Brill’s Companion to Sophocles Brill’s Companion to Sophocles Edited by Andreas Markantonatos LEIDEN • BOSTON 2012 Cover illustration: Etruscan art: Talamone Pediment: Oedipus Kneeling, 180–160BC. Orbetello, Museo Civico. © 2012. Photo Scala, Florence—courtesy of the Ministero Beni e Att. Culturali. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Brill's companion to Sophocles / edited by Andreas Markantonatos. pages. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-18492-3 (hardback : alk. paper) – ISBN 978-90-04-21762-1 (e-book) 1. Sophocles–Criticism and interpretation. I. Markantonatos, Andreas. PA4417.B78 2012 882'.01–dc23 2012021091 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. ISSN 1872-3357 ISBN 978 90 04 18492 3 (hardback) ISBN 978 90 04 21762 1 (e-book) Copyright 2012 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers and Martinus Nijhof Publishers. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. CONTENTS Acknowledgements. ix List of Abbreviations. xi List of Illustrations . xiii List of Contributors . xv Introduction: Sophocles and His Critics . 1 Andreas Markantonatos PART I THE POET AND HIS WORK Biography . 19 William Blake Tyrrell Text and Transmission . 39 Guido Avezzù Ajax ..................................................................... 59 P.J. Finglass Electra .................................................................. 73 E.M. Griths Oedipus Tyrannus....................................................... 93 Josh Beer Antigone ................................................................ 111 David Carter Trachiniae .............................................................. 129 Bruce Heiden Philoctetes .............................................................. 149 Poulcheria Kyriakou Oedipus at Colonus ...................................................... 167 Jon Hesk vi contents Fragments and Lost Tragedies . 191 Alan H. Sommerstein The Satyr Plays of Sophocles . 211 Bernd Seidensticker PART II SOPHOCLEAN INTERTEXTUALITY The Homer of Tragedy: Epic Sources and Models in Sophocles. 245 John Davidson Dynamic Allusion in Sophocles. 263 Francis M. Dunn PART III SOPHOCLES THE INNOVATOR: MUSIC, LANGUAGE, NARRATIVE Sophocles and Music . 283 Timothy Power The Language of Sophocles . 305 Luigi Battezzato Oedipus, Odysseus, and the Failure of Rhetoric . 325 Nancy Worman Narratology of Drama: Sophocles the Storyteller . 349 Andreas Markantonatos PART IV IMAGE AND PERFORMANCE (Mis)Representations of Sophocles’ Plays? . 369 Jocelyn Penny Small Sophoclean Choruses . 385 Rachel Kitzinger contents vii PART V RELIGION, HISTORY, AND POLITICS Ritual in Sophocles . 411 Rush Rehm Gods and Heroes in Sophocles. 429 Jon D. Mikalson Political Tragedy: Sophocles and Athenian History . 447 Sarah Ferrario Sophocles and Political Thought . 471 Kurt A. Raalaub PART VI SOPHOCLEAN ANTHROPOLOGY: STATUS AND GENDER Women’s Voices in Sophocles . 491 Judith Mossman Minor Characters in Sophocles . 507 Bernhard Zimmermann PART VII INSTRUCTING THE POLIS: EDUCATION, PHILOSOPHY, IRONY Sophocles and Education . 515 Justina Gregory Sophocles and Philosophy . 537 Emily Wilson Sophocles the Ironist . 563 Michael Lloyd PART VIII ANCIENTS AND MODERNS: THE RECEPTION OF SOPHOCLES The Reception of Sophocles in Antiquity . 581 Matthew Wright viii contents The Inuence of Sophocles on Modern Literature and the Arts . 601 Michael J. Anderson ‘Men as They Ought to Be’: Sophocles in Translation . 619 J. Michael Walton Sophocles Made New: Modern Performances . 641 Marianne McDonald Bibliography . 661 Index of Subjects . 715 Index of Principal Sophoclean Passages . 726 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This companion to Sophocles, one of the most celebrated dramatists of all time, has been more than three years in the making. Anyone who has ever attempted to co-ordinate, not least share thoughts and opinions with more than thirty leading scholars with the purpose of producing a multifaceted work on an ancient author would agree that this is truly a Herculean task. The editor of this volume by no means lays claim to superhuman abilities, and so I feel duty-bound to express my deepest gratitude to the numer- ous contributors, who have never failed to deliver well-argued and clear- eyed essays, thereby lightening the burden of correcting the nal proofs. I therefore feel privileged to have worked on the Brill’s Companion to Sopho- cles with a cohort of world-renowned academic critics, who not only have shown in nite patience and kindness, but also have ofered their supreme and acknowledged expertise whenever the need has arisen. Furthermore, my debt is incalculable to Anthony Ossa-Richardson, my pro cient and assiduous proofreader, who has been a constant help during the demanding process of correcting what was at the time a Goliath of a manuscript, always providing valuable suggestions and greatly improving both the content and form of the individual chapters by removing blemishes with matchless e - ciency. Finally, I should like to acknowledge a particular debt to the people at Brill Press, especially Caroline van Erp, the editor of Classical Studies, as well as Rachel Crofut, for help and advice in all matters pertaining to the publication of the book. If not otherwise noted, translations of substantial Sophoclean passages are reprinted from Sophocles: Volume I and Volume II, Loeb Classical Library Volumes 20 & 21, translated by H. Lloyd-Jones, Cam- bridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, Copyright © 1994, by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Loeb Classical Library ® is a registered trade- mark of the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Having lived nearly all my student life admiring Sophocles, I am humbled by the thought that as a mature scholar I have been given the opportunity to contribute to a better understanding of his plays alongside a host of crit- ics capable of inspiring the same admiration for this prominent Athenian dramatist to their students. There is no doubt in my mind that this abundant praise for Sophocles is totally justi able. I profoundly believe that Sophocles can teach his audiences and readers that what he ambiguously calls τὸ γεν- ναῖον, namely our inner character, the rst cell of the human organism in its x acknowledgements pure uniqueness and freshness immediately prior to being divided and mul- tiplied to reach the scale of a full-grown person, is strong enough to endure with dignity the ravages of time and the suferings that life has in store for all of us. For that reason the prolonged labour of editing this multi-authored volume is gratefully dedicated to my rst tutor and doting grandmother, an accomplished educator and lover of Greek literature and culture, who has taught me that time and experience are inexhaustible sources of fortitude and endurance: Αἰκατερίνη Λιβιεράτου In memoriam Athens—Kalamata, 2012 Andreas Markantonatos LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CAH D.M. Lewis/J. Boardman/J.K. Davies/M. Ostwald (eds.), The Cambridge Ancient History, 14 vols. (Cambridge, 1970–2001) DK H. Diels/W. Kranz, Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, 3 vols. (Berlin, 1952) FGrHist F. Jacoby (ed.), Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker, 15 vols. (Ber- lin/Leipzig/Leiden, 1923–1958) IG Inscriptiones Graecae (Berlin, 1873–) K-A See PCG LDAB Leuven Database of Ancient Books (http://www.trismegistos.org/ldab/) LGGA Lessico dei Grammatici Greci Antichi, University of Genova (http://www .aristarchus.unige.it/lgga/) LIMC H. Ackermann/J.R. Gisler (eds.), Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae (Zurich/Munich, 1981–1999) LSJ H.G. Liddell/R. Scott/H.S. Jones, A Greek-English Lexicon (Oxford, 19409 with Revised Supplement 1996) MP3 Base de données expérimentale Mertens-Pack 3, Centre de Documenta- tion de Papyrologie Littéraire, University of Liège (http://www2.ulg.ac .be/facphl/services/cedopal/index.htm) OCD S. Hornblower/A. Spawforth (eds.), The Oxford Classical Dictionary (Ox- ford/New York, 19963) OCT Oxford Classical Texts Series OED Oxford English Dictionary PCG R. Kassel/C. Austin, Poetae Comici Graeci (Berlin/New York, 1983–) PMG D.L. Page, Poetae Melici Graeci (Oxford, 1963) POxy Oxyrhynchus Papyri (Oxford, 1898–) POxy Hels. Ziliacus, H. et al. (eds.) Fifty Oxyrhynchus Papyri (Helsinki, 1979) P.S.I. Papiri greci e latini (Florence, 1912–) P.Tebt. The Tebtunis Papyri (London/New York, 1902–) RE A. Pauly/G. Wissowa (eds.), Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertum- swissenschaft, 83 vols. (Stuttgart/Munich, 1894–1980) SEG Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum (Leiden, 1923–) S-M B. Snell/H. Maehler, Pindarus, vols. I–II (Stuttgart/Leipzig, 1987–1989, 1997–2001) TrGF B. Snell/R. Kannicht/S. Radt, Tragicorum Graecorum Fragmenta (Göt- tingen, 1971–2004) LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS