal environmental monitoring center, MEPB = municipal environmental protection bureau, PRC = People’s Republic of China. Sources: Domestic EIA reports for the subprojects prepared by EIA institutes.

H. Work Plan

34. Before construction, the JPMO and IAs will develop detailed responsibilities and requirements for contractors and will provide detailed cost estimates of mitigation measures and environmental monitoring in the construction contracts. The JPMO and the IAs also will detail the responsibilities of their environmental management offices and prepare their work schedules.

35. Before operation, the IAs as operators will develop detailed work plans for environmental management and monitoring during operation based on the EMPs. These work plans will be submitted to the JEPB and the MEPBs to help them supervise implementation.

I. Cost Estimates for Environmental Management

36. The IAs, with help from the JPMO, will develop detailed plans for the procurement of equipment and materials, and for the civil works needed to implement the mitigation measures and monitoring plans. These plans will be incorporated into project contracts. Environmental factors will be considered in the procurement to ensure that it is environmentally responsive.

37. The cost estimates for the mitigation measures, environmental monitoring, public consultations, and capacity building are summarized in Table A2.7. The compliance monitoring costs will be borne by the JEPB and the MEPB as part of their enforcement functions. Internal monitoring costs will be borne by the contractors and the IAs. Independent monitoring costs will be covered by the loan implementation consultancy budget. Before implementing a monitoring plan, the responsible agencies will present a more detailed breakdown of the estimated budget. During project implementation, the budgets will be adjusted on the basis of actual requirements. Contractors will bear the costs of all mitigation measures during construction; these costs will be included in the tender and contract documents. The IAs will bear the costs related to mitigation measures during operation. Costs related to environmental supervision during construction and operation will be borne by the IAs. Capacity-building costs will be borne by the Project as a

Appendix 2 77 whole. The training costs during the operation phase will be included in the operation and maintenance budget.

Table A2.7: Cost Estimates for EMP (Jilin) Item Pre-operation Operation (CNY’000) (CNY’000/Year) Environmental Mitigation Wastewater Treatment Plants 5,850 1,350 Solid Waste Management 4,560 1,120

Internal Environmental Monitoring Procurement of Lab Equipment for IAs 1,560 312 Sampling + Testing 1,170 832

Public Consultations 650 130

Environmental Management Consultancy EIA + Environmental Management Consultancy 1,680 260 Independent Environmental Monitoring 338 0

Environmental Management Training 2,106 208

TOTAL 17,914 4,212 EIA = environmental impact assessment, EMP = environmental management plan, IA = implementing agency. Sources: Domestic EIA reports for the subprojects prepared by EIA institutes.

J. Feedback and Adjustment Mechanism

38. From the inspection and monitoring reports, the environmental authorities will decide whether (i) further mitigation measures are required as corrective action, or (ii) the environmental management practices need some improvement. If the inspection uncovers substantial deviation from the EMP or changes in the Project or any subprojects that may cause substantial adverse environmental impact or increase the number of people affected, then JPMO should consult with the environmental authorities and ADB immediately and form an environmental assessment team to conduct additional environmental assessment and, if necessary, further public consultation. The revised EIA reports including the EMP should be submitted to the environmental authorities for approval, and finally reported to ADB. The revised EMP will be passed on to the contractor(s) and IAs for implementation.

78 Appendix 2

Feedback and Adjustment Mechanism (Jilin)

JPLG ADB

JEPB/MEPB JPMO

Consultants (DIs/EMCs) IAs (Operators)

IEM

MEMC Contractors (During Construction)

Implementation of Mitigation Measures, Monitoring Program, and Public Consultation Plan

Reporting Supervision

Documentation of EMP Implementation and Performance/Information Flow

Action

ADB = Asian Development Bank, DI = design institute, EMC = environmental management company, EMP = environmental management plan, IA = implementing agency, JEPB = Jilin Environmental Protection Bureau, JPLG = Jilin project leading group, JPMO = Jilin project management office, IEM = independent environmental monitor, MEMC = municipal environmental monitoring center, MEPB = municipal environmental protection bureau. Source: Consultations with Provincial EPB.