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The Royal Alcazar Palace of Seville Samia Nakouzi American University of Beirut

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The Royal Alcazar Palace of Seville Samia Nakouzi American University of Beirut The Royal Alcazar Palace of Seville Samia Nakouzi American University of Beirut Landscape Architecture History I Prof. Nayla Al‐Akl December 14 2018 1 Table of Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 4 12th century .................................................................................................................................... 4 Palacio el Yeso ......................................................................................................................... 4 Palacio del Crucero ................................................................................................................. 5 Palacio de Contratacion .......................................................................................................... 5 Mercury Pond ......................................................................................................................... 7 13th century: .................................................................................................................................. 7 Salon de los Tapices ................................................................................................................ 7 Palacio Gotico ......................................................................................................................... 7 Baños de Maria de Padilla ....................................................................................................... 7 Salon del Techo de Carlos V .................................................................................................... 7 14th century: .................................................................................................................................. 8 Palacio del Rey don Pedro ...................................................................................................... 8 Patio de las Doncellas ............................................................................................................. 9 Salon de los Embajadores ....................................................................................................... 9 Patio de las Muñecas ............................................................................................................ 10 Sala de la Justicia ................................................................................................................... 10 Between 15th and 18th centuries: ............................................................................................... 11 Patio de Levies ......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Patio del Asistente ................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Jardin del Principe .................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Jardin de las Flores ................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. After 18th century: ....................................................................................................................... 12 Jardin Ingles ............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Jardin del Laberinto .............................................................................................................. 13 Conclusion: ............................................................................................................................ 13 2 References: ........................................................................................................................... 14 Appendix: .............................................................................................................................. 16 Figure 1 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..16 Figure 2 ........................................................................................................................................ 17 Figure 3 ........................................................................................................................................ 18 Figure 4 ........................................................................................................................................ 19 Figure 5 ........................................................................................................................................ 20 Figure 6 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..21 Figure 7 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..22 Figure 8 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..23 Figure 9 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..24 3 Introduction The Alcazar of Seville meaning al‐qasr in Arabic is a royal palace in the heart of Seville, Spain. This palace has been revamped and redecorated many times throughout the centuries from the 11th century till the 20th century depending on who was controlling the empire at that time. The various palaces and gardens in this royal palace each date to a different era thus, each has its specific architectural style and culture. Moreover, the palace was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1987. Throughout this case analysis, I will be describing the architecture design of the major palaces and gardens in this site that were built during various historical eras starting by the Moorish architecture during the 12th century, moving to the Gothic architecture during the 13th century, later the Mudejar architecture during the 14th century, afterwards the Renaissance and Baroque architectures between the 15th and 17th centuries and finally the other architecture styles after the 18th century. 12th century In the 12th century the Moorish gained control of Al‐Andalus and made Seville the capital city due to its strategic location next to the sea and economic power. The first palace built on the site of the modern Alcazar in the 12th century by the Almohad rulers, a Moorish dynasty, was Al‐Muwarak Palace also called Almohad Palace which was a fortress‐like palace that had high enclosed walls. Originally in the 10th century, the Alcazar was a fortress for the Cordoban governor of Seville. (Arnold, 2017) Located next to these enclosed walls was the Palacio el Yeso, a small courtyard that has a rectangular dimension with a long reflective pool bridged in the center that emphasizes axiality. In addition, on the northern side that is shown in Figure 1, there is a portico where its entrance is divided into two bays with horseshoe‐shaped arches that are divided by a single column, also above each bay there is a small horseshoe‐ shaped window whose function is to let light enter the room inside, this twin opening and the horseshoe‐aches were some of the characteristics of the Moorish architecture. The façade of this portico is divided into three segments; the middle segment is the widest and largest in order to emphasize the main 4 entrance behind it and has a high pointed arch whereas, the two segments on both sides are each formed of two columns that divide the arcade into three bays with three smaller pointed arches. This means that we have seven polylobulated arches (Almagro, 2007), also the characteristics of the Moorish architectures, and they are arranged in the following pattern of 3‐1‐3 which was widely present in palaces featuring the Romanesque architecture. Consequently, the presence of this pattern in the arrangement of the arches as well the presence of the twin opening is meant to highlight the notion of symmetry and the presence central wide arch is meant to emphasize the notion of centrality. (Arnold, 2017) Moreover, the decoration above the central arch is based on open interlaced curves whereas the decoration above the two lateral arches is based on openwork sebka which are both of characteristics of Almohad art. (Almagro, 2007) Another site in Alcazar that also features Moorish origins is the Palacio del Crucero. At the center of this palaces lays a huge courtyard with a garden of 68 meters long and 45 meters wide; this palace was the biggest palace in Alcazar. This palace is a two‐story building; in that period in the lower level, the courtyard had a garden and a long rectangular water basin in the middle and in the upper level, the courtyard was raised by two walkways that formed a bridge and crossed the garden. The upper‐story is at the same level of Palacio el Yeso and it had porticos and two halls on the opposite sides, the northern hall and southern hall. (Arnold, 2017) This garden fully illustrates the concept of sunk gardens and having two heights was a characteristic of the Moorish architecture where “The great difference in level between the halls and the garden would have allowed people assembling in the halls to gaze across the tips of trees planted in the garden “(Arnold, 2017). The third Almohad set of the Alcazar gardens is the Palacio de Contratacion. The courtyard is formed of four quadrants were we have sunken gardens and raised walkways (Arnold, 2017); it is believed that in those sunken gardens fruit trees were planted which represented fertility and health. Also here, the water is running in a cross‐shaped scheme and is intersecting in a central fountain; thus, this design of the four rivers of water called charbagh is 5 a clear representation of the notion of Paradise which was widely spread in Islamic gardens and the element of water symbolizes here
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