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The Case of EU-Tunisian Migration Relations

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The Case of EU-Tunisian Migration Relations Framing and shaping migration governance: the case of EU-Tunisian migration relations By: Luca Lixi A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Sheffield Faculty of Social Sciences Department of Politics May 2019 ABSTRACT Migration governance is an organisational process, which means it centres on how organisations make sense of and respond to signals from their environment. This thesis contributes to the study of migration governance by developing comparative insight into how organisationally bound and ‘situated’ migration governance processes in Tunisia and at European Union (EU) level relate to each other and, through their actions and inactions, define the challenges that they face. An abundance of literature is available on the ‘EU’s external migration governance’. However, much of this literature focuses on the policy outputs produced, or the policy outcomes determined, often reaching assumptions on processes of migration governance based on these analyses. As the EU has been the main driver of this policy production, the literature developed is largely Eurocentric, and often fails to give adequate and equal consideration to non-EU state dynamics. To address these issues, the thesis develops an actor-centred analysis of the organisational processes through which migration is conceptualised in the EU and in Tunisia, building from theories that value the importance of framing and sensemaking. Based on forty three interviews with migration governance actors across the two cases and extensive use of the primary and secondary literature, it analyses the dual meaning of migration governance, as actors first need to make sense of migration diagnosing its causes and consequences; and then prognosing a line of work that follows such diagnoses. The thesis finds that migration governance systems play a key role in defining migration and its challenges, rather than being simply externally impacted by them. By understanding the importance of cognitive biases and dissonance in shaping individual understandings and thus actions, it shows that contrary to what much of the available literature assumes, the EU is failing to externalise its priorities and associated meanings of migration, and EU-Tunisian migration relations remain a field of profound contestation. Firstly, the EU is not as strong as expected in this ‘profusion’ of its ideas because the thesis shows that these are contested in the EU itself. This notwithstanding, the thesis shows that the EU is driven by a framing of migration related to crisis, which urges action. Tunisia actively resists the profusion of migration frames and policies of migration from the EU preferring inaction, which aligns with a rights-based approach that emerged after the 2011 revolution and which included the right to mobility, and a view of Tunisian migration as an opportunity for the country. As such, a clash characterizes these relations, between the products of EU framings of migration, such as return and readmission, and Tunisian ones, such as increasing mobility for its citizens. 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My gratitude to my supervisor Prof. Andrew Geddes goes beyond the scholarly guidance provided. If it weren’t for his trust allowing for a peculiar PhD experience, my life would be very different today. For this I will always be grateful, as well as for the invaluable advice and expertise provided. Sarah Cooke has helped solving so many problems along the way, from the very application process until the Viva organisation. Without her, a lot of extra stress would have accrued in this experience. I am also thankful to Dr. Owen Parker, that with the right words at the right time made me realise that this journey was reaching its end. This PhD was part of, and funded by, the MIGPROSP project, led by Prof. Andrew Geddes. It has therefore benefited from countless exchanges also with the other members of this fantastic team: Dr. Leila Hadj-Abdou, Andrea Pettrachin, Dr. Marcia Vera Espinoza, Dr. Leiza Brumat, Dr. Michaela Bruckmayer, Dr. Gabriela Ibarra, Laura Foley, Prof. Nicola Phillips and Dr. Diego Acosta Arcarazo. I am particularly grateful to Leila and Andrea, for putting their Florentine couches at the disposal of my PhD cause, for their friendship, and for the enriching conversations that this led to. Dr. Marc Geddes has been a great source of help and company during the first year of my PhD, an inspiration in finding my way in the complex world of academia. Elizabeth Collett, Dr. Hanne Beirens and the friends at MPI Europe have been most helpful at a critical stage of my fieldwork. When they hosted me as visiting researcher the Brussels bubble was still floating above my head and their help has been valuable and very appreciated. I am also grateful to Camille Le Coz, for her friendship and peer-support when it was most needed. I am greatly indebted to Laura Corrado, for her esteem and the numerous opportunities that she offered to me. Her respect for my research and for my critical thinking has been fundamental for the work carried out for her and for this thesis. The friends and colleagues of the B1 Unit in DG HOME have all helped not to lose focus on my PhD, with their repeated queries about when this would be finished. I now have an answer for you! My fantastic LSE IMPP colleagues, Amelia, David, Veronica, Kim, Milena, Sarah and Melissa, have provided invaluable feedback and comments in the drafting of the thesis. I am deeply grateful for the opportunities that my parents Gianni and Patrizia have given to me, without which this PhD would not have existed. I owe them gratitude also for their discrete support in these past years: I look forward to finally telling you what it was all about! My sister Alice and my brother Mauro have been a source of unlimited and unconditional encouragement since the beginning of my studies until…right now (incoming text: have you finished yet?). Giulia, this experience would have been very different without your company, patience and support. The smile with which you would come back home after a 24h shift gave me the energy to move forward in difficult times. Growing up in Cagliari, in the middle of the Mediterranean, I soon developed a sense of privilege for being able to sail around without risking my life. This PhD is dedicated to all those that don’t have the same freedom to move across the Mediterranean and the borders of the world. 3 CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................................. 7 LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................ 8 CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................ 10 1.1 Identifying the gap in the literature: the need to analyse migration governance processes ......... 12 1.1.2 The focus on policy outputs ................................................................................................... 13 1.1.3 The focus on policy outcomes: ............................................................................................... 17 1.2. Research questions and research design ............................................................................... 20 1.3 Contributions of this study......................................................................................................... 21 1.4 The Structure of the Thesis ........................................................................................................ 23 CHAPTER 2- ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK AND EMPIRICAL CONTEXT ............................... 27 2.1 Analytical framework........................................................................................................... 28 2.1.1- Governance .................................................................................................................... 28 2.1.2- Migration Governance..................................................................................................... 29 2.1.3- Turbulence, Uncertainty, Crisis........................................................................................ 32 2.1.4- EU external migration governance ................................................................................... 35 2.1.5- A non-Eurocentric approach ............................................................................................ 39 2.2- Contextualising the research ................................................................................................ 42 2.2.1- External migration governance dynamics in the EU................................................................ 42 2.2.3- Governing migration in Tunisia pre and post 2011 ................................................................. 48 2.3 Conclusion............................................................................................................................ 52 CHAPTER 3- METHODOLOGY....................................................................................................... 55 3.1 Ontology, Epistemology, Methodology ................................................................................. 56 3.1.1 An interpretivist ontology and epistemology ..................................................................... 56 3.2.2- The Situated Agent .............................................................................................................
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